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    HYDROGEN - Class Notes - JEE Mind Map

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    Tanay1 Mitra
    Hydrogen exhibits properties of both alkali metals and halogens. It exists as H+ and H- ions. There are three main isotopes of hydrogen: protium, deuterium, and tritium. Hydrogen gas can be prepared by the reaction of active metals like sodium with water, or less active metals like aluminum with water. Industrial production of hydrogen uses steam reforming of natural gas. Hydrogen peroxide has various uses as an oxidizing and reducing agent depending on whether it is used in acidic or basic conditions. Hard water contains calcium and magnesium ions which can be removed by ion exchange resins or other water softening methods.

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    HYDROGEN - Class Notes - JEE Mind Map

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    Tanay1 Mitra
    77 views18 pages
    Hydrogen exhibits properties of both alkali metals and halogens. It exists as H+ and H- ions. There are three main isotopes of hydrogen: protium, deuterium, and tritium. Hydrogen gas can be prepared by the reaction of active metals like sodium with water, or less active metals like aluminum with water. Industrial production of hydrogen uses steam reforming of natural gas. Hydrogen peroxide has various uses as an oxidizing and reducing agent depending on whether it is used in acidic or basic conditions. Hard water contains calcium and magnesium ions which can be removed by ion exchange resins or other water softening methods.

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    HYDROGEN _ Class Notes __ JEE Mind Map

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    Hydrogen exhibits properties of both alkali metals and halogens. It exists as H+ and H- ions. There are three main isotopes of hydrogen: protium, deuterium, and tritium. Hydrogen gas can be prepared by the reaction of active metals like sodium with water, or less active metals like aluminum with water. Industrial production of hydrogen uses steam reforming of natural gas. Hydrogen peroxide has various uses as an oxidizing and reducing agent depending on whether it is used in acidic or basic conditions. Hard water contains calcium and magnesium ions which can be removed by ion exchange resins or other water softening methods.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    77 views18 pages

    HYDROGEN - Class Notes - JEE Mind Map

    Uploaded by

    Tanay1 Mitra
    Hydrogen exhibits properties of both alkali metals and halogens. It exists as H+ and H- ions. There are three main isotopes of hydrogen: protium, deuterium, and tritium. Hydrogen gas can be prepared by the reaction of active metals like sodium with water, or less active metals like aluminum with water. Industrial production of hydrogen uses steam reforming of natural gas. Hydrogen peroxide has various uses as an oxidizing and reducing agent depending on whether it is used in acidic or basic conditions. Hard water contains calcium and magnesium ions which can be removed by ion exchange resins or other water softening methods.

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    of 18

    MIND MAP

    ~ For JEE Aspirants

    Hydrogen

    OM PANDEY
    Hydrogen exhibits a dual behaviour
    It resembles both alkali metals and halogens.

    Alkali Metal Halogens

    Electronic Configuration Requires only one electron to have the


    configuration of the nearest noble gas.

    H+ H-

    H2
    Isotopes of Hydrogen

    Protium Deuterium Tritium

    Representation Ordinary hydrogen Heavy hydrogen Radioactive

    Neutrons

    Occurrence 99.98% 0.16% 10–15%


    Preparation of H2

    Active metals ( Na, K ) Na + H2O

    Less active metals ( Ca, Zn Mg, Al ) Al + H2O

    Reaction of NaOH with


    Sn, Al, Pb, Zn, B, Si NaOH(aq)

    NaOH(aq)
    Elements

    M + NaOH
    Gassing Reaction : Fe + H 2O

    Bosch Process : Industrial Preparation


    1270 K
    C + H2O Syn gas : Methanol prepn

    773 K
    H2 + CO + H2O
    Fe2O3.Cr2O3
    Water gas shift reaction

    CO2 gas is removed by sodium arsenite solution, and this process is called as scrubbing.

    Preparation of pure hydrogen


    (1) The electrolysis of a solution of Ba(OH)2 using Ni electrodes gives extra pure H2

    (2) NaH + H2O


    Types of Hydrides

    Saline / Salt Hydride Covalent / Molecular Hydrides Interstitial Hydrides


    Ionic Hydride P block ( Non-metal ) + H Metallic Hydrides
    S block Metal & H HCl , H2O , CH4 , PH3 D block Metal & H

    Crystalline solids Fe3H , VH0 .56 and TiH1.7

    High M.P. & B.P. Less M.P. & B.P. High M.P. & B.P.

    Good conductor of Poor conductor of Nonstoichiometric in


    electricity. electricity. nature

    T.S. : LiH > NaH > KH > RbH > CsH


    H2O Vs D2O

    D2O is extensively used as a moderator in nuclear reactors and in exchange reactions


    for the study of reaction mechanisms.
    H2O2

    Laboratory Method

    BaO2 8H2O + H2SO4

    Industrial Method Auto oxidation of 2-Ethyl anthraquinol


    Physical Properties of H2O2

    Density
    Viscosity
    Boiling point

    Dielectric constant

    Not used as solvent

    Aqueous solution is stored in plastic or wax-lined glass containers


    Strength of hydrogen peroxide solution

    Percentage strength :
    20% aqueous solution (w/v) of H2O2 : 20g of hydrogen peroxide is present in 100 ml
    of the solution

    Volume strength : The volume (in ml) of oxygen liberated at N.T.P. by the
    decomposition of 1 ml sample of hydrogen peroxide.

    Molarity and Volume Strength : Molarity = Volume Strength / 11.2


    H2O2 : Oxidizing and Reducing Agent

    H+

    OH–

    H2O2
    +
    H

    HO-
    H2O2 in acidic medium

    PbS

    Fe2+

    H2O2 / H+

    MnO4-

    HOCl
    H2O2 in basic medium

    Mn2+

    Fe2+

    H2O2 / OH-

    MnO4-

    I2
    Hard water & Soft water
    Hardness is due to presence of the bicarbonates, sulphates and chlorides of Ca and
    Mg.

    Temporary Hardness Bicarbonates of Ca and Mg

    By Boiling Bicarbonates decompose in insoluble carbonates (ppt)

    Ca(HCO3)2 Boil

    Boil
    Mg(HCO3)2

    Clark’s Method It can be removed by addition of slaked lime

    Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2
    Permanent Hardness

    Sulphates ,Chlorides of Ca , Mg
    This type of hardness cannot be removed by boiling or by the addition of slaked lime.

    Water Softeners : Washing Soda


    Calgon

    Permutit

    Ion Exchange Resins


    It removes both the temporary and permanent hardness
    Washing Soda
    by converting soluble calcium and magnesium
    compounds into insoluble carbonates.

    CaCl2 + Na2CO3 Ca(HCO3)2 + Na2CO3

    CaSO4 + Na2CO3

    O O O O O O O
    Permutit / Hydrated Zeolite Si Al Si Si Al Si

    O OO O O O O O O O O O

    Na2Al2Si2O8. xH2O + Ca2+

    CaAl2Si2O8. xH2O + NaCl


    Calgon Sodium Hexametaphosphate = Na2[Na4(PO3)6]

    CaSO4 + Na2[Na4(PO3)6]

    MgSO4 + Na2[Na4(PO3)6]

    Ion Exchange Resins


    Cation Exchange Resin Synthetic Substance Anion Exchange Resin

    Insoluble organic acid resin having giant Giant organic molecules with basic
    molecules with – SO3H or – COOH groups group derived from amines

    R – H + Ca2+ R – NH3OH + Cl–


    T
    H
    A Y
    N O
    K U

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