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    HYDROGEN - Class Notes - JEE Mindmap

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    This document provides an overview of key topics in inorganic chemistry related to hydrogen. It discusses hydrogen's dual behavior as both an alkali metal and halogen, the isotopes of hydrogen including protium, deuterium and tritium. Methods for preparing hydrogen gas are outlined, including the use of active metals like sodium and potassium with water. Differences between heavy water (D2O) and ordinary water (H2O) are highlighted. Types of hydrogen peroxide solutions and hydrides are also summarized. Finally, the document defines hard and soft water and methods for softening water including boiling, use of washing soda, and ion exchange resins.

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    HYDROGEN - Class Notes - JEE Mindmap

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    26 views15 pages
    This document provides an overview of key topics in inorganic chemistry related to hydrogen. It discusses hydrogen's dual behavior as both an alkali metal and halogen, the isotopes of hydrogen including protium, deuterium and tritium. Methods for preparing hydrogen gas are outlined, including the use of active metals like sodium and potassium with water. Differences between heavy water (D2O) and ordinary water (H2O) are highlighted. Types of hydrogen peroxide solutions and hydrides are also summarized. Finally, the document defines hard and soft water and methods for softening water including boiling, use of washing soda, and ion exchange resins.

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    HYDROGEN _ Class Notes __ JEE Mindmap

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    This document provides an overview of key topics in inorganic chemistry related to hydrogen. It discusses hydrogen's dual behavior as both an alkali metal and halogen, the isotopes of hydrogen including protium, deuterium and tritium. Methods for preparing hydrogen gas are outlined, including the use of active metals like sodium and potassium with water. Differences between heavy water (D2O) and ordinary water (H2O) are highlighted. Types of hydrogen peroxide solutions and hydrides are also summarized. Finally, the document defines hard and soft water and methods for softening water including boiling, use of washing soda, and ion exchange resins.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    26 views15 pages

    HYDROGEN - Class Notes - JEE Mindmap

    Uploaded by

    adsaditya24
    This document provides an overview of key topics in inorganic chemistry related to hydrogen. It discusses hydrogen's dual behavior as both an alkali metal and halogen, the isotopes of hydrogen including protium, deuterium and tritium. Methods for preparing hydrogen gas are outlined, including the use of active metals like sodium and potassium with water. Differences between heavy water (D2O) and ordinary water (H2O) are highlighted. Types of hydrogen peroxide solutions and hydrides are also summarized. Finally, the document defines hard and soft water and methods for softening water including boiling, use of washing soda, and ion exchange resins.

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    of 15

    MIND MAP

    FOR JEE ASPIRANTS

    Inorganic Chemistry

    HYDROGEN

    OM PANDEY , IIT Delhi


    Today’s Targets
    1 Hydrogen as Alkali & Halogen both

    2 Isotopes of Hydrogen

    3 Preparation of H2

    4 H2O Vs D2O

    5 H2O2

    6 Hard & Soft Water


    Hydrogen exhibits a dual behaviour

    Alkali Metal Halogens


    Electronic Configuration Requires only one electron to have the
    configuration of the nearest noble gas.

    Electropositive Nature Electronegative Nature

    Tendency to form diatomic molecule


    Isotopes of Hydrogen

    Protium Deuterium Tritium


    Ordinary hydrogen Heavy hydrogen Radioactive
    Neutrons

    Occurrence 99.98 % 0.16 % 10–15 %


    Preparation of H2

    Active metals ( Na, K ) Na + H2O

    Less active metals ( Ca, Zn Mg, Al ) Al + H2O

    Reaction of NaOH with Sn, Al, Pb, Zn, B, Si

    M + NaOH NaxMOy + H2

    NaOH(aq)

    Elements NaOH(aq)
    Gassing Reaction : Fe + H2O

    Bosch Process : Industrial Preparation

    1270 K Syn gas : Methanol prepn


    C + H2O

    773 K
    H2 + CO + H2O
    Fe2O3 . Cr2O3
    Water gas shift reaction

    CO2 gas is removed by sodium arsenite solution, and this process is called as scrubbing.
    Preparation of pure hydrogen
    (1) The electrolysis of a solution of Ba(OH)2 using Ni electrodes gives extra pure H2

    (2) NaH + H2O


    Types of Hydrides

    Saline / Salt Hydride Covalent / Molecular Hydrides Interstitial Hydrides


    Ionic Hydride P block ( Non-metal ) + H Metallic Hydrides
    S block Metal & H HCl , H2O , CH4 , PH3 D block Metal & H
    Crystalline solids Fe3H , VH0 .56 and TiH1.7
    High M.P. & B.P. Less M.P. & B.P. High M.P. & B.P.
    Good conductor of Poor conductor of electricity. Nonstoichiometric in nature
    electricity.
    (i) electron-deficient

    (ii) electron-precise

    (iii) electron-rich hydrides

    Thermal Stability : LiH > NaH > KH > RbH > CsH
    H2O Vs D2O

    Property H 2O D 2O
    Molecular mass (g mol–1) 18.0151 20.0276
    Melting point/K 273.0 276.8
    Boiling point/K 373.0 374.4
    Temp of max. density/K 276.98 284.2
    Density (298 K)/g cm–3 1.0000 1.1059
    Viscosity/centipoise 0.89036 1.107
    Dielectric constant/C2/N.m2 78.39 78.06

    D2O is extensively used as a moderator in nuclear reactors and in exchange


    reactions for the study of reaction mechanisms.
    H2O2

    Laboratory Method
    BaO2 .8H2O + H2SO4

    Industrial Method Auto oxidation of 2-Ethyl anthraquinol


    Strength of hydrogen peroxide solution

    Percentage strength :
    20% aqueous solution (w/v) of H2O2 : 20g of hydrogen peroxide is present in 100 ml of
    the solution

    Volume strength : The volume (in ml) of oxygen liberated at N.T.P. by the decomposition
    of 1 ml sample of hydrogen peroxide.

    Molarity and Volume Strength : Molarity = Volume Strength / 11.2


    Hard water & Soft water

    Hardness is due to presence of the bicarbonates, sulphates and chlorides of Ca and Mg.

    Temporary Hardness Bicarbonates of Ca and Mg

    By Boiling Bicarbonates decompose in insoluble carbonates (ppt)


    Boil
    Ca(HCO3)2

    Boil
    Mg(HCO3)2

    Clark’s Method It can be removed by addition of slaked lime

    Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2
    Permanent Hardness
    Sulphates ,Chlorides of Ca , Mg
    This type of hardness cannot be removed by boiling or by the addition of slaked lime.

    Water Softeners : Washing Soda


    Calgon
    Permutit
    Ion Exchange Resins

    Synthetic Resins Method


    Washing Soda It removes both the temporary and permanent hardness by
    converting soluble calcium and magnesium compounds into
    insoluble carbonates. Ca(HCO3)2 + Na2CO3
    CaCl2 + Na2CO3

    CaSO4 + Na2CO3

    O O O O O O O
    Permutit / Hydrated Zeolite
    Si Al Si Si Al Si

    O OO O O O O O O O O O

    Na2Al2Si2O8. xH2O + Ca2+

    CaAl2Si2O8. xH2O + NaCl


    Calgon Sodium Hexametaphosphate = Na2[Na4(PO3)6]

    CaSO4 + Na2[Na4(PO3)6]

    MgSO4 + Na2[Na4(PO3)6]

    Synthetic Resins Method

    Cation Exchange Resin Synthetic Substance


    Anion Exchange Resin

    Insoluble organic acid resin having giant Giant organic molecules with basic group
    molecules with – SO3H or – COOH groups derived from amines
    R – H + Ca2+ R – NH3OH + Cl–
    THANK YOU

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