A PROJECT WORK

ON
CHANGES MADE OVER LAST FEW YEARS ON MODE OF PACKAGING
AND ITS IMPACT ON ECONOMY

SUBMITTED TO CHSE , ODISHA FOR FULIFILMENT OF AHSE-2022

SUBMITTED BY:

Name : Ankita Priyadarshini

CLASS: +2 2nd Year, Commerce
COLLEGE ROLL NO: IC-20-015
REGD: NO.:MA19C20015 CHSE ROLL NO :

GUIDED BY:
SASWATI MOHANTY

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
KAMALA NEHRU WOMEN`S COLLEGE, SESSION: 2020-22
BHUBANESWAR

Signature of the Student

Sign of the External Evaluator Sign of Internal Evaluator

 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that ANKITA PRIYADARSHINI is the student of +2 2 nd

Year Commerce in Higher Secondary Examination of CHSE ,Odisha
has satisfactorily carried and conducted her Dissertation entitled
“CHANGES MADE OVER LAST FEW YEARS ON MODE OF PACKAGING
AND ITS IMPACT ON ECONOMY” .She has completed her Dissertation
work under my guidance and supervision. The project work is the
outcome of her work.

We wish her a successful career.

Authorized Signatory

Place: Mrs. Saswati Mohanty

Date: (Project Guide)
 DECLARATION

I ANKITA PRIYADARSHINI, College Roll No. IC-20-015, a student of

the +2 2nd Year Commerce of Higher Secondary Examination of CHSE,
Odisha do hereby declare that the present study was undertaken by
me under the guidance of Mrs. Saswati Mohanty , KAMALA NEHRU
WOMEN`S COLLEGE , Bhubaneswar and the project report entitled
“CHANGES MADE OVER LAST FEW YEARS ON MODE OF PACKAGING
AND ITS IMPACT ON ECONOMY” is of my own and has neither been
submitted to this nor any other institution any where previously.

Ankita Priyadarshini
Roll No : IC-20-015
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of my teacher Mrs. Saswati

Mohanty, who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful
project of “changes made over last few years on mode of packaging
and its impact on economy” and also helped me in completing my
project. I came to know about so many new things I am really
thankful to her. Secondly, I would also like to thank my parents and
friends who helped me a lot in finalizing the project within limited time
frame.

Ankita Priyadarshini
+2 2nd Year Commerce
 CONTENTS

Sl No. Title Page No.

1. Introduction 01
2. Functions of packaging 01
3. Classification of packaging 02
4. Objective 03
5. Methodology 03
6. Discussion 04
7. Conclusion 07
8. Reference 09
Introduction:

Packaging is a technology that encloses and protects a product in its

journey from the factory to its end use by the consumer including
transportation, warehousing, logistics and sale. It assumes the dual role of
creator as well as preserver of wealth.

The evolution of packaging has witnessed widening of its functions from

containment to newer roles such as tracking the product , communication
the changing state of the product within the package , measuring the
portions to be used, etc, Innovation and research and development in the
field have made this possible. The function and role of packaging has
become more dynamic than it ever was. The labeling used on the packaging
has also evolved during the process and a lot of it has been standardized
over the period at national and international levels. There is a need of
stringent regulatory norms in the ace of continual and dynamic changes in
the industry.
Corrugated packaging (material based packaging) and food packaging
content based packaging) are the two prominent segments in the Indian
packaging industry. Units operating in both the segments are predominantly
SME units. With constantly changing technologies, the onus is now on
SMEs to gear up to higher levels of operations with higher efficiency and
upgraded technology. This would be imperative for Indian packaging units to
compete in the international arena.

Functions of packaging :

One packaging may serve multiple functions at the same time. For
example, one standard namkeen poly-pouch serves water and moisture
resistant function (Protective function), stocking at user level and reusable
(resalable) productivity functions (Convenient function), most of the graphic
and psychological functions at the same time.
Classification of packaging:

a) Types of Packaging:
The above classification of packaging is layer based. (i) Primary packaging is
the first layer of packaging which directly holds the smallest unit of the
Product.
(ii) Secondary packaging aims to group primary packages together for
wholesale use Tertiary packaging is used for bulk handling, warehouse,
storage and shipping transport.
Soft Packaging is a relatively new concept which refers to the bundling of
services with no physical packaging being involved. For example, a tour
package offered by a travel agency.
b) Method (Way) of packing:
A lot of resources are being invested to develop innovative and better
packaging ways. Various technologies are constantly being developed that
can provide move cost effective light-weight , green and safe packaging ways.
c) Contents of Packaging:
It is estimated that total packaging demand is approx. 2% of the total gross
national product in the developed economies. While food packaging
contributes the maximum share the total revenue forms packaging, the text
highest contributor is the personal care segment, which comprises of
‘Cosmetic’,‘Powder’ and ‘Toiletry’ packaging.
d) Material used for Packaging:
However, the demand in the packaging industry is expected to be driven by
flexible packaging, especially the flexible intermediate bulk container, which
is expected to grow at 20% over the next five years. This is made possible by
the advanced technology which offers enhanced performance while
maintaining supply chain efficiency.
Objective of the study:

The objective of the study is to understand the packaging need of the

product packed inside and its demand. Thus, packaging can take various
shapes, sizes, materials (used for packaging) etc.

Methodology of the study:

Here in this study we are using secondary data collection method to

know every detail about the mode of packaging trend since a last couple of
years. Because of shortage of time and lack of conducive environment
(Carona pandemic) we have gone through various books, journal and data in
our book to know about the modern trend of packaging industry and
accordingly trying to analyze its effect on economy.
Discussion:

The packaging industry has evolved from ‘packing’ in its naive form to
‘packaging’ which supports the distribution and marketing functions for the
packed product. Primitive packaging refers to wooden barrels baskets of
reeds, woven bags etc.
Presently, with the advancement of technology, packaging can be of several
types, executing several functions at the same time. Flexible packaging,
resalable packaging, tamper-resistant packaging, Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID) tags on packaging are a few examples of how the
industry has evolved over the years.
a) Flexible Packaging
Rigid containers and pet bottles are being fast replaced by flexible
packaging. The material being used is also changing rapidly. From paper to
cellophane plastic wrappers to aluminium foil to metalized and coextruded
foils: the change has been quite rapid and new features are being built into
the packaging material to add value for its customers.
Apart from being more cost effective, it offers versatility in the packaging
material with improved protection against light, water, moisture and gases
thereby increasing the aroma and the shelf life of the products. The metallic
base allows for high gloss and eye-catching aesthetic packaging.
Sulphate paper is used as paper sacks for flour, sugar, fruits and
vegetables. Waxed papers are used for bread wrappers and inner liners for
cereal cartons.
b) Environmental Friendly Packaging
Increasing awareness and health consciousness amongst the consumers
across various demographic profiles has raised environmental concerns,
especially for the polymer based packaging material. More and more people
are making a purchase decision based on the green packaging material as a
matter of course. A classy example here is the shift in the sale of milk from
the one packaged in a plastic pouch to the one in a tetra pack. Customers
today expect packaging to be environment friendly. It needs to be recyclable
to allow reuse and bio-degradable and less polluting, apart from being safe
and healthy. Environment friendly packaging is more of a social
development among the consumers than a marketer decision. Moreover, it
has also garnered support from government and apolitical bodies.
c) Resalable Packaging
The resalable packaging offers easy-to-use convenience to the consumer
along with the option to close the package for further use ensuring no
spillage or loss of quality of the product. Resalable packaging is more
popular in the forms of screw caps, hook and fasteners, and interlock and
zip packs. The problem faced with resalable packaging is that once the
package is opened, the aroma or the quality of the product is lost for sure.
However, the extent of loss is subject to the duration for which the package
was left open. A lot of research and development has been ongoing in this
field to ensure no loss of quality; however, there is still a long way to go.
d) Packaging Offering Better Aesthetics and Promotion
The population of younger customers is higher in India and is expected to
grow faster in the years to come. The need of identification with the brand is
higher in this group. The aesthetics. colour scheme, design, shape and size
of the packaging affect the decision of the customers, who want to know
more about the product inside.
For example, kids would go for a glossier and brightly coloured packaging
with funky characters while elderly may go for the image on the packaging
that illustrates the benefits of the product
e) Stronger and More Durable Material
The tensile strength, the durability and the package integrity in terms of the
strength of its seal validate the shelf life of the product. Such packaging
materials are being developed that can assume their original shape even
after being used once, especially in the laminate-based film packaging sub
segment. The challenge for the manufacturers and technology developers
here is to fix the trade-off between the strength of the packaging and the
ease of opening and using the product.
f) Lightweight and Down gauging of Packaging
With the development of technology, packaging materials across glass,
metal, plastic and paper & board packaging are being developed for strength
and light weight at the same time. The use of lighter corrugated container
board packaging, reinforced glass, metalized films is being continually
evolved to reduce their weight and width. From the manufacturer's
perspective, it helps to save on the packaging material, shipping weight and
costs. To the customers, lightweight packaging offers convenience in terms
of ease of carrying.
Conclusion:
Changes witnessed over the last few years on mode of packaging and its
economic impact:-

a) The changes in transportation of fruits and vegetables such as cardboard

crates being used in place of wooden crates, etc. The main reason for all
above changes in mode of transportation is a zeal & quest of manufactures
to provide the products in most safe & natural way to its customers as
earliest from the production house .Without damaging & much delay they
chooses such way that seems attractive to customers & also good for
environment. We saw that there is different kind of lorry those are dedicated
to specific products. Like Egg Van or Milk Van or Soda bottle van. All comes
in different shape & structure to hold & transport the product in fastest &
safest way to its end users  

b) Milk being supplied in glass bottles, later in plastic bags and now in tetra
pack and through vending machines. Changing the mode of packaging &
distribution is a sure way to help & protect the nature. We can see the
journey of a product from  being a garbage after use to  being reuses after
its product life cycle .we know that glass & plastics are major threat to
environment & hard to recycler than paper.

c) Plastic furniture [doors and stools] gaining preference over wooden

furniture. People feel that plastic products are more attractive, durable &
easy to carry than wooden furniture. A plastic made product is cheaper &
requires fewer eyes for maintenance & movement throughout the year. They
are also immune to environmental changes like rain or summer .We know
that wooden furniture can get moist or may get caught   fungus if doesn’t
cared much on time.

d) The origin of cardboard and the various stages of changes and growth.
Cupboards are again easy to carry, lighter in weight comparatively with any
ones else. We can reuse & reshaped them. They are simplest form of light
weight products packaging & short distance transportations.

 
e) Brown paper bags packing to recycled paper bags to plastic bags and
cloth bags. Brown paper bags are most naturally recycles & 1st form of any
recycle product. So their life cycle is short & we can use them repetitively by
continuous recycle. They are easy to decompose in nature. Again they are
attractive & less in weight.

f) Reuse of packaging [bottles, jars and tins] to attract customers for their
products. Yes, putting the recycle sign on products give the feed good &
proud to both manufacturer & user because Manufacturer feels responsible
& user think that they are not doing any harm to them & nation by using
this particular product.

g) The concept of pyramid packaging for milk. As we know very well about
the power of pyramids for their property of perseverance for longer time & at
best standards with natural touch. Same concept now a day applied in food
& beverage packaging to provide the faith to customers that products are
more natural yet sharp & safe .By that we can pack more quantity in fewer
surfaces & less material used

h) Cost being borne by the consumer/manufacturer. I think cost it is going

to reduced & profit of it going help both manufacturer & customer because
With extra saving on production manufacturer can use that fund for more
innovations, research work & development activities  . Whereas customer is
happy with cost reduction & upgraded quality of product with   respect to
his health &   environment both.

i) Packaging used as means of advertisements. Now a day’s companies doing

their advertisements at single glace only. On the placekicking the single
product, they display their whole product range to attract more customers &
retain the exiting users for forever.
 REFERENCES

 Dr. R.K.Sharma , M.Com., LL.B., Ph.D, Professor & Head , School of

Commerce and Management , Dean, Technical Course, SGGS World

University, Fatehgarh Sahib.

 Shashi K. Gupta , M Com., A.I.C.W.A., A.C.S., Head, P.G.Department

of Commerce, D.A.V. College , Chandigarh.

 Rahul SharmaM.B.A, B.Com.(Hons.)