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Example: Unbraced column with bi-axial C12

Circular column design by PROKON. (CirCol Ver W5.0.01 - 10 Jun 2022)

Design code : BS8110 - 1997

General design parameters: Y

Given:
400
d = 400 mm
d' = 40 mm
Lo = 4.500 m 300
fcu = 30 MPa
fy = 450 MPa
200X X
Thus:
100

. d 2 0
Ac =
4 Y
100

200

300

×400 2 400
0

=
4
= 125.7×103 mm2

diax' = dia - d'

= 400 - 40
= 360.000 mm

diay' = dia - d'

= 400 - 40
= 360.000 mm

Assumptions:
(1) The general conditions of clause 3.8.1 are applicable.
(2) The section is symmetrically reinforced.
(3) The specified design axial loads include the self-weight of the column.
(4) The design axial loads are taken constant over the height of the column.
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Design approach:
The column is designed using an iterative procedure:
(1) The column design charts are constructed.
(2) An area steel is chosen.
(3) The corresponding slenderness moments are calculated.
(4) The design axis and design ultimate moment is determined.
(5) The steel required for the design axial force and moment is read from
the relevant design chart.
(6) The procedure is repeated until the convergence of the area steel
about the design axis/axes.
(7) The area steel perpendicular to the design axis is read from the relevant
design chart.
(8) The procedure is repeated for each load case.
(9) The critical load case is identified as the case yielding the largest
steel area about the design axis.

Through inspection:
Load case 3 (DL + LL + WL) is critical.

Check column slenderness:

End fixity and bracing for bending about the X-X axis:
The column is unbraced.
Thus:ßx = 1.30 Table 3.20

End fixity and bracing for bending about the Y-Y axis:
The column is unbraced.
Thus:ßy = 1.30 Table 3.20

Effective column height:

lex = ßx. Lo
= 1.3 ×4.5
= 5.850 m

ley = ßy. Lo
= 1.3 ×4.5
= 5.850 m

Column slenderness about both axes:

lex
x =
dia
5.85
=
.4
= 14.625
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ley
y =
dia
5.85
=
.4
= 14.625

Minimum Moments for Design:

Check for mininum eccentricity: 3.8.2.4
For bi-axial bending, it is only necessary to ensure that the eccentricity
exceeds the minimum about one axis at a time.

For the worst effect, apply the minimum eccentricity about the minor axis:

emin = 0.05 . d
= 0.05 ×.4
= 0.0200 m

Mmin = emin. N
= .02 ×1216
= 24.320 kNm

Check if the column is slender: 3.8.1.3

x = 14.6 > 10

y = 14.6 > 10

Thus:The column is slender.

Check slenderness limit: 3.8.1.7

Lo = 4.500 m < 60 dia' = 24.000 m

Thus:Slenderness limit not exceeded.

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Initial moments:
The column is bent in double curvature about the X-X axis:
M1 = Smaller initial end moment = 35.5 kNm
M2 = Larger initial end moment = 72.0 kNm

The initial moment near mid-height of the column : 3.8.3.7

Mi = -0.4 . M1 + 0.6 . M2
= -0.4 ×35.5 + 0.6 ×72
= 29.000 kNm

Mi2 = 0.4 . M2
= 0.4 ×72
= 28.800 kNm

Thus: Mi  0.4M2 = 29.0 kNm

The column is bent in double curvature about the Y-Y axis:

M1 = Smaller initial end moment = 38.0 kNm
M2 = Larger initial end moment = 48.0 kNm

The initial moment near mid-height of the column : 3.8.3.7

- . M1 + 0.6 . M2
Mi = 0.4
= -0.4 ×38 + 0.6 ×48
= 13.600 kNm

Mi2 = 0.4 . M2
= 0.4 ×48
= 19.200 kNm

Thus: Mi  0.4M2 = 19.2 kNm

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Deflection induced moments: 3.8.3.1

Design ultimate capacity of section under axial load only:

1 . .
Nuz = 0.4444 . f cu. Ac + f y Asc
1.15
1
= 0.4444 ×30000 ×.12566 + ×450000 ×.00257
1.15
= 2 680.951 kN

Maximum allowable stress and strain:

Allowable compression stress in steel

1 .
f sc = fy
1.15
1
= ×450
1.15
= 391.304 MPa

Allowable tensile stress in steel

1 .
f st = fy
1.15
1
= ×450
1.15
= 391.304 MPa

Allowable tensile strain in steel

f st
ey =
Es
391.3
=
200000
= 0.0020

Allowable compressive strain in concrete

ec = 0.0035

For bending about the X-X axis:

Balanced neutral axis depth
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dia - dcx
xbal =
ey
1 +
cstrain
.4 - .04
=
.00196
1 +
.0035
= 0.2308 mm

Nbal calculated from basic principles using x = xbal = 963.5 kN

Nuz - N
K=
Nuz - Nbal
2 298.5 - 1216
=
2 298.5 - 963.54
= 0.8109

1 . lex 2
ßa =
2000 dia
1 5.85 2
= ×
2000 .4
= 0.1069

Thus:

Madd = N. ßa. K. dia

= 1216 ×.10695 ×.81088 ×.4
= 42.182

For bending about the Y-Y axis:

Balanced neutral axis depth

dia - dc
xbal =
ey
1 +
cstrain
.4 - .04
=
.00196
1 +
.0035
= 0.2308 mm
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Nbal calculated from basic principles using x = xbal = 963.5 kN

Nuz - N
K=
Nuz - Nbal
2 298.5 - 1216
=
2 298.5 - 963.54
= 0.8109

1 . ley 2
ßa =
2000 dia
1 5.85 2
= ×
2000 .4
= 0.1069

Thus:

Madd = N. ßa. K. dia

= 1216 ×.10695 ×.81088 ×.4
= 42.182

Design ultimate load and moment:

Design axial load:
Pu = 1216.0 kN

For bending about the X-X axis, the maximum design moment is the greatest of: 3.8.3.7
(a) 3.8.3.2

M = M2 + Madd
= 72 + 42.181
= 114.181 kNm

(d) 3.8.3.2

M = emin. N
= .02 ×1216
= 24.320 kNm
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Thus: 3.8.3.2

M = 114.2 kNm

Moment distribution along the height of the column for bending about the X-X:
At the top, Mx = 114.2 kNm
Near mid-height, Mx = 29.0 kNm
At the bottom, Mx = 77.7 kNm

Moments about X-X axis( kNm)

Mx=114.2 kNm
Mxtop=72.0 kNm Mxadd=42.2 kNm Mxmin=24.3 kNm

+ =

Mxbot=35.5 kNm Mxadd=42.2 kNm

Initial Additional Design

For bending about the Y-Y axis, the maximum design moment is the greatest of: 3.8.3.7
(a) 3.8.3.2

M = M2 + Madd
= 48 + 42.181
= 90.181 kNm

(d) 3.8.3.2

M = emin. N
= .02 ×1216
= 24.320 kNm

Thus: 3.8.3.2

M = 90.2 kNm

Moment distribution along the height of the column for bending about the Y-Y:
At the top, My = 90.2 kNm
Near mid-height, My = 24.3 kNm
At the bottom, My = 80.2 kNm
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Moments about Y-Y axis( kNm)

My=90.2 kNm
Mytop=48.0 kNm Myadd=42.2 kNm Mymin=24.3 kNm

+ =

Mybot=38.0 kNm Myadd=42.2 kNm

Initial Additional Design

Design of column section for ULS:

Through inspection:
The critical section lies at the top end of the column.

The column is bi-axially bent: the moments are therefore added vectorially
to obtain the final design moment:

Mdes' = Mx2 + My2

= 114.18 2 + 90.181 2
= 145.498

Design axial load:

Pu = 1216.0
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For bending about the design axis:

Column design chart

Bending moment max = 343.6kNm @ 888 kN

4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
Axial load (kN)

1500
1000 2% 3% 4% 5% 6%
0% 1%
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0

500
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
-500
-1000
-1500
-2000
-2500

Bending moment (kNm)

From the design chart, Asc = 2574 = 2.05%

Design chart for bending about any axis:

Column design chart

Bending moment max = 343.6kNm @ 888 kN

4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
Axial load (kN)

1500
1000 2% 3% 4% 5% 6%
0% 1%
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0

500
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
400

-500
-1000
-1500
-2000
-2500

Bending moment (kNm)

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Summary of design calculations:

Design results for all load cases:

Load case Axis Pu (kN) M1 (kNm) M2 (kNm) Mi (kNm) Madd (kNm) Design M (kNm) M' (kNm) Asc (mm^2)
X-X 7.5 15.0 6.0 34.1 X-X 49.1
1 Y-Y 972.0 2.2 4.5 1.8 34.1 Top 38.6 62.4 503 (0.40%)

X-X 22.5 45.0 18.0 26.5 X-X 71.5

2 Y-Y 1534.0 -2.0 11.5 7.7 26.5 Top 38.0 81.0 1337 (1.06%)

X-X 35.5 72.0 29.0 42.2 X-X 114.2

3 Y-Y 1216.0 38.0 48.0 19.2 42.2 Top 90.2 145.5 2574 (2.05%)

Load case 3 (DL + LL + WL) is critical.