REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR FINAL EXAM

CHAPTER 4 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

Question 1)

You have engineered an enzyme that is supposed to break down protein A into polypeptide B. The
enzyme has its optimal activity at 37°C, so a process must be designed to maintain this temperature
at all times. A batch reactor process is used; that is, the bioreactor is filled with an initial quantity of
enzyme and protein and is permitted to run until the precursor is almost completely exhausted. The
ratio of moles of protein A consumed to polypeptide B produced is 1:10. The reaction is irreversible
and first order, following the relation:

−dC A
¿ kC A
dt
where k is the rate constant for the reaction (k = 0.01 s -1), CA is the concentration of protein A, and t is
time.

(a) Calculate the time required to consume 99% of the precursor. (4 p)

(b) Calculate the number of moles of polypeptide B produced during the time period calculated in
part (a).

Because the reaction is exothermic, for every mole of B produced, 10 kJ of energy is released. Heat is
removed by means of a heat exchanger that dissipates excess heat via a chilled water stream and can
be modeled by the equation:

Q̇=hA(T bioreactor −T water )

where h is the heat transfer coefficient, A is the surface area of the exchanger, T bioreactor is the
temperature of the bioreactor, and T water is the temperature of the chilled water stream. The heat
transfer coefficient h is a function of V̇ water the flow rate of chilled water. The following data are
provided: the volume of the bioreactor is 10 L, C A,0 is 150 mM, Twater is 4°C when the process begins, A
is 5 m2, and h is V̇ water * 100 kJ/(m5.k). (8 p)

(c) Calculate the total heat removed from the system in kJ during the calculated time period. (3 p)

(d) Determine the flow rate of water V̇ water as a function of time in L/min. (5 p)

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Answer 1)

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c) total heat released: 10 kJ x 14,85 moles

=148,5 kj.mol

d) Determine the flow rate of water V̇ water as a function of time in L/min.

Qtot= h*Area*(T2-T1)

148,5 kj.mol= V̇ water * 100 kJ/(m5.k) * 5 m2*(37°C - 4°C)

V̇ water = 9*10-3 m3

Volumetric flow rate = V̇ water /time of operation

Note: We are assumming a constant volumetric flow rate.

 Volumetric flow rate= 9*10-3 m3 /460.5 s

9*10-3 m3 = 9 L
460.5 sec = 7,675 min

9L
Volumetric flow rate =
7,675min
Volumetric flow rate = 1,173 L/min

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Question 2

You work for a surgeon who asks you to design a heat-exchanging device to continuously warm 5.0
L/min of blood from 4°C to 37°C by transferring heat from warm water.

(a) Assuming that the specific heat capacity of blood is constant at 1.0 cal/(g . C) and its density is
also constant at 1.0 g/mL, estimate the required rate of heat transfer in cal/min. (5 p)

(b) A physician suggested that the blood could be warmed by simply immersing coils of tubing
carrying the blood in a large water bath. Using the following assumptions, estimate the necessary
volume of the water bath. (10 p)

• The initial temperature of the water bath is 50°C and no more heat is supplied to the water bath;
that is, it is allowed to cool off during the surgery.

• The surgery lasts 3 hours.

• The final water temperature should not fall below 40°C in order to maintain a proper temperature
gradient for heat transfer.

• Heat transfer occurs only between the blood and the water; no heat is exchanged with the
environment.

(c) Is the design in part (b) practical? Make recommendations to improve it. (5 p)

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Answer 2)

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Question 3)

Ronaldo averages three meals per day, each composed of 25 g protein, 35 g fat, and 80 g
carbohydrates.

(a) What is Ronaldo’s daily energy intake based on these three meals? (8 p)

(b) Ronaldo exercises to burn all of the energy gained from the three meals. (12 p)

Figure 4.28 is a graph expressing the rate of caloric depletion in Ronaldo over the course of his
exercise time. In order to burn off all the daily calories, for how many hours must the rigorous
exercise portion of Ronaldo’s workout session last each day? The energy transfer E from the body
during warm-up and cool-down phases may be described by:

dEw
= -5600(t - 0.25)2 + 350 0 ≤ t ¿ 0.25 hr
dt
dEc
= -1400(t - x) + 350 x ¿ t ≤ x + 0.25 hr
dt

where t is the time given in hours.

Figure 4.28 Energy burned during exercise.

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Answer 3

a. The amount of calorie obtained from a gram of carbohydrates and protein = 4cal/g
The number of calories obtained from a gram of fat = 9cal/g.

Total amount of carbohydrate intake in a day = 80 × 3 = 240g

The total amount of calories obtained from carbohydrates = 240 g × 4cal/g

The total amount of calories obtained from carbohydrates = 960 cal

Total amount of protein intake in a day = 25 × 3 = 75g

The total amount of calories obtained from protein= 75 g × 4cal/g

The total amount of calories obtained from proteins = 300 cal

Total amount of fat intake in a day = 35 × 3 = 105g

The total amount of calories obtained from fats= 105 g × 9cal/g

The total amount of calories obtained from proteins = 945 cal

Ronaldo’s total energy intake = 960 cal + 300 cal + 945 cal
Ronaldo’s total energy intake = 2205 cal

b. The amount of energy burnt during warmup and cool down can be calculated as follows:

dEw / dt = -5600 ( t – 0.25)2 + 350 ( as given in the question)

dEw = [-5600 ( t – 0.25)2 + 350] dt
Integrate both sides

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dEc / dt = -1400 ( t – x)+ 350 ( as given in the question)
dEc = [-5600 ( t – 0.25)2 + 350] dt
Integrate both sides

The total amount of energy lost during warm-up and cool down = Ew + Ec
The total amount of energy lost during warm-up and cool down = 58.34 + 43.75
The total amount of energy lost during warm-up and cool down =102.09cal
Total remaining calories = 2205 – 102.09

Total remaining calories = 2103cal (approx.) needs to lose in rigorous exercise.

Energy level per hour during rigorous exercise is 350cal

So, the hours required for rigorous exercise = 2103 / 350

So, the hours required for rigorous exercise = 6 hours (approx.)

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CHAPTER 5 CONSERVATION OF CHARGE

Question 4)

Often systems of mass or material flow can be described using circuit analogs, because of similarities
between mass flow and current. Just as electric charge can be driven in a current by potential
difference, mass can be driven by differences in pressure between two points. Current flowing
through resistors results in a voltage drop. Likewise, as mass flows, it also experiences a decrease in
pressure as it moves through frictional (resistive) elements.

A model of blood flow through systemic and pulmonary circulation is shown in Figure 5.57. Between
each two components of the circulatory system (modeled as circuit elements), an approximate blood
pressure is given.

(a) Derive an equation relating mass flow to pressure drop. Verify that an analog of Kirchhoff’s
voltage law applies to the system shown. Based on the derivation of KVL, what can you say about the
system (i.e., is the system at steady-state)? (10 p)

(b) Assume that the blood flow is nonpulsatile and the volumetric flow rate is 5 L/min. What is the
resistance through each component of the circulatory system? Compare the pulmonary and systemic
resistances. (10 p)

Figure 5.57 A model of blood flow through systemic and pulmonary circulations.

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Answer 4)

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Question 5)

An artificial pacemaker provides an electrical stimulus to bring cardiac muscle cells to threshold and
initiate action potentials when the pacemaker cells in the heart are not working properly. Suppose
that the pacemaker provides a current applied as a square-wave pulse (consider it to be a step input,
as you are only interested in the sudden increase in current). The cell membrane can be modeled as
a resistor and capacitor in parallel, as shown in Figure 5.76.

You want to bring the membrane potential up from -90 mV to the threshold value of -55 mV (after
which the Na+ channels open and the action potential begins), so you need to apply a voltage of 35
mV. The value of the membrane resistance is 3300 Ω and the membrane capacitance is 1.5 μF. If you
want the increase in voltage to occur within 5 ms, what should be the value of the applied current
(im)? (20 p)

Figure 5.76 Cell membrane modeled as a resistor and capacitor in parallel.

Answer 6)

As per the question C is already at -55mV after applying 35mV( increased from -90mV to -55mV).

Since R and C are in parallel, total current I m is summation of current through R and current through
C.

So

Im = IR+IC

Step 1: Current through R(IR)= 35mV(applied voltage)/3.3k Ohm

IR= 10.606 uA

Step 2: Current through C (IC)= C dV/dT

dV- Change in voltage -90mV to -55mV(-90mV-(-35mV)=35mV)

dT- time duration for the capacitor voltage change

Capacitor initial charge is -90mV before applying 35mV, its voltage has to change from -90mV to -
55mV within 5mS (let us take 4.5mS).

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Therefore IC= 1.5u* (35m/4.5m)

  IC= 11.67uA

Step 3: so Im = IR+IC  

Im = 10.606uA+11.67uA

Im = 22.276uA

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