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 The highest point of the sine wave is called peak while the lowest is trough.
 Wave length is the length of one complete sine wave, or the length of wave measured
from Crest to Crest, or from peak to peak, or the distance of wave measured from
trough to trough.
 To solve for WAVELENGTH, you have the formula in the first slide. The same formula can
be used to solve for FREQUENCY if wavelength is given. Wavelength and frequency will
just switch places in the formula.
 When a wave is completed, a cycle has been completed. CYCLE or WAVE CYCLE is a full
circuit of a displaced particle. A cycle is one completion of a wave's repeating up-and-
down pattern. See the figures below to see where a cycle ends in relation to the point in
the wave where it starts.
 PERIOD is the time it takes to complete one wave or cycle.
 The formula for period is T = 1 / f, where "T" is period (the time it takes for one cycle to
complete), and "f" is frequency. Since frequency in Hertz is also wave cycles per second;
hence, the unit for period is second. You may convert it though to milliseconds by
multiplying the period in second by 1000.
 The said formula can also be used to solve for frequency, provided that period is given,
if period is in millisecond, you have to convert it first to second before you can solve for
frequency. Simply divide by 1000 the period if it is in milliseconds, so you get its
equivalent in second. (f = 1 / T)
 FREQUENCY of vibration is the number of complete cycles per second and the unit for
which is called Hertz (Hz).
 we don't identify frequency with the volume of sound, but rather with the Highness or
lowness of sound. The subjective judgment or perception of the Highness or lowness of
sound is called pitch. It’s quantitative form or measured value is the frequency.
 PITCH is the subjective response of human hearing to frequency. It is the frequency

of sound wave perceived by the human ear.
 we don't associate frequency with the volume of sound, but rather with a pitch of
sound. The sensation of a frequency is commonly referred to as the pitch of a sound.
The ability of humans to perceive pitch is associated with a frequency of the sound wave
that impinges upon the ear.
 The pitch and sound have a direct relationship with the frequency of a wave per unit of
time. It means that a high pitch sound is a high frequency sound. A low pitch sound is a
low frequency sound. A high pitch sound corresponds to a high frequency sound wave
and a low pitch sound corresponds to a low frequency sound wave.
 Look closely and analyze the figure above. You can see their longitudinal waves running
along a longitudinal direction.
 The height and depth of the waves signify PRESSURE.
 The horizontal line running across the waves signify length or unit of TIME.
 Let us assume that the length of time in the figure is one second.
 The figures above show the sine wave of sound. A sine wave, or sinusoidal wave, is a
geometric waveform that oscillates (moves up, down or side-to-side) periodically, and is
defined by the function y = sin x.
 In other words, it is an s-shaped, smooth wave that oscillates above and below zero.
Based on the figures shown, compare the waves of high frequency sound and low
frequency sound.
 the longer the wavelength, the lower the frequency. as shown in the figures, high
frequency sound wave has shorter period than low frequency sound wave.
 PERIOD is the time it takes to complete one wave or cycle. This is different from the line
across the waves which signifies UNIT OF TIME. That UNIT OF TIME is a specific length
of time, usually a SECOND.
 The number of wave cycles per second is the FREQUENCY
 Based on the figures, if the UNIT of TIME there is one second, and if frequency with the
unit of Hertz is the number of waves per second, what is the measured frequency of the
high frequency sound and low frequency sound there?
o high frequency = 6 Hz (or 6 wave cycles/sec)
o low frequency = 3 Hz (or 3 wave cycles/sec)
 PRESSURE is the force per unit area. It measures the maximum rise and fall of the
waves.
 The "height” of the peak of crest of the wave is called AMPLITUDE. It also refers to the
lowest drop (or dip) of the trough in the wave.
 Amplitude (A) is the maximum increase (or decrease) in pressure due to the presence of
sound. The amplitude is a measure of the strength or intensity of the wave.
 Examine the figure above. It shows that PRESSURE or AMPLITUDE has no relationship
with the wavelength or frequency of sound or with the pitch of sound.
 Pressure or amplitude is associated instead with the volume of sound or the intensity or
loudness of sound.
 A loud sound has high intensity while a soft sound has low intensity.
 amplitude is the maximum increase or decrease in pressure due to the presence of
sound. It is often described as the height or peak of the wave and it has no relationship
to the wavelength or frequency. It is also the lowest depths of the truth.
 Amplitude is associated with the volume or loudness of sound.
 That frequency is associated with pitch while Pressure or amplitude is associated with
loudness or volume of sound
Other terms you need to know on basic sound theory are PURE TONES and COMPLEX SOUNDS.
 PURE TONES are simple sine waves at a single frequency. No instrument produces a
pure tone, but pure tones are useful in trying to understand how hearing perception
works.
 It's no longer a pure tone if there are fluctuations and glitches because a pure tone
maintains one frequency only, regardless if high, low or or mid-range.
 COMPLEX SOUNDS, on the other hand, are sounds that are more complicated than a
pure tone. Examples are speech, environmental sounds, and background noise.
 When sounds contain more than one frequency, the different frequency components
generally interact, sometimes in a complex manner.

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 The highest point of the sine wave is called peak while the lowest is trough.

 PITCH is the subjective response of human hearing to frequency. It is the frequency

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