TABLE 1-1 SI Base and Supplementary Quantities and Units TABLE 1-2b Additional Common Derived Units of SI

SI unit symbol Quantity Unit Symbol

(“abbreviation”);
Use roman acceleration meter per second squared m/s2
Quantity or “dimension” SI unit (upright) type angular acceleration radian per second squared rad/s2
angular velocity radian per second rad/s
Base quantity or “dimension” area square meter m2
length meter m concentration (of amount of mole per cubic meter mol/m3
mass kilogram kg substance)
time second s current density ampere per square meter A/m2
electric current ampere A density, mass kilogram per cubic meter kg/m3
thermodynamic temperature kelvin K electric-charge density coulomb per cubic meter C/m3
amount of substance mole* mol electric-field strength volt per meter V/m
luminous intensity candela cd electric-flux density coulomb per square meter C/m2
Supplementary quantity or “dimension” energy density joule per cubic meter J/m3
plane angle radian rad entropy joule per kelvin J/K
solid angle steradian sr heat capacity joule per kelvin J/K
heat-flux density, watt per square meter W/m2
*When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified; they may irradiance
be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such luminance candela per square meter cd/m2
particles. magnetic-field strength ampere per meter A/m
molar energy joule per mole J/mol
molar entropy joule per mole-kelvin J/(mol⋅K)
molar-heat capacity joule per mole-kelvin J/(mol⋅K)
moment of force newton-meter N⋅m
TABLE 1-2a Derived Units of SI that Have Special Names permeability henry per meter H/m
permittivity farad per meter F/m
Quantity Unit Symbol Formula radiance watt per square-meter- W/(m2⋅sr)
frequency (of a periodic phenomenon) hertz Hz l/s steradian
force newton N (kg⋅m)/s2 radiant intensity watt per steradian W/sr
pressure, stress pascal Pa N/m2 specific-heat capacity joule per kilogram-kelvin J/(kg⋅K)
energy, work, quantity of heat joule J N⋅m specific energy joule per kilogram J/kg
power, radiant flux watt W J/s specific entropy joule per kilogram-kelvin J/(kg⋅K)
quantity of electricity, electric charge coulomb C A⋅s specific volume cubic meter per kilogram m3/kg
electric potential, potential difference, volt V W/A surface tension newton per meter N/m
electromotive force thermal conductivity watt per meter-kelvin W/(m⋅K)
capacitance farad F C/V velocity meter per second m/s
electric resistance ohm Ω V/A viscosity, dynamic pascal-second Pa⋅s
conductance siemens S A/V viscosity, kinematic square meter per second m2/s
magnetic flux weber Wb V⋅s volume cubic meter m3
magnetic-flux density tesla T Wb/m2 wave number 1 per meter 1/m
inductance henry H Wb/A
luminous flux lumen lm cd⋅sr
illuminance lux lx lm/m2
activity (of radionuclides) becquerel Bq l/s
absorbed dose gray Gy J/kg TABLE 1-3 SI Prefixes
Multiplication factor Prefix Symbol
1 000 000 000 000 000 = 1018
000 exa E
1 000 000 000 000 = 1015
000 peta P
1 000 000 000 = 1012
000 tera T
1 000 000 = 109
000 giga G
1 000 = 106
000 mega M
000 = 103
1 kilo k
100 = 102 hecto* h
10 = 101 deka* da
0.1 = 10−1 deci* d
0.01 = 10−2 centi c
0.001 = 10−3 milli m
0.000 001 = 10−6 micro µ
0.000 000 001 = 10−9 nano n
0.000 000 000 001 = 10−12 pico p
0.000 000 000 000 001 = 10−15 femto f
0.000 000 000 000 000 001 = 10−18 atto a
*Generally to be avoided.

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TABLE 1-7 Common Units and Conversion Factors*
Mass (M) 1 atm = 760 millimeters of mercury at 0°C
1 pound mass = 453.5924 grams (density 13.5951 g/cm3)
= 0.45359 kilograms = 29.921 inches of mercury at 32°F
= 7000 grains = 14.696 pounds force/square inch
1 slug = 32.174 pounds mass = 33.899 feet of water at 39.1°F
1 ton (short) = 2000 pounds mass = 1.01325 × 106 dynes/square centimeter
1 ton (long) = 2240 pounds mass = 1.01325 × 105 Newtons/square meter
1 ton (metric) = 1000 kilograms Density (M/L3)
= 2204.62 pounds mass 1 pound mass/cubic foot = 0.01601846 grams/cubic centimeter
1 pound mole = 453.59 gram moles = 16.01846 kilogram/cubic meter
Length (L) Energy (H or FL)
1 foot = 30.480 centimeters 1 British thermal unit = 251.98 calories
= 0.3048 meters = 1054.4 joules
1 inch = 2.54 centimeters = 777.97 foot-pounds force
= 0.0254 meters = 10.409 liter-atmospheres
1 mile (U.S.) = 1.60935 kilometers = 0.2930 watt-hour
1 yard = 0.9144 meters Diffusivity (L2/θ)
Area (L2) 1 square foot/hour = 0.258 cm2/s
1 square foot = 929.0304 square centimeters = 2.58 × 10−5 m2/s
= 0.09290304 square meters Viscosity (M/Lθ)
1 square inch = 6.4516 square centimeters 1 pound mass/foot hour = 0.00413 g/cm s
1 square yard = 0.836127 square meters 0.000413 kg/m s
Volume (L3) 1 centipoise = 0.01 poise
1 cubic foot = 28,316.85 cubic centimeters = 0.01 g/cm s
= 0.02831685 cubic meters = 0.001 kg/m s
= 28.31685 liters = 0.000672 lbm/ft s
= 7.481 gallons (U.S.) = 0.0000209 lbfs/ft2
1 gallon = 3.7853 liters 2
Thermal conductivity [H/θL (T/L)]
= 231 cubic inches 1 Btu/hr ft (°F/ft) = 0.00413 cal/s cm2 (°C/cm)
2

Time (θ) = 1.728 J/s m2 (°C/m)

1 hour = 60 minutes Heat transfer coefficient
= 3600 seconds 1 Btu/hr ft2 °F = 5.678 J/s m2 °C
Temperature (T) Heat capacity (H/MT)
1 centigrade or Celsius degree = 1.8 Fahrenheit degree 1 Btu/lbm °F = 1 cal/g °C
Temperature, Kelvin = T°C + 273.15 = 4184 J/kg °C
Temperature, Rankine = T°F + 459.7 Gas constant
Temperature, Fahrenheit = 9/5 T°C + 32 1.987 Btu/lbm mole °R = 1.987 cal/mol K
Temperature, centigrade or Celsius = 5/9 (T°F − 32) = 82.057 atm cm3/mol K
Temperature, Rankine = 1.8 T K = 0.7302 atm ft3/lb mole °F
Force (F) = 10.73 (lbf /in.2) (ft3)/lb mole °R
1 pound force = 444,822.2 dynes = 1545 (lbf /ft2) (ft3)/lb mole °R
= 4.448222 Newtons = 8.314 (N/m2) (m3)/mol K
= 32.174 poundals Gravitational acceleration
2
Pressure (F/L ) g = 9.8066 m/s2
Normal atmospheric pressure = 32.174 ft/s2
NOTE: U.S. customary units, or British units, on left and SI units on right.
*Adapted from Faust et al., Principles of Unit Operations, John Wiley and Sons, 1980.

TABLE 1-8 Kinematic-Viscosity Conversion Formulas TABLE 1-9 Values of the Gas-Law Constant
Range of Kinematic viscosity, Temp. Press. Vol. Wt. Energy
Viscosity scale t, sec stokes scale units units units units* R
Saybolt Universal 32 < t < 100 0.00226t − 1.95/t Kelvin g-moles calories 1.9872
t > 100 0.00220t − 1.35/t g-moles joules (abs) 8.3144
Saybolt Furol 25 < t < 40 0.0224t − 1.84/t g-moles joules (int) 8.3130
t > 40 0.0216t − 0.60/t atm. cm3 g-moles atm cm3 82.057
Redwood No. 1 34 < t < 100 0.00260t − 1.79/t atm. liters g-moles atm liters 0.08205
t > 100 0.00247t − 0.50/t mm. Hg liters g-moles mm Hg-liters 62.361
Redwood Admiralty 0.027t − 20/t bar liters g-moles bar-liters 0.08314
Engler 0.00147t − 3.74/t kg/cm2 liters g-moles kg/(cm2)(liters) 0.08478
atm ft3 lb-moles atm-ft3 1.314
mm Hg ft3 lb-moles mm Hg-ft3 998.9
lb-moles chu or pcu 1.9872
Rankine lb-moles Btu 1.9872
lb-moles hp-hr 0.0007805
lb-moles kw-hr 0.0005819
atm ft3 lb-moles atm-ft3 0.7302
in Hg ft3 lb-moles in Hg-ft3 21.85
mm Hg ft3 lb-moles mm Hg-ft3 555.0
lb/in2abs ft3 lb-moles (lb)(ft3)/in2 10.73
lb/ft2abs ft3 lb-moles ft-lb 1545.0
*Energy units are the product of pressure units and volume units.

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TABLE 1-10 United States Customary System of Weights TABLE 1-11 Temperature Conversion Formulas
and Measures °F = (°C × 5/9) + 32
Linear Measure °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9
12 inches (in) or (″) = 1 foot (ft) or (′) °R = °F + 459.69
3 feet = 1 yard (yd) °K = °C + 273.15
°K = °R × 5/9
16.5 feet
5.5 yards ! = 1 rod (rd)
Temperature difference, !T
°F = °C × 9/5
5280 feet
320 rods != 1 mile (mi)
NOTE: An extensive table of temperature conversions may be found in the
1 mil = 0.001 inch sixth edition of the Handbook (Table 1-12).
Nautical:
6080.2 feet = 1 nautical mile
6 feet = 1 fathom
120 fathoms = 1 cable length
1 knot = 1 nautical mile per hour
60 nautical miles = 1° of latitude TABLE 1-12 Greek Alphabet
Square Measure Alpha = Α, α = A, a Nu = Ν, ν = N, n
144 sq. inches (sq. in) or (in ) or (!″) = 1 sq. foot (ft2) or (!′)
2
Beta = Β, β = B, b Xi = Ξ, ξ = X, x
9 sq. feet (ft2) (!′) = 1 sq. yard (yd2) Gamma = Γ, γ = G, g Omicron = Ο, ο = O, o
30.25 sq. yards = 1 sq. rod, pole, or perch Delta = ∆, δ = D, d Pi = Π, π = P, p
= Ε, ε = E, e = Ρ, ρ = R, r
" !
10 sq. chains Epsilon Rho
160 sq. rods = = 1 acre Zeta = Ζ, ζ = Z, z Sigma = Σ, σ = S, s
43,560 sq. ft
Eta = Η, η = E, e Tau = Τ, τ = T, t
640 acres = 1 sq. mile = 1 section
Theta = Θ, θ = Th, th Upsilon = ", υ = U, u
1 circular inch (area of
Iota = Ι, # = I, i Phi = Φ, φ = Ph, ph
circle of 1 inch diameter) = 0.7854 sq. inch
Kappa = Κ, κ = K, k Chi = Χ, χ = Ch, ch
1 sq. inch = 1.2732 circular inch
Lambda = Λ, λ = L, l Psi = Ψ, ψ = Ps, ps
1 circular mil = area of circle of 0.001
Mu = Μ, µ = M, m Omega = Ω, ω = O, o
inch diameter
1,000,000 circular mils = 1 circular inch
Circular Measure
60 seconds (″) (sec) = 1 minute (min) or (′)
60 minutes (′) = 1 degree (°)
90 degrees (°) = 1 quadrant
360 degrees (°) = 1 circumference

"
= 1 radian (rad.)
57.29578 degrees
= 57° 17′ 44.81″

Volume Measure
Solid:
1728 cubic in (cu. in) (in3) = 1 cubic foot (cu. ft)(ft3)
27 cu. ft = 1 cubic yard (cu. yd)
Dry Measure:
2 pints = 1 quart
8 quarts = 1 peck
4 pecks = 1 bushel
1 United States
Winchester bushel = 2150.42 cubic inches
Liquid:
4 gills = 1 pint (pt)
2 pints = 1 quart (qt)
4 quarts = 1 gallon (gal)
7.4805 gallons = 1 cubic foot
Apothecaries’ Liquid:
60 minims (min. or ) = 1 fluid dram or drachm
8 drams ( ) = 1 fluid ounce
16 ounces (oz. ) = 1 pint
Avoirdupois Weight
16 drams = 437.5 grains = 1 ounce (oz)
16 ounces = 7000 grains = 1 pound (lb)
100 pounds = 1 hundredweight (cwt)
2000 pounds = 1 short ton: 2240 pounds = 1 long ton
Troy Weight
24 grains = 1 pennyweight (dwt)
20 pennyweights = 1 ounce (oz)
12 ounces = 1 pound (lb)
Apothecaries’ Weight
20 grains (gr) = 1 scruple ( )
3 scruples = 1 dram ( )
8 drams = 1 ounce ( )
12 ounces = 1 pound (lb)

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