Name : Aeron Fernando Dela Rosa Score:

Course/Section : BSABE 2-3

Date : 08/27/23

Schedule (Day/Time) : Th (1:00-4:00 pm)

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Laboratory Exercise 1
Systems of Units

INTRODUCTION

One crucial component of thermodynamics is the system of units. It is a field of physics

that examines how heat, work, temperature, and energy are related. The rules of thermodynamics
explain how energy in a system evolves and whether a system can make use of its environment
to produce productive work. In order to ensure that the physical values used in the calculations
are precise and consistent, dimensions and units are crucial in thermodynamics. English (E) and
the International System of Units (SI) are two significant unit systems used in thermodynamics.
In science and engineering, the SI system is the most often used system of units. Seven
fundamental units serve as its foundation: the meter (m), kilogram (kg), second (s), ampere (A),
kelvin (K), mole (mol), and candela (cd). In contrast, the English system makes use of units like
feet, pounds, seconds, and degrees Fahrenheit.

When making calculations in thermodynamics, it is crucial to utilize the appropriate

units. Using the wrong units can cause computations to go wrong and lead to false conclusions.
Therefore, it is crucial to comprehend the significance of dimensions and units in
thermodynamics in order to guarantee precise and consistent computations.

MATERIALS AND METHOD

1. Research on the internet or textbooks the different SI base units, examples of SI derived
units expressed in terms of base units, examples of SI derived units with special name
and examples of SI derived unit expressed by means of Special Names (refer to tables 1-4
for examples). Fill in the tables 1-4 for your answers.
2. On table 5, given are properties with dimensions and units, find their corresponding
values and units as required. Use extra sheet for your calculations and attached it upon
submission.
3. Answer the Guide Questions.
RESULTS

Table 1. SI Base Units.

Quantity Unit Symbol

Length meter m
Mass kilogram kg
Time Second s
Electric current Ampere A
Thermodynamic temperature kelvin K
Amount of substance mole mol
Luminous intensity candela cd

Table 2. SI Derived units expressed in terms of base units.

Quantity Unit Symbol

Area square meter m2
Volume cubic meter m3
Speed, Velocity meter per second m/s
Acceleration meter per second squared m/s2
Wave number reciprocal meter m-1
Mass density kilogram per cubic meter kg/m3
Specific volume cubic meter per kilogram m3/kg
Current density ampere per square meter A/m2
Magnetic field strength ampere per meter A/m
Amount-of-substance
concentration mole per cubic meter mol/m3
 Luminance candela per square meter cd/m2
Mass fraction kilogram per kilogram, which
may be represented by the
kg/kg = 1
number 1

Table 3. SI Derived unit with special names

Expression in terms of Expression in terms of

Quantity Name Symbol
other units base units
Force newton N kg
m∙ 2
s
Pressure pascal Pa N kg
m
2
( m∙ s 2 )
Energy/heat joule J N ∙m 2 kg
m ∙ 2
s
Celsius degree °C K
temperature
Plane angle radian rad m·m-1 = 1
Frequency hertz Hz s-1
Power, radiant watt W J/s m2·kg·s-3
flux
Electric charge, coulomb C s·A
quantity of
electricity

Electric potential volt V W/A m2·kg·s-3·A-1

difference,
electromotive
force

Capacitance farad F C/V m-2·kg-1·s4·A2

 Electric ohm Ω V/A m2·kg·s–3·A–2
resistance

Table 4. SI derived unit expressed by means of special name.

Expression in terms of
Quantity Name Symbol
base units
heat capacity Joule per kelvin J 2 kg
m ∙
K (s ∙ K )
2

dynamic viscosity pascal second Pa·s m-1·kg·s-1

moment of force newton meter N·m 2 kg
m ∙ 2
s
surface tension newton per meter N/m kg/s2
angular velocity radian per second rad/s 1/s
angular acceleration radian per second squared rad/s2 1/s2
heat flux density, watt per square meter W/m2 kg·s-3
irradiance
specific heat joule per kilogram kelvin J/(kg·K) m2·s-2·K-1
capacity, specific
entropy
specific energy joule per kilogram J/kg m2·s-2
thermal conductivity watt per meter kelvin W/(m·K) m·kg·s-3·K-1
energy density joule per cubic meter J/m3 kg
2
m· s
electric field strength volt per meter V/m m·kg·s-3·A-1

Table 5. Conversion of Units

Gauge
Absolute Pressure
Pressure
280 mm Hg 37.33 kPa 12.49 ft H2O 5.414 psi
 (vacuum) 0.3733 Bar 11.02 in Hg 3.805 m H2O
0.505 MPa 149.1265 in Hg 168.95 ft H2O
5.05bar 3787.80 mm 51.087 m H2O 72.662 psi
Hg

Other Properties
180 kJ/kg 1,937,863.8 ft2/s2 77.4 BTU/lb 180,000 m2/s2
240 BTU 253.2144 kJ 186,761 Ft-lb 253.214 kN-m
3800 oC 7,331.67 o
R 6,872 o
F 4,073.15 K
1600 MW 2,145,635.344 Hp 95,999,999.4 kJ/min 5,459,426,613 BTU/
hr
510 kg 34.9461 Slug 1,124.356 lbm 0.5621 Ton
15,300 15.3 kg/li 955.148 lbm/ft3 127.6841 lbm/Gal
kg/m3
3.2 Drum 176 Gal 666.2304 liter 0.666 m3
12.5 kN/m3 1,427.60 kgf/m3 89.1225 lbf/ft3 11.94 lbm/Gal

Guide Questions:

1. What difficulties might be encountered if water were used as the thermometric substance
in the liquid-in-glass thermometer?

There are a lot of difficulties that we might encounter if water were used as the
thermometric substance in the liquid-in-glass thermometer instead of mercury because there are
several factors that we need to consider when comparing the two substances, such as the boiling
point and the specific heat capacity of each substance. These are some of the instances we might
encounter that could lead to inaccurate readings or measurements. The boiling point of a
substance is crucial for such an instrument since boiling water can produce vigorous bubbles and
turbulence within the liquid, and it can be concluded that mercury is more appropriate to use
since the boiling point of mercury is way too far to reach than the boiling point of water. While
the specific heat capacity pertains to the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of
one unit of mass of that substance by one degree Celsius, in short, mercury is more preferable to
use than water because mercury requires a smaller amount of energy than water. Taking all this
into account, we can conclude that there might be errors or inaccuracies in reading the liquid-in-
glass thermometer using water as a thermometric substance.
 2. We commonly ignore the pressure variation with elevation for gases inside a storage
tank. Why?

Since the volume of gas inside a storage tank has the same density and temperature as the
atmosphere, we frequently neglect the pressure difference with elevation for certain gases.
Consequently, it would have atmospheric pressure. We can disregard the pressure variation since
storage tanks are vented to the atmosphere to prevent compression or decompression of the gas
above the sea surface.

3. What are possible boundaries and type of system for studying each of the following:

a) a bicycle tire inflating

The tire's surface itself may serve as the starting point for research on bicycle tire
inflation. This involves taking into account the air in the tire and how it interacts with the tire's
composition. This system would be closed. The rubber of the tire isolates the system from the
environment while air is being pumped into the tire.

b) a jet engine in flight.

The engine itself could serve as the perimeter for a study of a jet engine in flight. A type
of pressure that is present in a system is adiabatic pressure, wherein there is an intake of large
amounts of air, creating a high pressure of air that can ignite the fuel inside the engine, and as the
gas accelerates to the rear, the engine accelerates in the opposite direction. This can be called
thrust.a residential gas furnace in operation. This system is open. The engine draws air from the
environment, processes it, and releases exhaust gases that interact with the surrounding
environment.

c) a rocket launching.

The rocket itself, the immediate surroundings where it is launched, and the moment at
which it leaves the atmosphere might all be included in the study's bounds. This system is open.
In addition to consuming fuel and oxidizer and releasing exhaust gases, the rocket also interacts
with the atmosphere as it ascends.

References

Sta. Maria, H. (1990). Thermodynamics 1. Thermodynamics 1 by Hipolito Sta. Maria

(optimized) - Academia.edu. Retrieved August 27, 2023, from

https://www.academia.edu/33821028/Thermodynamics_1_by_Hipolito_Sta_Maria_opti

mized_