Special Concentrically - Braced - Frames-V2

8/19/2021
Design of Seismic-Resistant Steel

Building Structures
Concentrically Braced Frames
Presentation by Djoni Simanta

Universitas Katolik Parahyangan, 2021
Source:
1. Michael D. Engelhardt, PhD, “Design of Seismic‐Resistant Steel Building Structures“,
University of Texas at Austin
Updated by:
Patricia Clayton, PhD
University of Texas at Austin
2. Rafael Sabelli, “Seismic Desin in Steel”, AISC Night School, February 12,2018
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Concentrically Braced Frames (CBFs)

Beams, columns and braces arranged to form a vertical truss.
Resist lateral earthquake forces by truss action.
Develop ductility through inelastic action in braces.

• braces yield in tension
• braces buckle in compression
Advantages
+ high elastic stiffness
Disadvantages
- less ductile than other systems (SMFs, EBFs, BRBFs)
- reduced architectural versatility
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Types of CBFs
Single Diagonal Inverted V- Bracing V- Bracing
X- Bracing Two Story X- Bracing

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Inelastic Response of CBFs under Earthquake Loading
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Tension Brace: Yields Compression Brace: Buckles

(ductile) (nonductile)
Columns and beams: remain essentially elastic
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Compression Brace Tension Brace (previously in

(previously in tension): compression): Yields
Buckles (ductile)
(nonductile)
Columns and beams: remain essentially elastic

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Developing Ductile Behavior in CBFs

General Approach
• Design frame so that inelastic behavior is

restricted to braces.
 Braces are "fuse" elements of frame.
 Braces are weakest element of frame.
All other frame elements (columns,
beams, connections) are stronger
than braces.
• Choose brace members with good energy
dissipation capacity and fracture life (limit
kL/r and b/t).
35

General Approach
• Design brace connections for maximum

forces and deformations imposed by
brace during cyclic yielding/buckling
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General Approach
• Design beams and columns (and column

splices and column bases) for maximum
forces imposed by braces
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General Approach
• Design braces based on code

specified earthquake forces.
• Design all other frame
elements for maximum forces
that can be developed by
braces.
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Maximum Forces Developed by Braces

Braces in Tension - Axial Force:
P
For design:
Pmax = Py Take Pmax = Ry Fy Ag
 40
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Braces in Compression - Axial Force:

For design:
Presidual  0.3 Pmax Take Pmax = (Fcre / 0.877) Ag
Take Presidual = 0.3 Pmax
Notes:
Pmax
1. Fcre = Fcr from AISC 360
Ch. E using RyFy
2. Pmax does not need to
P exceed RyFyAg
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Braces in Compression - Bending Moment:
Plastic Hinges
P P
M M
For "fixed" end braces: flexural plastic hinges will form at

mid-length and at brace ends. Brace will impose bending
moment on connections and adjoining members.
For design:
Take Mmax = 1.1 Ry Fy Zbrace (for critical buckling direction)
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Braces in Compression - Bending Moment:
P P
Plastic Hinge
P P
For "pinned" end braces: flexural plastic hinge will form at

mid-length only. Brace will impose no bending moment on
connections and adjoining members.
Must design brace connection to behave like a "pin"
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Maximum Forces in Columns and Beams
To estimate maximum axial forces imposed by

braces on columns and beams:
Braces in Tension:
Take P = Ry Fy Ag
Braces in Compression:
Pcre = min { (Fcre / 0.877) Ag , RyFyAg }

Use: OR
P = 0.3 Pcre
whichever produces critical design case
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Example
Find maximum axial

compression in column.
Tension Braces:
Take P = Ry Fy Ag
Compression Braces:
Take P = Pcre
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Example
Ry Fy Ag
Pcre
Ry Fy Ag
Column Axial Compression =

[  (Ry Fy Ag ) cos  +  (Pcre) cos  ] + Pgravity
Pcre
(sum brace forces for all levels
Ry Fy Ag above column)
Pcre
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Example
Find maximum axial

tension in column.
Tension Braces:
Take P = Ry Fy Ag
Compression Braces:
Take P = Pcre
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Example
Pcre
Ry Fy Ag
Pcre
Ry Fy Ag
Column Axial Tension =
[  (Ry Fy Ag ) cos  +  (Pcre) cos  ] - Pgravity Pcre
(sum brace forces for all levels

above column)
Ry Fy Ag
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Example
Find maximum axial

compression in column.
Tension Braces:
Take P = Ry Fy Ag

Compression Braces:
Take P = 0.3Pcre
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Example
0.3 Pcre Column Axial Compression =

Ry F y Ag  (Ry Fy Ag ) cos  + (0.3 Pcre) cos  + Pgravity
Note
Based on elastic frame analysis:
Column Axial Force = Pgravity
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Example
Find maximum bending

moment in beam.
Tension Brace:
Take P = Ry Fy Ag

Compression Brace:
Take P = 0.3 Pcre
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Example
 0.3 Pcre
Ry F y Ag
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Example
Compute moment in beam

resulting from application of
concentrated load at midspan:
( Ry Fy Ag - 0.3 Pcre ) sin 
and add moment due to
gravity load
Note
Based on elastic frame analysis:
Moment in beam  0
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Example
Find maximum axial tension

and compression that will be
applied to gusset plate.

Tension Brace:
Take P = Ry Fy Ag
Compression Brace:
Take P = Pcre
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Example
Check gusset yield, gusset

net section fracture, gusset
block shear fracture, local Check gusset buckling,
beam web yielding, etc. beam web crippling, etc.
Ry Fy Ag
min { (Fcre / 0.877) Ag , RyFyAg }

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Seismic Provisions
Section F1
Ordinary Concentrically Braced Frames (OCBF)
Section F2
Special Concentrically Braced Frames (SCBF)
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Seismic Provisions
Section F2. Special Concentrically Braced Frames (SCBF)
F2.1 Scope
F2.2 Basis of Design
F2.3 Analysis
F2.4 System Requirements
F2.5 Members
F2.6 Connections
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Seismic Provisions - SCBF

Basis of Design
F2.2 Basis of Design

This section is applicable to braced frames that consist of
concentrically connected members. Eccentricities less than the
beam depth are permitted if the resulting member and
connection forces are addressed in the design and do not
change the expected source of inelastic deformation capacity.
SCBF designed in accordance with these provisions are
expected to provide significant inelastic deformation
capacity primarily through brace buckling and yielding of the
brace in tension.
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Analysis
F2.3 Analysis
The required strength of columns, beams, struts and
connections in SCBF shall be determined using the
capacity-limited seismic load effect. The capacity-limited
horizontal seismic load effect, Ecl, shall be taken as the
larger force determined from the following analyses:
a) All braces at expected strength (RyFyAg in tension and
Pcre for compression) Pcre = min { (Fcre / 0.877) Ag , RyFyAg }
b) All tension braces at expected strength (RyFyAg) and
all compression braces at their post-buckling strength
(0.3Pcre)
c) Special requirements for multi-tiered braced frames
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Example
Find required axial

compression strength
and flexure in beam.
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Example
wgravity = (1.2 + 0.2 SDS) D + 0.5L

Ry F y Ag 0.3 Pcre for flexure Beam-to-column
connections:
Pcre for beam axial simple framing
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Example
Forces acting on beam:
wgravity = (1.2 + 0.2 SDS) D + 0.5L

( Ry Fy Ag + Pcre ) cos 
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System Requirements
F2.4a Lateral Force Distribution
Along any line of braces, braces shall be deployed in

alternate directions such that, for either direction of
force parallel to the bracing, at least 30% but not more
than 70% of the total horizontal force along that line is
resisted by braces in tension…
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F2.4a Lateral Force Distribution
Deploy braces so that about half are in tension

(and the other half in compression)
All braces in tension (or compression) No Good
OK
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System Requirements
F2.4b V- and Inverted V- Braced Frames
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F2.4b V- and Inverted V- Braced Frames
(a) Beam must be continuous between columns
(b) Brace the beam at the point of intersection of

the braces
Brace the rest of the beam per D1.2a for

moderately ductile members
0.19
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System Requirements
F2.4c K-Braced Frames
K-Type braces are not permitted for SCBF
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System Requirements
F2.4d Tension-Only Frames F2.4e Multi-Tiered Braced Frames
Roof
No floor here
Not allowed Special requirements
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Members
F2.5a Basic Requirements
Columns, beams and braces shall meet requirements

of Section D1.1 for highly ductile members
i.e. Columns, beams and braces must be extra

compact to have ductility after reaching
plastic strength:  ≤ hd
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F2.5a Width-Thickness Limitations
Beams:  ≤ hd
Braces:  ≤ hd
Columns:  ≤ hd
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plastic hinge
P
∆
Braces: form plastic hinge during buckling
With high b/t's - local buckling leads to creasing

and fracture at plastic hinge region
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Bracing Members:  ≤ hd
For rectangular HSS (A500 Gr C steel):
29000
0.65 0.65 13.7
1.3 50
For round HSS (A500 Gr C steel):
29000
0.053 0.053 25.7
1.3 46
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AISC Seismic
Design Manual
Table 1-5b
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AISC Seismic
Design Manual
Table 1-6
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Members
F2.5b(a) Slenderness
Bracing members shall have:
Limit slenderness to prevent unwanted dynamic effects
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Members
F2.5b(c) Effective Net Area

The brace effective net area shall not be less than the brace gross area.
Where reinforcement on braces is used, the following requirements
shall apply:
1. The specified minimum yield strength of the reinforcement
shall be at least equal to the specified minimum yield
strength of the brace.
2. The connections of the reinforcement to the brace shall have
sufficient strength to develop the expected reinforcement
strength on each side of a reduced section.
Objective: Yield of gross section of brace prior to fracture of net section
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Example
gusset plate
double angle bracing member
Check if effective net area ≥ gross area
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Example
Gross Area Ag
Effective Net Area

A e = U An
Ae < Ag due to:
bolt hole (An < Ag ), and
Need to Reinforce Net Section shear lag (U < 1)
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Example
Reinforcing net section of bracing member....
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Example - HSS
gusset plate
rectangular HSS bracing

member
Check if effective net area ≥ gross area

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Example - HSS
Pu = Ry Fy Ag
Critical Net Section

A e = U An
Ae < Ag due to:
slot (An < Ag ), and
shear lag (U < 1) Need to Reinforce Net Section
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Example - HSS
Reinforcing net section of bracing member....
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Members
F2.5c Protected Zone
Protected
Zones B = brace depth in
L
plane of buckling
L/4
B
90
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Connections
F2.6b Beam-to-Column Connections
Option (a) Design as simple connection

Allow rotation per Specification B3.4a
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Connections
Example of loads associated

with required moment
2nd Ed. SDM Ex. 5.3.12
Option (b) Design as moment connection

Design for 1.1RyMp of beams or columns
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Connections
CJP, Demand
Critical, leave
backing bar,
remove weld
tabs
Back up bar CJP
to column 5/16 web to
column
Continuity Plates per Alternative:
E3.6f (if required) single plate
Design for strength of bolted web
continuity plate, CJP, connection
two‐sided PJP with
fillets , or double fillet
CJP Demand
Weld access holes Critical
per AWS D1.8
Clause 6.11.1.2 and Remove backing,
5/16 backgouge,
Figure 6.2
reinforcing fillet
Option (c) Detail similar to WUF-W

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Connections
F2.6c.1 Required Tensile Strength

The required tensile strength of bracing connections
(including beam-to-column connections if part of the braced-
frame system) shall be the lesser of the following:
1. Ry Fy Ag of the bracing member.

2. The maximum load effect, indicated by analysis,
that can be transferred to the brace by the system.
Few practical applications of Item 2.

Note that ΩoQE is NOT an acceptable
method to establish "maximum load effect"
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Brace Connection Design
Ry Fy Ag
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Pu = Ry Fy Ag
Consider load path through

connection region

Pu cos 
Pu sin 
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Pu = Ry Fy Ag
connection region:
Uniform Force Method –
Vertical Component of Pu
transferred to column.
Vuc Vuc + Vub = Pu sin 

Vub Vuc is transferred directly to column
Vub is transferred indirectly to column

Vub through beam and beam to
Pu cos  column connection
Pu sin 
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Pu = Ry Fy Ag
connection region:
Uniform Force Method –
Horizontal Component of Pu
transferred to beam.
Huc Huc + Hub = Pu cos 
Hub Hub is transferred directly to beam
Huc is transferred indirectly to beam

Huc through column and beam to
Pu cos  column connection
Pu sin 
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Pu = Ry Fy Ag
connection region:
Use caution in use of bolts and
welds.
Section D2.2(b):
"Bolts and welds shall not be
designed to share force in a
joint or the same force
component in a connection."
Pu cos 
Pu sin 
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Pu = Ry Fy Ag
If designed by uniform force
method - this connection
violates Section D2.2(b)
Bolts and welds must transfer

same force components.
Pu cos 
Pu sin 
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Connections
F2.6c.2 Required Compressive Strength
The required compressive strength of bracing connections

shall be at least min { (Fcre / 0.877) Ag , RyFyAg }
Fcre is the critical buckling stress (Fcr) from Chapter E of

AISC Main Specification using RyFy as the yield stress
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min { (Fcre / 0.877) Ag , RyFyAg }
Check:
• buckling of gusset plate
• web crippling for beam
and column
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Connections
F2.6c.3 Accommodation of Brace Buckling
a) The required flexural strength of bracing

connections is 1.1Ry Mp of the bracing member.
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Plastic Hinges
M M
For "fixed" end braces: flexural plastic hinges will form at

mid-length and at brace ends. Brace will impose bending
moment on connections and adjoining members.
Mu = 1.1 Ry Mp = 1.1 Ry Fy Zbrace

(for critical buckling direction)
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1.1 Ry Mp-brace
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F2.6 Connections
b) Rotation Capacity: Brace connections designed

to withstand the rotations imposed by brace
buckling shall have sufficient rotation capacity to
accommodate the required rotation at the design
story drift. Inelastic rotation of the connection is
permitted.
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P P
Plastic Hinge
P P
For "pinned" end braces: flexural plastic hinge will form at

mid-length only. Brace will impose no bending moment
on connections and adjoining members.
Must design brace connection to behave like a "pin"
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To accommodate brace end rotation: provide "fold line"
Buckling perpendicular
to gusset plate
Line of rotation ("fold line") when

the brace buckles out-of-plane
(thin direction of plate)
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2t
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2t
113
2t
Concrete floor slab
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2t Concrete floor slab
Styrofoam
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> 2t
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>2t
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> 2t
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Connections
Other Options for Allowing Rotation
Elliptical Fold Line Knife Plate Detail

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8/19/2021

Design of Seismic-Resistant Steel

Presentation by Djoni Simanta

Concentrically Braced Frames (CBFs)

Develop ductility through inelastic action in braces.

Single Diagonal Inverted V- Bracing V- Bracing

X- Bracing Two Story X- Bracing

Inelastic Response of CBFs under Earthquake Loading

Inelastic Response of CBFs under Earthquake Loading

Tension Brace: Yields Compression Brace: Buckles

Columns and beams: remain essentially elastic

Inelastic Response of CBFs under Earthquake Loading

Compression Brace Tension Brace (previously in

Columns and beams: remain essentially elastic

Developing Ductile Behavior in CBFs

• Design frame so that inelastic behavior is

Developing Ductile Behavior in CBFs

• Design brace connections for maximum

Developing Ductile Behavior in CBFs

• Design beams and columns (and column

Developing Ductile Behavior in CBFs

• Design braces based on code

Maximum Forces Developed by Braces

Maximum Forces Developed by Braces

Maximum Forces Developed by Braces

For "fixed" end braces: flexural plastic hinges will form at

Maximum Forces Developed by Braces

For "pinned" end braces: flexural plastic hinge will form at

Maximum Forces in Columns and Beams

To estimate maximum axial forces imposed by

Pcre = min { (Fcre / 0.877) Ag , RyFyAg }

Find maximum axial

Column Axial Compression =

Find maximum axial

(sum brace forces for all levels

Find maximum axial

0.3 Pcre Column Axial Compression =

Find maximum bending

Compute moment in beam

( Ry Fy Ag - 0.3 Pcre ) sin 

Find maximum axial tension

Check gusset yield, gusset

min { (Fcre / 0.877) Ag , RyFyAg }

Seismic Provisions - SCBF

F2.2 Basis of Design

Seismic Provisions - SCBF

Find required axial

wgravity = (1.2 + 0.2 SDS) D + 0.5L

Forces acting on beam:

wgravity = (1.2 + 0.2 SDS) D + 0.5L

( Ry Fy Ag - 0.3 Pcre ) sin 

Seismic Provisions - SCBF

F2.4a Lateral Force Distribution

Along any line of braces, braces shall be deployed in

F2.4a Lateral Force Distribution

Deploy braces so that about half are in tension

All braces in tension (or compression) No Good

Seismic Provisions - SCBF

F2.4b V- and Inverted V- Braced Frames