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    Psychology December 4th

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    Diva Prestia
    This document summarizes key concepts about short-term memory, long-term memory, and memory processes discussed in a psychology class. It covers topics like short-term memory duration and capacity, different types of rehearsal and long-term memory, implicit and explicit memory, the three processes of memory (encoding, storage, retrieval), schemas and memory illusions, encoding specificity and context-dependent learning, state-dependent learning, retrospective bias, and infantile amnesia. The last concepts discussed were different ways of measuring memory through recall, recognition, and relearning.

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    Psychology December 4th

    Uploaded by

    Diva Prestia
    19 views4 pages
    This document summarizes key concepts about short-term memory, long-term memory, and memory processes discussed in a psychology class. It covers topics like short-term memory duration and capacity, different types of rehearsal and long-term memory, implicit and explicit memory, the three processes of memory (encoding, storage, retrieval), schemas and memory illusions, encoding specificity and context-dependent learning, state-dependent learning, retrospective bias, and infantile amnesia. The last concepts discussed were different ways of measuring memory through recall, recognition, and relearning.

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    This document summarizes key concepts about short-term memory, long-term memory, and memory processes discussed in a psychology class. It covers topics like short-term memory duration and capacity, different types of rehearsal and long-term memory, implicit and explicit memory, the three processes of memory (encoding, storage, retrieval), schemas and memory illusions, encoding specificity and context-dependent learning, state-dependent learning, retrospective bias, and infantile amnesia. The last concepts discussed were different ways of measuring memory through recall, recognition, and relearning.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    19 views4 pages

    Psychology December 4th

    Uploaded by

    Diva Prestia
    This document summarizes key concepts about short-term memory, long-term memory, and memory processes discussed in a psychology class. It covers topics like short-term memory duration and capacity, different types of rehearsal and long-term memory, implicit and explicit memory, the three processes of memory (encoding, storage, retrieval), schemas and memory illusions, encoding specificity and context-dependent learning, state-dependent learning, retrospective bias, and infantile amnesia. The last concepts discussed were different ways of measuring memory through recall, recognition, and relearning.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 4

    ♀

    The
    ‍💁🏻‍
    ️️ Psychology class where my hair actually held a wave for once! ♀
    ‍ ️
    (oh, and it was the last class of the whole semester!! 👊🏻
    ● Short-Term Memory
    ● Short-term Memory (7+/- 2) (after sensory memory takes in raw data)
    ● Memory system that retains information for limited durations
    ● Related to working memory – what we are currently thinking about
    ● Very brief in duration, 5-20 seconds

    ● Types of Rehearsal
    ● Maintenance - like rote memorization
    ● Elaborate – make a connection form meaning, elaborate
    ● Which is better?
    ● How can this help you study?

    ● Types of LTM
    ● 500 sets
    ● LTM can endure years, decades, a lifetime
    ● Semantic - facts about the world - “know what”
    ● Episodic – recall of events in our lives
    ● *Both Are considered Explicit Memory – recalling intentionally
    ● Implicit memory is recalling information that we don’t remember deliberately. No
    real conscious effort is required.
    ○ Unlocking our front door
    ○ Tying our shoelaces
    ○ Ride a bike

    ● Types of Implicit Memory


    ● 1. Procedural memory refers to motor skills and habits
    ● Typing (the “the” example pg 250)
    ● 2. Priming is our ability to identify a stimulus more easily or more quickly after
    we’ve encountered similar stimuli
    ● Three Processes of Memory - LTM
    ● Encoding is getting information into memory – assigning it meaning, connecting it
    (pay attention)
    ● Storage is keeping information in memory
    ● Retrieval is the reactivation or reconstruction of information from memory

    ● Storage
    ● WHERE we store our experiences in memory depends on our interpretations and
    expectations of them (relevance)
    ● Schemas are organized knowledge stuctures or mental models that we store in
    memory
    ● What happens when you go to a restaurant?

    ● Schemas
    ● Schemas give us frames of reference and allow us to interpret new situations
    ● Useful, but tend to oversimplify information and lead to memory illusions
    ● The reason so many people thought the list had “sleep” on it
    ● Strong example of why the paradox of memory exists

    ● Retrieval
    ● Many types of forgetting are failures of retrieval, which is reconstructive
    ● Using retrieval cues can help access information in long-term memory (hints)
    ● Measuring memory makes use of the “3 Rs”
    ○ Recall
    ○ Recognition
    ○ Relearning

    ● Measuring Memory
    ● Recall– generating previously remembered information
    ● Recognition– selecting previously remembered information from an array of
    options
    ● Relearning– we reacquire something learned before much faster (method of
    savings) – WHEN DO WE FORGET THE MOST??
    ● Encoding Specificity
    ● Endel Tulving
    ● More likely to remember something when the conditions at the time of encoding
    are also present at retrieval
    ● Two kinds: context - dependent learning and state - dependent learning

    ● Context-Dependent Learning
    ● Superior retrieval when the external context of the original memories matches the
    retrieval context

    ● State-Dependent Learning (internal)


    ● Superior retrieval of memories when the organism is in the same physiological or
    psychological state as it was during encoding
    ● Can extend to mood-dependent learning and the retrospective bias

    ● Retrospective Bias
    ● Group 1: people with clinical depression – recalled parents as more rejecting and
    domineering (accurate? Different - yes.)
    ● Group 2: people with a history of depression who were not currently depressed
    ● Group 3: people who had never been depressed

    ● Infantile Amnesia
    ● Most true memories fall between ages 3-5
    ● Memory before age 1?
    ○ False memory
    ○ True memory from a later time
    ○ Implanted memory (stories, pictures)
    ● Hippocampus is not fully developed until age 2
    ● Lack of “self” until 2

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