MITED

Second Stage
Anatomy and Physiology

Lec . 7
(Muscular system)
MSc. SAMAR M.SHAKIR
‫‪MITED‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺖ‬
‫‪SecondStage‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫‪Anatomy and Physiology‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ‬
‫‪Lec . 7‬‬
‫ﻟﻴﻚ‪7 .‬‬
‫)‪(Muscular system‬‬
‫)ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻲ(‬
‫‪MSc. SAMAR M.SHAKIR‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺟﺴﺘﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﺳﻤﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺷﺎﻛﺮ‬
The muscular system:
• The muscular system is responsible for the movement of the human body.
Attached to the bones of the skeletal system are about 700 named muscles that
make up roughly half of a person’s body weight. Each of these muscles is a
discrete organ constructed of skeletal muscle tissue, blood vessels, tendons, and
nerves. Muscle tissue is also found inside of the heart, digestive organs, and blood
vessels. In these organs, muscles serve to move substances throughout the body.

• Muscles are often associated with activities of the legs, arms and other
appendages, but muscles also produce more subtle movements, such as facial
expressions, eye movements and respiration.

Type of muscles:
The muscular system can be broken down into three types of muscles: skeletal ,
smooth and cardiac.
The muscular system:
:‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻲ‬
• The muscular system is responsible for the movement of the human body.
.‫• ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻲ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬
Attached to the bones of the skeletal system are about 700 named muscles that
‫ ﻋﻀﻠﺔ ﻣﺴﻤﺎﺓ‬700 ‫ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻲ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ‬
make up roughly half of a person’s body weight. Each of these muscles is a
‫ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﻫﻲ‬.‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ‬
discrete organ constructed of skeletal muscle tissue, blood vessels, tendons, and
‫ﻋﻀﻮ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺗﺎﺭ ﻭ‬
nerves. Muscle tissue is also found inside of the heart, digestive organs, and blood
‫ ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻬﻀﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻡ‬.‫ﺃﻋﺼﺎﺏ‬
vessels. In these organs, muscles serve to move substances throughout the body.
.‫ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﺤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬.‫ﺃﻭﻋﻴﺔ‬
• Muscles are often associated with activities of the legs, arms and other
‫• ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﺑﺄﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻗﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﻋﻴﻦ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ‬
appendages, but muscles also produce more subtle movements, such as facial
‫ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ‬، ‫ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺩﻗﺔ‬، ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﺋﺪ‬
expressions, eye movements and respiration.
.‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ‬
Type of muscles:
:‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ‬
The muscular system can be broken down into three types of muscles: skeletal,
، ‫ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬:‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ‬
smooth and cardiac.
.‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺳﻠﺲ ﻭﻗﻠﺒﻲ‬
1- Skeletal muscles:

This type of muscle creates movement in the body. There are more than 600
skeletal muscles, and they makes up about 40 percent of a person’s body weight.
When the nervous system signals the muscle to contract, groups of muscles work
together to move the skeleton. These signals and movements are nearly
involuntary, yet they do require conscious effort. However, humans do not need to
concentrate on individual muscles when moving.

2- Smooth muscle:

Smooth muscle makes up the walls of hollow organs, respiratory passageways, and
blood vessels. Its wavelike movements propel things through the bodily system,
such as food through your stomach or urine through your bladder. Like cardiac
muscle, smooth muscle is involuntary and also contracts in response to stimuli and
nerve impulses.

3- Cardiac muscle:

Cardiac muscle is involuntary muscle. This type makes up the walls of the heart
and creates the steady, rhythmic pulsing that pumps blood through the body from
signals from the brain. This muscle type also creates the electrical impulses that
produce the heart’s contractions, but hormones and stimuli from the nervous
system can also affect these impulses, such as when your heart rate increases when
you’re scared.

Muscle movement:

• Muscle movement happens when neurological signals produce electrical changes

Muscle pain:

• Muscle pain is a common issue that can signal numerous problems, even if it’s
something as simple as overuse. Some muscular disorders and conditions that
affect muscles include:
1- Skeletal muscles:
:‫ ﻋﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻲ‬-1
This type of muscle creates movement in the body. There are more than 600
600 ‫ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‬.‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﻳﺨﻠﻖ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬
skeletal muscles, and they makes up about 40 percent of a person’s body weight.
.‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ‬40 ‫ ﻭﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ‬، ‫ﻋﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻲ‬
When the nervous system signals the muscle to contract, groups of muscles work
‫ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ‬، ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻧﻘﺒﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ‬
together to move the skeleton. These signals and movements are nearly
‫ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﺘﺮﺏ‬.‫ﻣﻌﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻲ‬
involuntary, yet they do require conscious effort. However, humans do not need to
‫ ﻻ ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‬، ‫ ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‬.‫ ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﺩﺍ ﻭﺍﻋﻴﺎ‬، ‫ﻻ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﻳﺔ‬
concentrate on individual muscles when moving.
.‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬
2- Smooth muscle:
:‫ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺴﺎﺀ‬-2
Smooth muscle makes up the walls of hollow organs, respiratory passageways, and
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺴﺎﺀ ﺟﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻮﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭ‬
blood vessels. Its wavelike movements propel things through the bodily system,
، ‫ ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺗﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﺪ‬.‫ﺍﻷﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‬
such as food through your stomach or urine through your bladder. Like cardiac
‫ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬.‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻌﺪﺗﻚ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺜﺎﻧﺘﻚ‬
muscle, smooth muscle is involuntary and also contracts in response to stimuli and
‫ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺴﺎﺀ ﻻ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺘﻘﻠﺺ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺒﻬﺎﺕ ﻭ‬، ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﺔ‬
nerve impulses.
.‫ﻧﺒﻀﺎﺕ ﻋﺼﺒﻴﺔ‬
3- Cardiac muscle:
:‫ ﻋﻀﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬-3
Cardiac muscle is involuntary muscle. This type makes up the walls of the heart
‫ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬.‫ﻋﻀﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻀﻠﺔ ﻻ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﻳﺔ‬
and creates the steady, rhythmic pulsing that pumps blood through the body from
‫ﻭﻳﺨﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻀﺦ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬
signals from the brain. This muscle type also creates the electrical impulses that
‫ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﻳﺨﻠﻖ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬.‫ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ‬
produce the heart’s contractions, but hormones and stimuli from the nervous
‫ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻔﺰﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ‬، ‫ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻧﻘﺒﺎﺿﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬
system can also affect these impulses, such as when your heart rate increases when
‫ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺿﺮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬، ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺎﺕ‬
you’re scared.
.‫ﺃﻧﺖ ﺧﺎﺋﻒ‬
Muscle movement:
:‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ‬
• Muscle movement happens when neurological signals produce electrical changes
‫• ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺗﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
in muscle cells. During this process, calcium is released into the cells and brings
‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻃﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﺇﺣﻀﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬، ‫ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬.‫ﻓﻲ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ‬
about a short muscle twitch. Problems with the junction between the cells called a
‫ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺃ‬.‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﺭﺗﻌﺎﺵ ﻋﻀﻠﻲ ﻗﺼﻴﺮ‬
synapse can lead to neuromuscular diseases.
.‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻚ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﻋﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻀﻠﻴﺔ‬
Muscle pain:
:‫ﺃﻟﻢ ﻋﻀﻠﻲ‬
• Muscle pain is a common issue that can signal numerous problems, even if it’s
‫ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬، ‫• ﺁﻻﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ‬
something as simple as overuse. Some muscular disorders and conditions that
‫ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬.‫ﺷﻲﺀ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
affect muscles include:
:‫ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
• Muscle pain

• Sprains and strains

• Bruising

• Cramping

• Myopathy

• Muscular dystrophy

• Parkinson’s disease

• Fibromyalgia

• Multiple sclerosis

Proper nutrition and exercise is important to keeping all muscles healthy, whether
they are cardiac, smooth, or skeletal.
• Muscle pain
‫• ﺃﻟﻢ ﻋﻀﻠﻲ‬
• Sprains and strains
‫• ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻋﺐ‬
• Bruising
‫• ﻛﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬
• Cramping
‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻨﺞ‬
• Myopathy
‫• ﺍﻋﺘﻼﻝ ﻋﻀﻠﻲ‬
• Muscular dystrophy
‫• ﺿﻤﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ‬
• Parkinson’s disease
‫• ﻣﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺸﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﺵ‬
• Fibromyalgia
‫• ﻓﻴﺒﺮﻭﻣﻴﺎﻟﻐﻴﺎ‬
• Multiple sclerosis
‫• ﺗﺼﻠﺐ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ‬
Proper nutrition and exercise is important to keeping all muscles healthy, whether
‫ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ‬، ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ‬
they are cardiac, smooth, or skeletal.
.‫ ﺃﻭ ﻫﻴﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬، ‫ ﻣﻠﺴﺎﺀ‬، ‫ﻫﻢ ﻗﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬