UNIT 4 Fisheries and Aquaculture

Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan II - Entrepreneurship (EED 16) Trento External Studies Center
Unit IV Fisheries and Aquaculture

Course Intended Learning
Activation Explain the Nature, Structure, and Content of K to 12 EPP/TLE Curriculum
Outcomes of Prior Knowledge
Essential Questions What are the concepts and principles of Fish Culture?
Fish are not distributed equally throughout
What is the importance of Fish Culture?
What are the phases and processes of Fish Culture?
Overview This lesson is designed to provide information about Fisheries and Aquaculture specifically the following:
- the concept and principles as well as the importance of fish culture;
- phases, procedures, constructions, and preparation of fishpond fertilizer and water management;
- concept and principle of fish preservation.
By the information presented, students will be able to explain the concept and principles as well as the
importance of fish culture, discuss each phase of fish culture, principles and procedures constructions, and
preparation of fishpond fertilizer and water management, interpret concept and principle of fish preservation, and
perform the basic procedures of fish preservation.
Learning Targets At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
- explain the concept and principles as well as the importance of fish culture;
- discuss each phase of fish culture, principles and procedures constructions, and preparation of fishpond
fertilizer and water management;
- interpret concept and principle of fish preservation; and
- perform the basic procedures of fish preservation.
waters because there is plenty of food there. The warm waters of the tropics like the Philippines contain many different kinds of fish but relatively few of each
kind. In the cold waters near the poles, there are fewer kinds but there is plenty of each kind.
Fish vary greatly in size and their living habits. A good fisherman knows the habits of the fish and he uses equipment that will catch the most fish in the
best way. Fishing is the primary occupation of people living along or near coastal areas. They catch fish for family consumption or for extra income.
Presentation and development of Concepts

Types, Techniques, and Methods of Fishing
Commercial Fishing is a very dangerous occupation. Lives can be lost but much money can be gained in the process. Commercial Fishermen harvest
almost all aquatic species –from tuna, cod and salmon to shrimp, lobster, clams, and squid. This method has become efficient with the use of large nets and
seaborne processing factories. Many new restrictions are often integrated with varieties of fishing allocation schemes. International treaties have sought to
limit the yearly fishing effort. Commercial fish raising in the forms of aquaculture supplement the free-range catch of fish.
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Recreational Fishing is generally done with a fishing rod and line with any number of lures or bait. This technique is known as angling. Popular
sport species of freshwater fish include black bass, pike, muskellunge, perch, trout, salmon, and sunfish. Saltwater fishes that are caught for sport include
swordfish, marlin and tuna. Laws generally prohibit the use of nets and catching fish with hooks not in the mouth. However some species can be taken with
nets for baits and few for food. Nonsport fish considered of less value can sometimes be taken through multiple methods, like snagging, by bow and arrow,
or even by gun because they are seen as competing with more valuable fish. There is recreational fishing in the Philippines. The first and only sports fishing
charter business dedicated to bog game sports fishing in the country were established at Coron Bay.
Fishing techniques for fresh waters in moderate zones
1. When fishing, keep some distance from the surface of the water, so that your shadow may not fall upon the water, and frighten away the fish. To avoid
same consequence, do not laugh or speak loudly.
2. If the water is still, use smaller pieces. Do this bait-making quietly and cautiously because fish can feel the vibrations around them and actually see out of
the water and recognize forms of people trying to catch them. Fish are getting smarter.
3. When the wind blows right across the water, fish with your back to the wind. You will not only be able to throw your line better, but also the fish will be
on that side, attracted by the flies and other natural bait for fresh-water angling. Flat worms found in the dark damp areas or at night when they surface. They
are sensitive to light, so if they feel heat from the flashlight, they will go deeper into the earth. The common white grub is used successfully in trout fishing.
They are found in fresh ploughed earth, and under old stumps, decaying foliage, etc. Grasshopper is also good for trout in their season, although trout or
salmon spawn will attract trout quicker than any other possible bait.
4. Live bait consists of living things that make their way into the environment of the fish and are eaten by them. Ponds of this fish are kept by those who
furnish baits, and by some regular sportsmen. Frogs are ideal bait for pickerel. They can be used whole, but in cases where the fisherman uses the hind legs
only, they should be skinned.
On Salt Water Fishing
For saltwater fishing, shrimp is the leading bait. The shedder crab, in its season, is most effective, particularly for striped bass. The soft shell clam, cut
in small pieces, is good bait for many kinds of sea fish. The kind of method used to harvest fish and shellfish in marine water depends on the species habitat.
For example, abalones are prised from rocks by divers, scallops are caught in dredges, rock lobsters are caught in beehive-like traps along rocky reefs, and
fishes are caught with hooks on sandy seabed.
Source: http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/fishing
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As population increase, there is need to catch more fish and other seafood to meet the high demand of the consumers. Harvest of the cultivated fish is
usually done from three to six months (from fingerlings to marketable size)
Common method of fishing with the use of different gears
1. Hand line. A fishing device locally known as kawil. It uses bamboo pole to which a hook is attached. A bait is placed at one end of the hook.
2. Gillnet. A fishing gear used to catch fish. The gills of the fish get entangled in the net.
3. Spear. A fishing device locally known as pana. This is a thin metal atick that is pointed at one end, which is either thrown by hand or shot by a
gun or bow-like device; to catch shrimps, catfish and carp.
4. Salakab. Also known as bubo. This basket is made of bamboo is used to catch fresh-water fish.
5. Fish corral. A fishing device locally known as baklad. This is a grinding barrier constructed from bamboo brushes with chicken wire which is
set up to direct the movement of fish into a desired place.
6. Drag Seine. A fishing gear locally known as pukot. This is made of cloth, nylon, nettings, or sinamay. This gear has a head rope, a ground
rope, a pull rope, floats, sinkers, and nets. This requires a big number of workers to help in catching fish. This is done particularly along the
coasts of lakes and rivers.
Classification of fishing gear
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Fish Culture
The culture of fish and shellfish such as oysters and mussels may be done in freshwater pond, in brackish water, or in lakes. This is called inland
fishing. Raising fish in ponds is the most common way of culturing fish land. Fish farming using nets and cages is common along coastal areas and lakes.
Importance of fish culture

Fish cultivation is another source of livelihood for families who live near and along the shores of bays, lakes, seas and rivers. This is also a source of
food supply for the family. It is a practice of raising fish species within a controlled environment to increase fish production.
Fish production can be done in three main venues.

Fresh water
Brackish water
Salty water
Factor to consider in fish culture

1. Selecting the pond site
2. Selecting the fish to raise
3. Securing the stock
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4. Feeding the fish

5. Harvesting the fish
1. Ideal sites for the pond

a. Water supply. There should be plenty of clean and flowing water. Stagnant water should be avoided.
b. Type of soil. There should be a good soil for fishpond construction.
c. Size of pond. Ideally, pond size should be at least five meters with at least one meter depth of water.
d. Vegetation. No vegetation needed. The site should be located far from thick growth of mangrove trees.
e. Socio-economic consideration. The availability of cheap labor and construction materials, as well as the supply of fingerlings considered.
2. Selecting the Fish

There are several kinds, like gourami and carp. The best type to consider is the tilapia.
3. Securing the stock

In securing the stocks for the backyard or commercial pond, see to it that stocks should be from the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
(BFAR), or any fish farm and commercial nurseries.
4. Feeding the fish
Feeding the fish is the most important factor to consider. Prepare natural food like algae, and other supplementary food. For example, they
should be feed in the morning with corn grits, sorghum, snails and worms as the main feeds. For adult fish like carp and tilapia, boiled sweet
potato, bread crumbs, and other plant leaves are served as foods.
5. Harvesting the fish

There are several methods of catching fish. This was discussed above.
Fishpond Construction
Survey
 Before constructing the pond, land is surveyed to find out determine its topography.
 Marking the area of proposed pond is the first step in the construction of a fish pond.
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 The natural slope where the main wall is to be built should be ascertained.
 The main wall should be marked off at the lower end of the pond, where the slope is the greatest.
Designing
 The first step while designing fish ponds should be to study the soil type, topography and water supply.
 In designing the fish farm, it should be decided as to where and how many nursery, rearing and stocking ponds are to be constructed.
 In case of a fish farm constructed solely for the purpose of seed production, only nursery and rearing ponds may be constructed, with a nominal
area for the brood stock ponds.
 In case of grow-out farm, more stocking ponds will be constructed to produce table size fish after stocking fingerlings.
 For a composite fish farm all three types of ponds are required and their number should be based on the intended stocking density.
 Fish ponds should be at least one surface acre in size. Ponds smaller than one acre seldom support a satisfactory fish population over many years.
They usually require much more intensive fish management and may not justify the costs.
 It is important to know the exact size, maximum depth, average depth, and water volume of the pond. This information becomes useful in
calculating the amount of herbicide needed for weed control and the number of fish fingerlings needed for stocking.
Different kinds of pond

Freshwater fish ponds differ according to their source of water, the way in which water can be drained from the pond, the material and method used
for construction and the method of use for fish farming. Their characteristics are usually defined by the features of the landscape in which they are
built.
Ponds can be described as follows.
According to the water source
1. Ponds can be fed by groundwater:
(a) Spring-water ponds are supplied from a spring either in the pond or very close to it. The water supply may vary throughout the year but the quality
of the water is usually constant.
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(b) Seepage ponds are supplied from the water-table by seepage into the pond. The water level in the pond will vary with the level of the water-table.
2. Rain-fed ponds:
Rain-fed ponds are supplied from rainfall and surface runoff. No water is supplied during the dry season. These ponds are often small depressions in
impermeable soil, with a dike built at the lower side to retain more water.
3. Ponds can be fed from a water body such as a stream, a lake, a reservoir or an irrigation canal. These may be fed directly (e.g. barrage ponds), by
water running straight out from the water body to the ponds, or indirectly (e.g. diversion ponds), by water entering a channel from which controlled
amounts can be fed to the ponds.
4. Pump-fed ponds are normally higher than the water level and can be supplied from a well, spring, lake, reservoir or irrigation canal, by pumping.
According to the means of drainage
1. Undrainable ponds cannot be drained by gravity. They are generally fed by groundwater and/or surface runoff, and their water level may vary
seasonally. Such ponds have two main origins.
2. Drainable ponds are set higher than the level to which the water is drained and can easily be drained by gravity*. They are generally fed by surface
water such as runoff*, a spring or stream, or are pump-fed.
3. Pump-drained ponds may be drainable by gravity to a certain level, and then the water has to be pumped out. Other ponds, similar to undrainable
ponds, must be pumped out completely. These ponds are only used where groundwater does not seep back in to any extent.
According to the construction materials
1. Earthen ponds are entirely constructed from soil materials. They are the most common, and you will learn primarily about these ponds in this
manual.
2. Walled ponds are usually surrounded by blocks, brick or concrete walls. Sometimes wooden planking or corrugated metal is used.
3. Lined ponds are earthen ponds lined with an impervious material such as a plastic or rubber sheet.
According to the construction method
1. Dug-out ponds are constructed by excavating soil from an area to form a hole which is then filled with water. They are usually undrainable and fed
by rainfall, surface runoff or groundwater.
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2. Embankment ponds are formed without excavation by building one or more dikes above ground level to impound water. They are usually drainable
and fed by gravity flow of water or by pumping.
3. Cut-and-fill ponds are built by a mix of excavation and embankment on sloping ground. They are usually drainable, and water, which is impounded
within the dikes, is fed by gravity or by pumping.
According to the use of the pond
 Spawning ponds for the production of eggs and small fry;
 Nursery ponds for the production of larger juveniles;
 Brood ponds for broodstock rearing;
 Storage ponds for holding fish temporarily, often prior to marketing;
 Fattening ponds, for the production of food fish;
 Integrated ponds which have crops, animals or other fish ponds around them to supply waste materials to the pond as feed or fertilizer;
 Wintering ponds for holding fish during the cold season.
Three basic pond types

Ponds can be conveniently grouped into three basic types depending on the way the pond fits in with the features of the local landscape.
Sunken pond:
1. The pond floor is generally below the level of the surrounding land.
2. The pond is directly fed by groundwater, rainfall and/or surface runoff. It can be but is not normally supplemented by pumping.
3. The sunken pond is undrainable or only partially drainable, having been built either as a DUG-OUT POND or to make use of an EXISTING
HOLLOW or DEPRESSION in the ground, sometimes with ADDITIONAL EMBANKMENTS to increase depth.
Barrage pond:
1. They are created in the bottom of a valley by building a DAM across the lower end of the valley. They may be built in a series down the valley.
2. The barrage pond is drainable through the old river bed.
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3. If large floods are present, the excess water is normally diverted around one side of the pond to keep the level in the pond constant. A DIVERSION
CANAL is built for this purpose; the pond water supply is then controlled through a structure called the WATER INTAKE.
4. Directly fed from a nearby spring, stream or reservoir, the water enters the pond at a point called the INLET and it flows out at a point called
the outlet.
5. To protect the dike from floods, a SPILLWAY should be built.
Diversion pond:
1. The diversion pond is fed indirectly by gravity or by pumping through a diversion canal (which becomes the MAIN FEEDER CANAL), from a
spring, stream, lake or reservoir. The water flow is controlled through a water intake. There is an inlet and an outlet for each pond.
2. The diversion pond can be constructed:
 either on sloping ground as a cut-and-fill pond;

 or on flat ground as a four-dike embankment pond sometimes called a PADDY POND.
3. It is usually drainable through a drainage canal.
Construction
 After the designing, it is necessary to prepare detailed estimates of the items of work to be carried out as per the design.
 The approximate cost of construction is also to be estimated.
Construction time
 The construction time of the pond is an important factor for pond management.
 If the construction of the ponds is completed in summer, the pond can be used for farming immediately for next season (monsoon).
Preparation of the site
 The site should be cleared before the construction.

 All the bushes and small plants, etc. should be cut and removed along with their roots. The roots should be totally removed; otherwise the leakage
problem will arise later on.
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 If there are any trees near the construction site, it is better to cut the branches overhanging the ponds, so that the sunlight is not blocked and the
leaves do not fall in the water.
 It is better to have trees near the ponds, but only 5m away from the pond.
Mark out the ponds
 When the pond area is cleaned, it is necessary to mark the outlines of ponds and dykes.
 Mark out the main wall or dyke and other walls with stakes. The walls should be wide.
 Plan the depth of the pond and height of walls.
 The walls should always be at least 30 cm higher than the water level for a small pond, and at least 50 cm higher for a larger pond.
Excavation of the pond
 It can be carried out either by manual labour or by dozers (JCBs).

 The sides and bottom of ponds should be properly finished and trimmed until a good slope for drainage is made.
 The pond bottom should usually have a slope of 2-5%.
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 The most important feature is to have the pond bottom slope such that the pond can be drained.
 If the pond site has a natural slope, the dyke or main wall should be constructed at the low level side.
 When the pond walls are constructed, the excavated soil can be placed on the top and planted with grass.
 This fertile top soil will root grass easily and this will help keep the walls from eroding.
 The pond bottom must be cleared by removing small rocks, roots, and stumps to prevent the nets from getting caught and torn during harvesting.
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 If grass is found in the pond bottom, it need not be removed, because after filling up the pond with water the grass will die and add nutrients to the
water.
 When the stakes have been established for construction of dykes, about 2' top soil should be removed as it consists of large amounts of roots and
other organic material.
 The core trench is cut immediately after the removal of the top soil. If the soil is porous, the seepage problem may arise at a later stage. It would be
essential to provide a clay core in order to prevent seepage.
 A soil which is a mixture of sand and clay is best.
 Pure clay soil will crack and leak.
 If pure clay is to be used, it must be mixed with other soil before it can be used.
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 Turf, humus or peaty soils should not be used.

 All stones, wood pieces and other material which may rot or weaken the wall must be removed before building begins.
Construction of dyke
 Construction of earthen dyke is always economical.

 Soil obtained from digging can be used to prepare the earthen dyke.
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Construction of dyke
 The filling of earth should be done in layers not exceeding 20 cm in height and consolidate each layer by watering and ramming.
 The earth work for the dykes should be thoroughly compacted so that even minor seepage can be checked.
 If the fish farmer is economically sound, he can go for stone pitched dykes.
 The dykes of a pond should be strong enough to withstand weather action.
 In big ponds erosion of dykes is a problem which requires regular attention.
 Brick or stone pitching may be provided to arrest erosion of dykes.
 Earthen dykes can be protected from erosions with bamboo piling.
 Holes should be closed immediately with stiff clay mixed with lime and cementing material and should be compacted properly.
 By using concrete blocks, stones or bricks the earthen dykes will be protected more permanently from crab or rat holes.
 Side slopes of embankments depend upon the nature of material used for construction. The slopes should be flatter than the angle.
 Soil with a lot of clay in it can have a greater slope on the outside wall than on the inside wall.
 A typical embankment is built with an outside slope of 1:1 and an inside slope of 1:2.
 A slope of 1:2 means that for every increase in 2m width there is a change of 1 m in height.
 Once the embankment is constructed, it is better to plant grass on it.
 The grass roots help to hold the wall together and prevent erosion of the soil.
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Drainage system
 A drainage system is used to empty the pond.

 It consists of the outlet system for letting water out of the pond and the drainage ditches which carry the water away from the pond.
Drainage of the pond water
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Drainage of the pond water
 The best and easiest way to have a good drainage system is to build the pond in a place which provides a good slope.
 The drainage system must be built before the pond embankment because some drainage devices go through the walls.
 One of the easiest ways to drain the pond is to place a bamboo or plastic pipe through the base of the wall into the middle of the pond.
 The end of the pipe, which is inside the pond, should have a screen over it to keep fish from entering the pipe. The other end of the pipe is plugged
with wood or clay. To drain the pond during harvest time, the plug is pulled out.
 Other methods of draining the ponds are the siphon and the pump.
Fish Preservation
Over-supply of fish products is not a problem to us. Large quantities of fish could go to waste if they are not properly handled and processed.
Spoilage is noticeable when there is change in color, odor, flavor, texture , and appearance. Over-supply of fish led to ways in preserving them. That is why
drying or smoking fish is common industry in fishing communities all over the country.
Preparing for Fish Preservation
Fish ot be preserved should be handled properly. Let us apply the 3Cs in fish handling. They are:
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1. Care. In order to avoid bruising, cutting, and wounding them, fish should be handled properly. Do not throw them around carelessly because the cuts
and wounds will provide the bacteria access and will hasten the spoilage of the fish.
2. Cleanliness. All surfaces on which the fish will come in contact with should be clean and free from bacteria. Fish are cleaned by removing the guts
and washing off the slime form the surface Fish should always be cleaned before they are stored.
3. Coolness. Fish are kept in ice or placed in refrigerator to prevent spoilage.
Method of Fish Preservation

Proper preservation of fish should be done immediately, using all or any of the methods. Following are factors to consider in the choice of an ideal
site:
Cooling or freezing stops the bacterial growth that causes spoilage. When refrigeration is not possible, fish should be in actual contact with ice.
Fish maybe frozen at temperatures below 0 degree Celsius either by the quick freezing method or the slow freezing method depending on the
kind fish. Frozen fish will last several months on cold storage without change in flavour or quality.
 Drying is the process of lowering the water content of the fish. It should be done during summer. Fish will look and taste better if dried mostly in
the shade. The fish is dry if no dent is made when the thick part of the flesh is pinched with the thumb and forefinger.
Heating is the process of subjecting the fish to heat and then packing them in large container. Heating the fish destroys the microorganisms that
spoil while the sealed environment eliminates oxidation and retards
Canning is the process of subjecting the fish to heat and then packing them in sealed containers. Heating the fish destroys the microorganisms
that spoil the fish, while the sealed environment eliminates oxidation and retards decomposition. The most common canned fish in the market
are the sardines and salmon types.
Guidelines in Packing Fish

1. Use clean in sterilized bottles.
2. Use small pieces.
3. Dry the fish belly downward, so that dirty water will not penetrate the body of the fish.
4. Pack just enough fish for ice water to flow. The fish will cool faster when ice cold water is poured.
 Cooking is the preventive measure against spoilage and wastage of fish. For longer periods of preservation, cook the fish in vinegar as paksiw
na Isda.
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 Salting /drying is the process of preserving fish by lowering the water content below the point where microorganisms cannot grow and live
long. Fermenting is a process of making bagoong and patis which are the most popular fermented products. Bagoong can be prepared from
shrimp of fish.
 Smoking is a method of food preservation that is like salting, drying, pre-cooking, and then smoking. Smoking varies from 45
minutes to two hours depending on the size of the fish. The fish should be cooked before packing.
Fish Sardine Style

Materials:
1 Kg. galunggong or bangus (fresh)
Salt as desired
1 c oil
1 c tomato sauce
Sliced carrots and hot pepper
Black pepper and vetsin (monosodium glutamate)
Equipment:
Pressure Cooker
Procedure:
1. Remove the head, fins, tail and internal organs of fish. Cut the fish into desired size and wash thoroughly.
2. Drain fish and put in the pressure cooker,.
3. Add salt, tomato sauce, oil, pepper, carrots and monosodium glutamate
4. Cover the pressure cooker and cook the fish at 10-15 lbs pressure for 60 minutes. (Do not open the pressure cooker)
5. Release the steam until pressure is at zero level before opening the pressure cooker.
Fishing has become a major industry in the country, because it provides food, generates income, and creates employment. Through the years, different
methods of catching fish and fishing gear have been developed to capture more fish.
Production and growth of fishponds depend on the plant nutrients and the fertility of ponds. Fish are commonly raised in fish pens (uncontrolled
environment) and fishponds (controlled environment)
Fish preservation methods minimize wastage of fish products. These methods include drying, fermenting, smoking, and salting. All these methods
require the observation of the three CS prior to preservation, i.e. care, cleanliness, and coolness.
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Application the generalized concepts
Learning Task: Draw the different types of fishing gear. Label and explain the uses of each type.
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Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan II - Entrepreneurship (EED 16) Trento External Studies Center

Unit IV Fisheries and Aquaculture

Presentation and development of Concepts

Fishing techniques for fresh waters in moderate zones

On Salt Water Fishing

Common method of fishing with the use of different gears

Classification of fishing gear

Importance of fish culture

Fish production can be done in three main venues.

Factor to consider in fish culture

4. Feeding the fish

1. Ideal sites for the pond

2. Selecting the Fish

3. Securing the stock

4. Feeding the fish

5. Harvesting the fish

Different kinds of pond

Three basic pond types

 either on sloping ground as a cut-and-fill pond;

 The site should be cleared before the construction.

Excavation of the pond

 It can be carried out either by manual labour or by dozers (JCBs).

 Turf, humus or peaty soils should not be used.

 Construction of earthen dyke is always economical.

 A drainage system is used to empty the pond.

Drainage of the pond water

Drainage of the pond water

Method of Fish Preservation

Guidelines in Packing Fish

Fish Sardine Style

Application the generalized concepts

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