ASSIGNMENT

_________________________________________________________________________
HMEF5083_V2
INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGY
JANUARY 2022 SEMESTER

ALIAH BINTI ALI

750102017560

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QUESTION 1

Instructional Technology Can Improve Learning Process.

Almost 90 years ago, an overhead projector was used to display images in a

classroom for the first time. A few decades later, Texas Instruments invented the handheld
calculator. In the 1980s, schools started introducing Apple Macintosh computers to the
classroom. The ratio of computers to students in U.S. schools at the time was 1-to-92.
Today, technology is widespread among schools. Access to computers has become so
ubiquitous that digital devices are replacing the use of pen and paper in many classrooms.
While public opinion on the use of technology in schools has been divided, experts have
found that technology has the ability to create profound changes in teaching and learning,
creating opportunities for unprecedented collaboration, engagement, and support. The key is
knowing how to use technology in meaningful ways—a skill some education degree
programs are bringing to the forefront of their curricula.

What Is Instructional Technology? Instructional technology is the theory and

practice of using technology for education. Encompassing the design, development, use,
management, and evaluation of technology in education, instructional technology can take
many forms. Anything from electronic whiteboards to online courses or even virtual reality
classrooms can be considered instructional technology. While the applications and benefits of
instructional technology vary widely, all instructional technology shares one main purpose: to
create engaging and effective learning experiences. And many applications of instructional
technology have proved effective at achieving this goal. Experts widely agree that
instructional technology provides many benefits to the education process, including better
access to information, more opportunities for collaboration, and better capabilities for
meeting diverse learners’ needs.

Let’s look at the Role of Technology in Modern Classrooms. Just a couple of decades
ago, teachers used very little (if any) technology in the classroom. Today, technology is a
fundamental part of the education process. A recent study conducted by MidAmerica
Nazarene University reports that students complete less than 42% of their work, both in and
out of the classroom, using paper and pencil. In addition, the study found that 73% of
teachers said that their students use tablets or laptops every day.

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 Although technology is finally being integrated into education, its use for teaching
and learning still remains a challenge. Despite the fact that many schools today are privileged
to have ready access to technology, trained teachers, and a favourable policy environment,
the use of technology in the classroom is still low. Some attribute low levels of technology
use in education to the pedagogical beliefs of teachers.
With that said, the potential of technology to enhance learning cannot be overemphasized.
The use of technology is something that started a long time ago for students with special
needs.  For example, brail machines have been utilized for the visually impaired. In addition,
special needs programs that help children with autism use technology to enhance learning. By
integrating technology into education, educators aim to engender pedagogical change and
address fundamental issues that affect learners with special needs. Technology can therefore
be seen as both a tool and a catalyst for change.
Today, technologies used to improve and facilitate learning can be found everywhere.
Leaving other contextual factors to the side – such as unequal access to technological
innovations and connected technologies across schools and districts – we can only say that
we have embraced technology in education when it is used for both teaching and learning.
With the incorporation of technology into schools, the main purpose is to change how
teachers and students gather, access, analyse, present and transmit information. This
can democratize information in classrooms as well as help differentiate instruction,
particularly for students with special needs.
The increasing prevalence of technology in the classroom reflects a broader cultural
shift. As the modern world becomes more digitized, tech literacy is becoming increasingly
important. Teachers who use technology to support learning in meaningful ways can help
prepare students for success in the digital era. According to the U.S. Department of
Education, schools can use educational technology to support both teaching and learning by
infusing the classroom with valuable digital tools, expanding course offerings, increasing
student engagement, and accelerating learning. Instructional technology offers nearly endless
applications, but experts have identified three key areas where integrating technology can
have a significant impact.

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 In this part we will look how instructional technology can improve learning
through Collaborative Learning, Virtual Classroom, Online Learning and Real time feedback.
Instructional technology provides unparalleled opportunities for collaborative learning.
Advances in technology have made sharing information easier than ever before. Today,
educators have access to digital tools that allow students to work collaboratively outside of
the classroom, discussing ideas or completing projects remotely and eliminating constraints
such as standard classroom hours or geographic location.
Instructional technology also provides opportunities for students to work collaboratively with
teachers, discussing ideas or asking questions outside of the physical classroom. For example,
teachers could hold digital office hours, making themselves available via instant messaging
or video chat to support students as they tackle the day’s homework.

Virtual classrooms can be a useful tool at every level of education. One common
challenge of the traditional classroom environment is that students learn at their own pace, so
teachers need to find a way to tailor their lesson plans to the average learner, rather than
addressing each student’s unique needs.
Online courses level the playing field and provide students with the time and resources to
develop the skills they need. For example, students could listen to a lecture for a second time
if they didn’t immediately grasp the subject matter or move ahead to the next one if they
grasp a particular subject quickly. On top of this, online learning provides access to a wider
array of topics, giving students opportunities to enrich their education by taking courses that
their schools might not offer.

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 Real-Time Feedback .Instructional technology provides better capabilities for
gathering or providing feedback compared with more traditional methods. Teachers can use a
variety of digital tools to gauge where their students are in a particular lesson. For example,
teachers might conduct an online survey of students’ current understanding of a topic to gain
insight into where they should focus the next lesson. Or they might opt for using digital
education software so they can provide immediate feedback to students on lessons and
homework, which could help keep students on track with learning objectives. Some schools
have even been piloting virtual reality classrooms, where teachers can rehearse lessons or
work through professional challenges in an artificial environment, helping them hone their
abilities without negatively impacting real students.
Research has illustrated that many educators have had a hard time integrating
technology into education. This may be because many educators have yet to explore the
relationship between technology and pedagogy. Doing so could play a huge part in
encouraging critical thinking by teachers as they attempt to integrate technology into
education.

At the same time, for technology to work effectively, it should only be incorporated in
classroom if it is appropriate for a given instructional task. Also, technology can only be an
effective teaching tool if teachers participate in decisions to adopt technology. This is because
teachers have the responsibility of facilitating instruction and incorporating technology at the
classroom level, yet many school administrators tend to make decisions related to technology
adoption/training without consulting teachers.

There are other ways that technology could be better leveraged to improve learning:    
With the widespread availability of student databases that are able to track individual
progress, teachers are encouraged to identify learning objectives and differentiate instruction
based on the needs of their students. Whenever teachers attempt to present instruction using
technology, they should do so using a channel that is relevant to the objectives, the learning
style, mode and the technology selected. When evaluating technology-based instruction, there
needs to be appropriate evaluation techniques that are in line with the methods of instruction,
objectives and the technology.

Overall, technology is central to many sectors of society and its integration into the
education process has great promise for student learning. With technology, one can
expect increased efficiency and effectiveness on both the part of teachers and students.
Technology can also prompt pedagogical change and address issues that affect learning,

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teaching and social organization. Technology can therefore be seen as both a tool and a
catalyst for change. Students should embrace technology for them to benefit and teachers
should be open to introducing technology into the classroom to improve and innovate their
teaching practice.

We all know that existence of technology has improved communication and

collaboration to a better level. Likewise, Educational technology also boosted communication
and collaboration between teachers and students and students/parents, teacher/parents, and
peers. Teachers can interact with students to clear their doubts and make e-learning more
effective. Technology enables one-on-one interaction in the classroom online.

Educational technology provides teachers plenty of e-learning tools like Gamification,

Smartboards etc. Through advanced modern technology of education, teachers can use
various digital tools to magnify learning opportunities for students. E-learning solution
technologies enable teachers to improve their teaching skills. From technology, teachers can
instruct well through video lessons, micro-learning, attractive infographics etc. Moveover,
teachers can engage the students by delivering online tests and different courses.

The most important roles of technology in education is to students as they can learn at
any time and from anywhere. With the technology-based E-learning process, one can study in
their comfort zone. Students can play, pause and re-watch complex topics using online
educational applications until the concept is clear. Most schools are opting now for online
Project Based Learning instead of wasting time on pen paper-based projects. Schools
solutions have also made Project-Based learning much more accessible and convenient for
students. Now, one can create presentations using Google Classroom, Google Docs, PPT and
Slides, etc. Through online Project-Based Learning, students use their skills and knowledge
up to the next level to complete an assignment.

The importance of technology in education is not just limited to efficient learning, but
students can also have personalized learning opportunities. Availability or more resources/
material 24/7 to students allows them to personalize learning better. We all know that not all
students have the same learning frequency; thus, personalized learning is considered.
Personalize learning is also known as self-paced learning, which can help individuals
optimize the quantity of material according to their capability.

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 Technology has evaluated the learning process through video graphics, which helps
the human mind understand the concept faster and remember it for a long time. This can be
only possible because of the visual information system. Using VR technology in education,
students can retain knowledge by 25% to 60%. Using VR educational technology like
gamification, mobile learning, micro learning, visual graphics etc. students can experience
fun and learning at the same time and keep engaged with their studies. With the availability
of more study material via E-learning technology, the student can spend less money on other
materials. Even nowadays, many schools are more focusing on buying online study material,
which is cheaper and convenient for storage. Teachers can save many time and money by
teaching students via advanced educational, technological systems like augmented reality and
virtual reality programs free o cost online and helps one to learn and understand faster.

Undoubtedly, since technology is introduced in the classroom, it encourages the

overall growth of students. Technology is a robust process to promote a healthy education
makes learning more accessible, exciting and enjoyable. The development of technological
advancements in education leads to enhance knowledge and skills of students. Any of us still
wondering how important is technology in Education? Thus, let me inform you that a survey
has proved that digital learning technology helps most students improve their grades.
Furthermore, through technology-based E-learning, students can learn more and better rom
different resources without pending on an institution or an instructor.

REFERENCES

Bellance, J. A., Forgarty, R., Pete, B.M., & Stinson, R.L. (2013). School leader’s guide to
the common core: Achieving results through rigor and relevance. Bloomington, IN:
Solution Tree

Felder, R M, & Solomon, B.A (2002). Learning styles and strategies. North Carolina
State University

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). (2017). Gagne’s nine events
IEEE Publications.

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QUESTION 2

The ASSURE model is an instructional system or guideline that teachers can use to
develop lesson plans which integrate the use of technology and media (Smaldino, Lowther &
Russell, 2008). The ASSURE Model places the focus on the learner and the overall outcome
of accomplishing learning objectives. The ASSURE model is an enriched evolution of the
ADDIE general model. Although the ASSURE model has six steps, which do not exactly
correspond to ADDIE’s five, ASSURE also presents design phases, and shares with it the two
main features: the initial focus on analysis and the cyclic structure.
The peculiar feature of this model is that it is focused on “planning and conducting In-
struction that incorporates media” (Heinich, Molenda & Russel, 1993). Its main perspective
is on how to integrate media (any kind of media) into instruction in a method capable of pro-
ducing the desired learning outcomes. Developed by Robert Heinich and Michael Molenda
decades ago, the ASSURE model gained popularity because of its use in a popular textbook
for educators.
It is a well-known instructional design guide that uses the constructivist perspective,
which integrates multimedia and technology to enhance the learning environment (Lefebvre
2006). The ASSURE model was modified to be used by teachers in the classroom by
Smaldino, Lowther & Russell, 2008.
Teachers prefer the ASSURE model because it is designed to be used for a few hours
of instruction and for each individual student. This model does not require high complexity
of delivered media, deep ID knowledge, or high revision of designs (Gustafson & Branch,
2002). The main difference between an inexperienced teacher and an expert teacher is that an
expert teacher can easily decide on content, appropriate teaching strategies, and delivery
medium.   The ASSURE model gives new (inexperienced) teachers a general roadmap to fol-
low to help them think more like expert teachers.
The ASSURE Model has six steps, each represented by a letter in the acronym title,
with each step describing a set of task central to the informed selection and use of educational
technology. The ASSURE acronym stands for these important components:
Analyze Learners;
State Objectives;
Select Methods, Media and Materials;
Utilize Methods, Media and Materials;
Require Learner Participation; and
Evaluate and Revise.

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 ASSURE Screenshots Explanation/Description
Model Steps
1.Analyse Analyze Learners: Gen-
Learners eral Characteristics
The first step in the
ASSURE model is to Ana-
lyze Learners. To analyze
the learners I examined the
learner in detail. My audi-
ence is my year 4
students,10 years old,3
girls and 14 boys, They are
in average class. No physi-
Google Classroom cal or social problems,
Their previous knowledge
is the pupils have learnt
the topic about pronouns
before. The enjoyed the
topic very much and they
love to sing (musical).

2.State State Objectives

Objectives The stated objec-
tives are statements de-
scribing what the learner
will do as a result of in-
struction. In other words,
objectives are the learning
outcomes, that is, what
will the student will learn
from the lesson. In order to
develop proper objectives
I framed them in terms of
desired behavior.   What
the learner will be able to
accomplish after complet-
ing the instruction. The
objectives I used was spe-
cific as possible so
the learner understands
what they are to accom-
plish.The Objective is by
the end o the lesson pupils
should be able to use per-
sonal pronouns correctly
( minimum 7/10 answers

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 correct)
3.Select Select Methods, Media,
Methods, & Materials  
Once I know my
media and audience and have a clear
materials idea of what they should
get out of the lesson, then
it is time to select the ap-
propriate method for the
given learning task, select
available materials, mod-
ify existing materials, or
design new materials to
help accomplish this task.
(Smaldino, Lowther, &
canva
Russell, 2012). At this
step, the Instructor should
connect the audience to the
objectives. To connect the
two I designed a video by
using CANVA appli-
cation in Delima.
Choosing a Media Format
A media format is the
physical form  in which  a
message is incorporated
and displayed. Media for-
mats included, (still im-
ages and text), slides (pro-
jected still images), audio
4 Amaryllis (voice and music), film
(moving images on
screen), video (moving im-
ages on a TV set) and
computer multimedia
I believed that from the
video that I designed with
CANVA my lesson will be
more attractives and
objectives can easily be
achieved. These are the
factors that come into my
consideration before
building the video.
Design video with canva -Does it match the curricu-
lum?
     I-Is it accurate and cur-
rent
     --Does it contain clear

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 and concise language?
     --Will it arouse motiva-
tion and maintain interest?
     --Does it provide for
learner participation?
     I
4.Utilise Utilize Methods, Media,
media and & Materials                
The Utilize Meth-
materials ods, Media & Materials
step is where I develop my
plan for implementing my
media and materials. The
video that have been de-
signed with CANVA have
been shared with the stu-
dents during google meet.
Teacher also shared the
video in google classroom
for their reference when
the pupils answer the ques-
tion given.

To get maximum learning

impact from my presenta-
tion, I followed certain uti-
lization procedures
1.Preview the Materials

2.Practice the Presenta-

tion

3.Prepare the Environ-

ment

4.Present the Material

Ja
zz Chant entitle My Black Cat in the video

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 prepared with CANVA

5.Require Require Learner Partici-

learner pation                          
Students learn best
participation when they are actively
involved in the learning
experience.
I incorporate questions and
answers, discussions,
Using Wordwall to encourage students’ hands-on activities and
role play. Participating in
participations. the learning will facilitate
this level of understanding.
Allow them to construct
knowledge as opposed to
trying to “teach” them
knowledge by asking them
to present the jazz chants
to their friends. Finally for
Answering questions in wordwall. this step, feedback must be
provided to the learner be-
fore any type of evaluation
is conducted.
The fifth step in the AS-
SURE model is to provide
opportunities for learners
to practice the capability
being taught.
For this part I prepared a
set of questions through
word wall and students an-
swered the on-line ques-
tions.

6. Evaluate Evaluate Student Perfor-

And Revise mance:                          
The last step of the
ASSURE method is Eval-
uate Student Performance.
Here the evaluation should
be matched to the objec-
tive. Ultimately this last
stage is the most impor-

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 tant. That is why I choosed
Analysis Of Student’s Mark (Wordwall word wall because we can
directly get the analysis o
Analysis ) the questions given.
From the analysis
and the marks I can see
that the student achieved
the objectives of my les-
son. It is helpful to reflect
on my objections, the
instructional strategy, the
instructional materials, and
the assessment. By evalu-
ating the learners against
Graph Of student Performance ( Wordwall the objectives it can be de-
termined if the lesson was
Analysis )
effective and whether any
step needs to be modify or
re-examined.
 The ASSURE
model supports the field of
educational technology. It
is based on the principal
that no one student ac-
quires information in the
same way.  While the AS-
SURE model is used to
systematically design in-
struction, it steps away
from the traditional means
of instruction, (textbooks,
lectures, etc) to the use of
technology to deliver the
instruction. (Academy of
Teaching
Excellence,2002).

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PART 3

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