11

Displacement Method
of Analysis: Slope-
Deflection Equations
In this chapter we will briefly outline the basic ideas for analyzing
structures using the displacement method of analysis. Once these
concepts have been presented, we will develop the general equations
of slope deflection and then use them to analyze statically indetermi-
nate beams and frames.

11.1 Displacement Method of Analysis:

General Procedures
Slope-Deflection Equation. If the end m
displacement (Eqs. 11–1 through 11–5) and the
added together, the resultant moments at the end

I ¢
MAB = 2Ea b c2uA + uB - 3a b d
L L
 we can write
P
w
Pin-Supported End N
MN = 2Ek12u Span.
+ uF -Occasionally
3c2 + 1FEM2 an end span of a beam
N
or frame is supported by aNpin
= 2Ek12u
MN Span + uor -roller + at
3c2with its far end, Fig. 11–8a.
1FEM2 (11–8)When
B For Internal or End FSpan Far NEnd Fixed (11–8)
this occurs, For theInternal
moment Spanatorthe
Endroller or Far
Span with pinEnd must be zero; and provided
Fixed
uA
!
the angular displacement uB at this support does not have to be
wheredetermined,
where we can modify the general slope-deflection equation so that
uB
it has to be M
applied
=
only
internal
onceintothethe
moment near
span
end
rather
of the
than
span; this
twice.
moment
To do this we
N = Eq.
willMapply internal moment in theto near end of
of the span; this moment
N
L 11–8 or Eqs. 11–7 each end the
is positive clockwise when acting on the span.beam in Fig. 11–8. This
results inE,theis positive clockwise when acting on the span.
k =following
modulus oftwo equations:
elasticity of material and span stiffness
E, k = modulus k = I>L.of elasticity of material and span stiffness
(a) uF =
uN, k I>L.
MN and
= near- = 2Ek12u N + oruF
far-end slopes - 3c2
angular + 1FEM2ofNthe
displacements
uN, uF = near-and
span at the supports; the angles are measured in radians
and far-end slopes or angular displacements (11–9)
of the
0are= 2Ek12u
positive +
clockwise.
F u N - 3c2 + 0
span at the supports;
c = span rotation of its cord duethe angles
to a are measured
linear in radians
displacement,
P
Here the 1FEM2and arethat positive
is, c = ¢>L;clockwise.
this angle is measured in radians and is
w F is equal to zero since the far end is pinned, Fig. 11–8b.
positive clockwise.
c = spanthe
Furthermore, rotation
1FEM2of its cord
N can due to for
be obtained, a linear
example, displacement,
using the table
1FEM2N = fixed-end moment at the near-end support; the moment
that is, c
in the right-hand = ¢>L;
column onthis angle
thewhen
inside isback
measured
cover in this
radians and is
B is positive clockwise acting on the span;ofrefer to book. Multiply-
ing the first positive
equation clockwise.
the table bythe
on 2 and
insidesubtracting
back cover forthe second
various loadingequation from it
eliminates
1FEM2 the unknown
N = fixed-end
conditions. uF and
moment at yields
the near-end support; the moment
From the is positive Eq. 11–8 when
derivationclockwise is bothacting on the span;
a compatibility and refer
load- to
(b)
the table
displacement on thefound
relationship inside byback cover only
considering for various loading
the effects of
M
bending conditions.
and neglecting
N = 3Ek1u - c2 + 1FEM2
axial andNshear deformations. ItNis referred to as
Fig. 11–8 (11–10)
Only
the for Endslope-deflection
general Span with Far End When
equation. Pinned or for
used Roller Supported
the solution of
problems, this equation is applied twice for each member span (AB); that
From the derivation Eq. 11–8 is both a compatibility and load-
is, application is from A to B and from B to A for span AB in Fig. 11–2.
Fixed End Moments
 Procedure for Analysis
Degrees of Freedom
Label all the supports and joints (nodes) in order to identify the
spans of the beam or frame between the nodes. By drawing the
deflected shape of the structure, it will be possible to identify
the number of degrees of freedom. Here each node can possibly
have an angular displacement and a linear displacement.
Compatibility at the nodes is maintained provided the members that
are fixed connected to a node undergo the same displacements as
the node. If these displacements are unknown, and in general they
will be, then for convenience assume they act in the positive direction
so as to cause clockwise rotation of a member or joint, Fig. 11–2.

Slope-Deflection Equations
The slope-deflection equations relate the unknown moments applied
to the nodes to the displacements of the nodes for any span of the
structure. If a load exists on the span, compute the FEMs using the
table given on the inside back cover. Also, if a node has a linear
displacement, ¢, compute c = ¢>L for the adjacent spans. Apply
Eq. 11–8 to each end of the span, thereby generating two slope-
deflection equations for each span. However, if a span at the end of a
continuous beam or frame is pin supported, apply Eq. 11–10 only to
the restrained end, thereby generating one slope-deflection equation
for the span.

Equilibrium Equations
Write an equilibrium equation for each unknown degree of freedom
for the structure. Each of these equations should be expressed in terms
of unknown internal moments as specified by the slope-deflection
equations. For beams and frames write the moment equation of
equilibrium at each support, and for frames also write joint moment
equations of equilibrium. If the frame sidesways or deflects horizontally,
column shears should be related to the moments at the ends of the
column. This is discussed in Sec. 11.5.
Substitute the slope-deflection equations into the equilibrium
equations and solve for the unknown joint displacements. These
results are then substituted into the slope-deflection equations to
determine the internal moments at the ends of each member. If any
of the results are negative, they indicate counterclockwise rotation; 11
whereas positive moments and displacements are applied clockwise.
 SOLUTION

EXAMPLE
Draw the 11.1 diagrams for the
shear and moment Slope-Deflection Equations. Two spans must be considered in this
problem. Since there is no span having the far end pinned or roller
beam shown in Fig. 11–10a. EI is constant. supported, Eq. 11–8 applies to the solution. Using the formulas for the

OD OF A N A LY S I S : Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the b

FEMs tabulated for the triangular loading given on the inside back
S L O P E - D E F L E C T I O N E Q U AT I O N S cover, we have
Fig. 11–10a. EI is constant. wL2 61622
6 kN/m 1FEM2BC = - = - = -7.2 kN # m
30 30
wL2 61622 MBA# MBC
1FEM2CB = = =u 10.8 kN m
A B 20
A 20 B B
MAB is negative since it acts counterclockwise on the
Note that 1FEM2
C BC
beam at B. Also, 1FEM2AB = 1FEM2BA = 0 since there is no load uB on C
8m 6m
e shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown in span AB.
In order to identify the unknowns, the elastic curve for the beam is
a. EI is constant. (a) shown in Fig. 11–10b. As indicated, there are four unknown internal
(b)
moments. Only the slope at B, uB, is unknown. Since A and C are fixed
supports, uA = uC = 0. Also, since the supports do not settle, nor are
MBA MBC Fig. 11–10
they displaced up or down, cAB = cBC = 0. For span AB, considering
uB B A to be the near end and B to be the far end, we have
A
MAB SOLUTION
MCB I
MN = 2Ea b12uN + uF - 3c2 + 1FEM2N
uB C L
Slope-Deflection Equations. Two spans must be co
I
MAB = 2Ea b[2102 + uB - 3102] + 0 =
EI
u (1)
8 4 B
problem. Since there is no span having the far end p
Now, considering B to be the near end and A to be the far end, we have
(b)
supported, Eq. 11–8 applies
I to the solution.
MBA = 2Ea b[2uB + 0 - 3102] + 0 =
EI
uB
Using
(2)
the f
ig. 11–10 FEMs tabulated for8 the triangular loading 2 given on
In a similar manner, for span BC we have
cover, we have
11 I 2EI
N MBC = 2Ea b[2uB + 0 - 3102] - 7.2
6 wL2
= 2
uB - 7.2
3 6162
(3)
 Note that 1FEM2BC is negative since it acts counterclockwise on the
beam at B. Also, 1FEM2AB = 1FEM2BA = 0 since there is no load on
EXAMPLE
Draw the 11.1 diagrams for the
shear and moment
span AB.
In order to identify the unknowns, the elastic curve for the beam is
shown in Fig. 11–10b. As indicated, there are four unknown internal
beam shown in Fig. 11–10a. EI is constant. moments. Only the slope at B, uB, is unknown. Since A and C are fixed
OD OF A N A LY S I S : Draw the ushear
S L O P E - D E F L E C T I O N E Q U AT I O N Ssupports, and moment diagrams for the
A = uC = 0. Also, since the supports do not settle, nor are
b
Fig. 11–10a. EIupisorconstant.
they displaced down, cAB = cBC = 0. For span AB, considering
6 kN/m A to be the near end and B to be the far end, we have
I M
MN = 2E a b 12uN + uF - 3c2M+BA 1FEM2NBC
A B L uB
A B
M
MAB AB
I
= 2E a b [2102 + uB - 3102] + 0 =
EI
uB (1)
C 8 4 C
uB
8m 6m
e shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown in Now, considering B to be the near end and A to be the far end, we have
I EI
a. EI is constant. (a) MBA = 2E a
8
b [2u B + 0 - 3102] + 0
(b)= u
2 B
(2)

In a similar manner, for span BC we have

MBA MBC Fig. 11–10
I 2EI
uB 11 B MBC = 2E a b [2uB + 0 - 3102] - 7.2 = uB - 7.2 (3)
A 6 3
MAB SOLUTION
MCB I EI
uB C MCB = 2E a b [2102 + uB - 3102] + 10.8 =
6 3
uB + 10.8 (4)
Slope-Deflection Equations. Two spans must be co
problem. Since there is no span having the far end p
(b)
supported, Eq. 11–8 applies to the solution. Using the f
ig. 11–10 FEMs tabulated for the triangular loading given on
cover, we have
N wL2 61622
 Equilibrium Equations. The above four equations contain five VBL MBC

quations contain five

unknowns. The necessary fifth equation comes from the condition of
moment equilibrium at support B.The free-body diagram of a segment
of the beam at B is shown in Fig. 11–10c. Here MBA and MBC are
MBA
By
VBR
VBL MBC
from the condition of
assumed to act in the positive direction to be consistent with the slope-
deflection equations.* The beam shears contribute negligible moment
about B since the segment is of differential length. Thus,
(c)

y diagram of a segment
d + ©MB = 0; MBA + MBC = 0 (5)
MBA
To solve, substitute Eqs. (2) and (3) into Eq. (5), which yields VBR
re MBA and MBC are uB =
6.17
EI
By
nsistent with the slope-
Resubstituting this value into Eqs. (1)–(4) yields
# MAB = 1.54 kN m
(c)
ute negligible moment
#
#
MBA = 3.09 kN m

MBC = - 3.09 kN m
th. Thus, # MCB = 12.86 kN m
The negative value for MBC indicates that this moment acts counter-
clockwise on the beam, not clockwise as shown in Fig. 11–10b.
(5)
Using these results, the shears at the end spans are determined from
the equilibrium equations, Fig. 11–10d. The free-body diagram of
the entire beam and the shear and moment diagrams are shown in
Fig. 11–10e.

5), which yields

6 kN/ m
1.54 kN ! m 13.63 kN
1.54 kN ! m By " 0.579 kN
L

0.579 kN 12.86 kN! m

4.95 kN
V (kN)
 clockwise
quilibrium on the
valuebeam,
equations,
The negative for MFig. not11–10d.
clockwise
BC indicates that thisThe asfree-body
moment shown in diagram
acts counter- Fig. 11–10b.
of
Using
ntire beam these
clockwise on results,
the beam,
andresults,
Using these the the the shears
not
shear
clockwise
shearsand
as at the end
shown
at the moment
in Fig. spansare
11–10b.
end spans arediagrams
determined from
are shown
determined
in from
the equilibrium
1–10e. equations,
the equilibrium equations, Fig.The11–10d.
Fig. 11–10d. free-body The
diagramfree-body
of diagram of
the entire beam and the shear and moment diagrams are shown in
the entire beam and the shear and moment diagrams are shown in 6 kN/ m
Fig. 11–10e.
Fig. 11–10e. 1.54 kN ! m 6 kN/ m 13.63 kN
B " 0.579 kN 1.54 kN ! m 13.63 kN 6 kN/m
1.54 kN ! m
1.54 kN ! m B y " 0.579 kN
yL L

0.579 kN 0.579 kN 1.54 kN!m12.86 kN! m 12.86 kN! m 13.63 kN

4.95 kN
Ay "1.54
0.579 kN!m
" 0.579
Bmy kN V (kN) 4.95 kN
kN 8m
3.09 kN! L V (kN)
Ay " 0.579 kN 3.09 kN! m 4.37
8m 8 0.57914kNx (m)4.37
10.96
12.86 kN!
#0.579 4.95 kN
V (kN)
Ay " 0.579 kN 3.09 kN!m 8 10.96 14 x (m)
8m
6 kN/ m #0.579
By " 4.37 kN Cy " 13.63 kN
4.37
R M (kN ! m) 5.47 #13.63
1.54
8 10.96 14 x (m
6 kN/ m
2.67 8 #0.57914 x (m)
3.09 kN ! m 12.86 kN ! m 10.96
6m
By " 4.37 kN Cy " 13.63 kN #3.09
R M (kN ! m) 5.47
11
#13.63
(d) 6 kN/m
1.54 2.67 #12.86 8 14
Bybeam
*Clockwise on the 4.37 kN
"segment, but—by the principle of action, " 13.63
Cyequal kN
but opposite (e) x (m)
R
reaction—counterclockwise on the support. M (kN!m) 10.96 5.47
3.09 kN ! m 6m 12.86 kN ! m #13.63
1.54 #3.09
2.67 8 14 x (m
3.09 kN!m 12.86 kN!m 10.96 11
(d) 6m
#3.09
#12.86
ockwise on the beam segment, but—by the principle of action, equal but opposite (e)
n—counterclockwise on the support.(d)
 12212422 = 96 k # ft
wL 1
1FEM2BA = =
12 12
31122182
= - 18 k # ft
M 3PL
Draw
ACEMENT
the Ashear: and
ETHOD OF S -D
momentEdiagrams for the
N A LY S I S LOPE EFLECTION Q U AT I O N S
1FEM2 BC = -
16
= -
16
ear and
beammoment
showndiagrams for the beam
in Fig. 11–11a. EI isshown in Fig. 11–11a.
constant. Note that 1FEM2 AB and 1FEM2BC are negative since they act
counterclockwise on the beam at A and B, respectively. Also, since the
ant. supports do not settle, cAB = cBC = 0. Applying Eq. 11–8 for span
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown in Fig. 11–11a.
EI is constant. AB and realizing that uA = 0, we have
2 k/ft 12 k
12 k I
2 k/ft MN = 2Ea b12uN + uF - 3c2 + 1FEM2N
L
A B
C C MAB =
I
2Ea b[2102 + uB - 3102] - 96
A B 24
4 ft
24 ft 8 ft
MAB = 0.08333EIuB - 96 (1)
4 ft I
(a) MBA = 2Ea b[2uB + 0 - 3102] + 96
24 ft 8 ft 24
Fig. 11–11
MBA = 0.1667EIuB + 96 (2)
SOLUTION (a)
Applying Eq. 11–10 with B as the near end and C as the far end, we have
Slope-Deflection Equations. Two spans must be considered in this
Fig. 11–11
problem. Equation 11–8 applies to span AB. We can use Eq. 11–10 for
I
MN = 3Ea b1uN - c2 + 1FEM2N
L
span BC since the end C is on a roller. Using the formulas for the
N FEMs tabulated on the inside back cover, we have
I
MBC = 3Ea b1uB - 02 - 18
11 8
wL2
k # ftconsidered in this
1 MBC = 0.375EIuB - 18 (3)
ection Equations.
1FEM2AB = -Two = - spans
12 12
1221242must
2
= - 96be
Remember that Eq. 11–10 is not applied from C (near end) to B
quation 11–8 applies
1FEM2 BA = to span
wL2 1
= 1221242AB.
2
= 96We
k # ft can use Eq. 11–10 (farfor
end).
12 12
nce the end C is on a roller. 31122182Using the formulas for the
= - 18 k # ft
3PL
1FEM2BC = - = -
lated on the inside back cover, 16 16 we have
Note that 1FEM2AB 2and 1FEM2BC are negative since they act
on the beam at A 1
counterclockwise wL 2 Also, since the#
and B, respectively.
FEM2supports
AB do - settle, cAB= = -cBC = 0.1221242
= not Applying Eq.=11–8 - for
96span
k ft
12 12
Equilibrium Equations. The above three equations contain four VBL MBC
B
unknowns. The necessary fourth equation comes from the conditions
of equilibrium at the support B. The free-body diagram is shown in MBA VBR
Fig. 11–11b. We have By

d + ©MB = 0; MBA + MBC = 0 (4) (b)

To solve, substitute Eqs. (2) and (3) into Eq. (4), which yields
144.0
uB = -
EI
Since uB is negative (counterclockwise) the elastic curve for the
beam has been correctly drawn in Fig. 11–11a. Substituting uB into
Eqs. (1)–(3), we get
11.3 ANALYSIS
M
OF BEAMS
= - 108.0 k # ft
AB
463
MBA = 72.0 k # ft
MBC = - 72.0 k # ft
Using these data for the moments, the shear reactions at the ends
of the beam spans have been determined in Fig. 11–11c. The shear
and moment diagrams are plotted in Fig. 11–11d.
VBL MBC
48 k
VBL " 22.5 k 12 k
VA " 25.5 k
B VBR " 15 k

Cy " 3.0 k
108 k ! ft 12 ft 12 ft 72 k ! ft 72 k ! ft
4 ft 4 ft
MBA V (k)
VBR (c)
By
25.5
15
3 x (ft)
 = - 72.0 k # ft
MBC 11–11d.
ment diagrams are plotted in Fig.
Using these data for the moments, the shear reactions at the ends
of the beam spans have 48been
k determined in Fig. 11–11c. The shear
VBL " 22.5 k V " 15 k 12 k
and moment diagrams are plotted in Fig. 11–11d.
VA " 25.5 k BR
48 k 12 k
VBL " 22.5 k VBR " 15 k
VA " 25.5 k
Cy " 3.0 k
108 k ! ft 12 ft 12 ft 72 k ! ft 72 k ! ft C " 3.0 k
108 k!ft 12 ft 12 ft 72 k !ft 72 k!ft 4 ft 4 fty
4 ft 4 ft

V (k) V (k) (c) (c)

25.5
25.5 15
3 x (ft)
12.75 15 24 28 32
3 x (ft)
#22.5
12.75
M (k!ft) 24 28 32
54.6
#22.5
M (k ! ft)
54.6 24 28 32 x (ft)
12.75
#12

24 28 32 x (ft) 11
12.75 #72
#12
#108
(d)