ECSS-E-ST-31-02C

12 December 2012

Space engineering
Two-phase heat transport
equipment

ECSS Secretariat
ESA-ESTEC
Requirements & Standards Division
Noordwijk, The Netherlands
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012

Foreword
This Standard is one of the series of ECSS Standards intended to be applied together for the
management, engineering and product assurance in space projects and applications. ECSS is a
cooperative effort of the European Space Agency, national space agencies and European industry
associations for the purpose of developing and maintaining common standards. Requirements in this
Standard are defined in terms of what shall be accomplished, rather than in terms of how to organize
and perform the necessary work. This allows existing organizational structures and methods to be
applied where they are effective, and for the structures and methods to evolve as necessary without
rewriting the standards.
This Standard has been prepared by the ECSS-E-ST-31-02C Working Group, reviewed by the ECSS
Executive Secretariat and approved by the ECSS Technical Authority.

Disclaimer
ECSS does not provide any warranty whatsoever, whether expressed, implied, or statutory, including,
but not limited to, any warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose or any warranty
that the contents of the item are error-free. In no respect shall ECSS incur any liability for any
damages, including, but not limited to, direct, indirect, special, or consequential damages arising out
of, resulting from, or in any way connected to the use of this Standard, whether or not based upon
warranty, business agreement, tort, or otherwise; whether or not injury was sustained by persons or
property or otherwise; and whether or not loss was sustained from, or arose out of, the results of, the
item, or any services that may be provided by ECSS.

Published by: ESA Requirements and Standards Division

ESTEC, P.O. Box 299,
2200 AG Noordwijk
The Netherlands
Copyright: 2012© by the European Space Agency for the members of ECSS

2
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012

Change log

ECSS-E-ST-31-02C First issue

12 December 2012

3
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012

Table of contents

Change log ................................................................................................................. 3

Introduction................................................................................................................ 7

1 Scope ....................................................................................................................... 8

2 Normative references ............................................................................................. 9

3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms.......................................................... 10

3.1 Terms defined in other standards ........................................................................... 10
3.2 Terms specific to the present standard ................................................................... 10
3.3 Abbreviated terms...................................................................................................14

4 TPHTE qualification principles ............................................................................ 15

4.1 TPHTE categorization .............................................................................................15
4.2 Involved organizations ............................................................................................15
4.3 Generic requirements in this standard .................................................................... 16
4.4 Processes, number of qualification units ................................................................. 17
4.5 Thermal and mechanical qualification ..................................................................... 17
4.5.1 Temperature range ...................................................................................17
4.5.2 Mechanical qualification ............................................................................ 19

5 Requirements........................................................................................................ 21
5.1 Technical requirements specification (TS) .............................................................. 21
5.1.1 General .....................................................................................................21
5.1.2 Requirements to the TS ............................................................................ 21
5.1.3 Requirements for formulating technical requirements................................ 22
5.2 Materials, parts and processes ............................................................................... 23
5.3 General qualification requirements ......................................................................... 23
5.3.1 Qualification process ................................................................................. 23
5.3.2 Supporting infrastructure – Tools and test equipment ............................... 23
5.4 Qualification process selection ............................................................................... 23
5.5 Qualification stage ..................................................................................................25
5.5.1 General .....................................................................................................25

4
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012
5.5.2 Quality audits ............................................................................................26
5.5.3 Qualification methods................................................................................ 26
5.5.4 Full and delta qualification programme ...................................................... 28
5.5.5 Performance requirements ........................................................................ 28
5.6 Qualification test programme ..................................................................................30
5.6.1 Number of qualification units ..................................................................... 30
5.6.2 Test sequence ..........................................................................................31
5.6.3 Test requirements ......................................................................................34
5.6.4 Physical properties measurement ............................................................. 37
5.6.5 Proof pressure test ....................................................................................38
5.6.6 Pressure cycle test ....................................................................................38
5.6.7 Burst pressure test ....................................................................................38
5.6.8 Leak test ...................................................................................................39
5.6.9 Thermal performance test ......................................................................... 40
5.6.10 Mechanical tests .......................................................................................42
5.6.11 Thermal cycle test .....................................................................................44
5.6.12 Aging and life tests ....................................................................................44
5.6.13 Gas plug test .............................................................................................45
5.6.14 Reduced thermal performance test ............................................................. 45
5.7 Operating procedures .............................................................................................46
5.8 Storage ...................................................................................................................46
5.9 Documentation .......................................................................................................46
5.9.1 Documentation summary .......................................................................... 46
5.9.2 Specific documentation requirements........................................................ 46

Annex A (normative) Technical requirements specification (TS) – DRD ............ 49

Annex B (normative) Verification plan (VP) – DRD ............................................... 52

Annex C (normative) Review-of-design report (RRPT) - DRD .............................. 55

Annex D (normative) Inspection report (IRPT) – DRD .......................................... 57

Annex E (normative) Test specification (TSPE) – DRD ........................................ 59

Annex F (normative) Test procedure (TPRO) – DRD ............................................ 62

Annex G (normative) Test report (TRPT) – DRD ................................................... 65

Annex H (normative) Verification report (VRPT) – DRD ....................................... 67

Bibliography............................................................................................................. 69

5
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012
Figures
Figure 3-1: Tilt definition for HP ............................................................................................13
Figure 3-2: Tilt definition for LHP ..........................................................................................13
Figure 4-1: Categories of TPHTE (two-phase heat transport equipment) ............................. 16
Figure 4-2: Figure-of-merit (G) for some TPHTE fluids ......................................................... 18
Figure 4-3: Definition of temperature and performance ranges for a HP ............................... 19
Figure 5-1: Selection of qualification process ....................................................................... 25
Figure 5-2: Qualification test sequence for HP ..................................................................... 32
Figure 5-3: Qualification test sequence for CDL ................................................................... 33

Tables
Table 5-1: Categories of two-phase heat transport equipment according to heritage
(derived from ECSS-E-ST-10-02C, Table 5-1) ................................................... 24
Table 5-2: Allowable tolerances............................................................................................35
Table 5-3: Measurement accuracy .......................................................................................37
Table 5-4: Equipment resonance search test levels ............................................................. 43
Table 5-5: Sinusoidal vibration qualification test levels ......................................................... 43
Table 5-6: Random vibration qualification test levels ............................................................ 44
Table 5-7: TPHTE documentation ........................................................................................48

6
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012

Introduction

This Standard is based on ESA PSS-49, Issue 2 “Heat pipe qualification

requirements”, written 1983, when the need for heat pipes in several ESA
projects had been identified. At that time a number of European development
activities were initiated to provide qualified heat pipes for these programmes,
which culminated in a first heat pipe application on a European spacecraft in
1981 (MARECS, BR-200, ESA Achievements - More Than Thirty Years of
Pioneering Space Activity, ESA November 30, 2001), followed by a first major
application on a European communication satellite in 1987 (TV-SAT 1, German
Communication Satellites).
ESA PSS-49 was published at a time, when knowledge of heat pipe technology
started to evolve from work of a few laboratories in Europe (IKE, University
Stuttgart, EURATOM Research Centre, Ispra). Several wick designs, material
combinations and heat carrier fluids were investigated and many process
related issues remained to be solved. From today’s view point the qualification
requirements of ESA PSS-49 appear therefore very detailed, exhaustive and in
some cases disproportionate in an effort to cover any not yet fully understood
phenomena. As examples the specified number of qualification units (14), the
number of required thermal cycles (800) and the extensive mechanical testing
(50 g constant acceleration, high level sine and random vibration) can be cited.
The present Standard takes advantage of valid requirements of ESA PSS-49, but
reflects at the same time today’s advanced knowledge of two-phase cooling
technology, which can be found with European manufacturers. This includes
experience to select proven material combinations, reliable wick and container
designs, to apply well-established manufacturing and testing processes, and
develop reliable analysis tools to predict in-orbit performance of flight
hardware. The experience is also based on numerous successful two-phase
cooling system application in European spacecraft over the last 20 years.
Besides stream-lining the ESA PSS-49, to arrive at today’s accepted set of heat
pipe qualification requirements, the following features have also been taken
into account:
• Inclusion of qualification requirements for two-phase loops (CPL, LHP),
• Reference to applicable requirements in other ECSS documents,
• Formatting to recent ECSS template in order to produce a document,
which can be used in business agreements between customer and
supplier.

7
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012

1
Scope

This standard defines requirements for two-phase heat transportation

equipment (TPHTE), for use in spacecraft thermal control.
This standard is applicable to new hardware qualification activities.
Requirements for mechanical pump driven loops (MPDL) are not included in
the present version of this Standard.
This standard includes definitions, requirements and DRDs from ECSS-E-ST-10-
02, ECSS-E-ST-10-03, and ECSS-E-ST-10-06 applicable to TPHTE qualification.
Therefore, these three standards are not applicable to the qualification of
TPHTE.
This standard also includes definitions and part of the requirements of ECSS-E-
ST-32-02 applicable to TPHTE qualification. ECSS-E-ST-32-02 is therefore
applicable to the qualification of TPHTE.
This standard does not include requirements for acceptance of TPHTE.
This standard may be tailored for the specific characteristic and constrains of a
space project in conformance with ECSS-S-ST-00.

8
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012

2
Normative references

The following normative documents contain provisions which, through

reference in this text, constitute provisions of this ECSS Standard. For dated
references, subsequent amendments to, or revision of any of these publications
do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this ECSS Standard are
encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the more recent editions of
the normative documents indicated below. For undated references, the latest
edition of the publication referred to applies.

ECSS-S-ST-00-01 ECSS system - Glossary of terms

ECSS-E-ST-31 Space engineering - Thermal control general
requirements
ECSS-E-ST-32 Space engineering - Structural general requirements
ECSS-E-ST-32-01 Space engineering- Fracture control
ECSS-E-ST-32-02 Space engineering - Structural design and verification
of pressurized hardware
ECSS-Q-ST-70 Space product assurance - Materials, mechanical parts
and processes
EN 9100:2009 Aerospace series - Quality management systems -
Requirements for Aviation, Space and Defense
Organizations

9
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012

3
Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms

3.1 Terms defined in other standards

For the purpose of this Standard, the terms and definitions from ECSS-E-ST-00-01
apply.
For the purpose of this standard, the following terms and definitions from
ECSS-E-ST-10-02 apply:
analysis
qualification stage
review-of-design (ROD)
For the purpose of this standard, the following terms and definitions from
ECSS-E-ST-32-02 apply:
burst pressure
differential pressure
external pressure
internal pressure
leak-before-burst (LBB)
pressure vessel (PV)
pressurized hardware (PH)
proof test

3.2 Terms specific to the present standard

3.2.1 capillary driven loop (CDL)
TPL, in which fluid circulation is accomplished by capillary action (capillary
pump)
NOTE See TPL definition in 3.2.21.

3.2.2 capillary pumped loop (CPL)

CDL with the fluid reservoir separated from the evaporator and without a
capillary link to the evaporator
NOTE See CDL definition in 3.2.1.

10
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012
3.2.3 constant conductance heat pipe (CCHP)
heat pipe with a fixed thermal conductance between evaporator and condenser
at a given saturation temperature
NOTE See heat pipe definition in 3.2.7.

3.2.4 dry-out
depletion of liquid in the evaporator section at high heat input when the
capillary pressure gain becomes lower than the pressure drop in the circulating
fluid

3.2.5 effective length

heat pipe length between middle of evaporator and middle of condenser for
configurations with one evaporator and one condenser only
NOTE Used to determine the heat pipe transport
capability (see 3.2.10).

3.2.6 exposure temperature range

maximum temperature range to which a TPHTE is exposed during its product
life cycle and which is relevant for thermo-mechanical qualification
NOTE 1 The internal pressure at the maximum temperature
of this range defines the MDP for the pressure
vessel qualification of a TPHTE.
NOTE 2 The extreme temperatures of this range can be
below freezing and / or above critical temperatures
of the working fluid.
NOTE 3 In other technical domains, this temperature range
is typically called non-operating temperature
range (see clause 4 for additional explanation).

3.2.7 heat pipe (HP)

TPHTE consisting of a single container with liquid and vapour passages
arranged in such a way that the two fluid phases move in counter flow
NOTE 1 See TPHTE definition in 3.2.20.
NOTE 2 The capillary structure in a heat pipe extends over
the entire container length.

3.2.8 heat pipe diode (HPD)

heat pipe, which transports heat based on evaporation and condensation only
in one direction
NOTE See heat pipe definition in 3.2.7.

3.2.9 loop heat pipe (LHP)

CDL with the fluid reservoir as integral part of the evaporator
NOTE 1 See CDL definition in 3.2.1.
NOTE 2 The reservoir can be separated, but has a capillary
link to the evaporator.

11
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012
3.2.10 heat transport capability
maximum amount of heat, which can be transported in a TPHTE from the
evaporator to the condenser
NOTE For heat pipes it is the maximum heat load
expressed in [Wm] (transported heat x effective
length).

3.2.11 maximum design pressure (MDP)

maximum allowed pressure inside a TPHTE during product life cycle
NOTE The product life cycle starts after acceptance of
the product for flight.

3.2.12 mechanical pump driven loop (MPDL)

TPL, in which fluid circulation is accomplished by a mechanical pump
NOTE See TPL definitions in 3.2.21.

3.2.13 product life cycle

product life starting from the delivery of the TPHTE hardware until end of
service live

3.2.14 reflux mode

operational mode, where the liquid is returned from the condenser to the
evaporator by gravitational forces and not by capillary forces

3.2.15 start-up
operational phase starting with initial supply of heat to the evaporator until
nominal operational conditions of the device are established

3.2.16 sub-cooling
temperature difference between average CDL reservoir temperature and the
temperature of the liquid line at the inlet to the reservoir
NOTE The average CDL reservoir temperature
represents the saturation temperature inside the
reservoir.

3.2.17 thermal performance temperature range

temperature range for which a TPHTE is thermally qualified
NOTE In the thermal performance temperature range
a thermal performance map exists.

12
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012
3.2.18 tilt for HP
height of the evaporator (highest point) above the condenser (lowest point)
during ground testing
NOTE This definition is valid for a configuration with
one evaporator and one condenser (see Figure
3-1).

evaporator
condenser

Figure 3-1: Tilt definition for HP

3.2.19 tilt for LHP

height of the evaporator (highest point) above the reservoir (lowest point)
during ground testing
NOTE See Figure 3-2.

Figure 3-2: Tilt definition for LHP

3.2.20 two-phase heat transport equipment (TPHTE)

hermetically closed system filled with a working fluid and transporting thermal
energy by a continuous evaporation/condensation process using the latent heat
of the fluid
NOTE 1 A fluid evaporates in the heat input zone
(evaporator) and condenses in the heat output
zone (condenser).
NOTE 2 This is in contrast to a single-phase loop where the
sensible heat of a liquid is transported (a liquid
heats up in the heat input zone and cools down in
the heat output zone).

3.2.21 two-phase loop (TPL)

TPHTE with physically separated vapour and liquid transport lines forming a
closed loop
NOTE See TPHTE definition in 3.2.20.

13
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012
3.2.22 variable conductance heat pipe (VCHP)
heat pipe with an additional non-condensable gas reservoir allowing a variable
thermal conductance between evaporator and condenser
NOTE 1 See heat pipe definition in 3.2.7.
NOTE 2 The variation in thermal conductance is generally
accomplished by regulating the volume of a non-
condensable gas plug reaching into the condenser
zone, which in turn varies the effective condenser
length.
NOTE 3 The variation of the gas volume can be performed
by active or passive means.

3.3 Abbreviated terms

The following abbreviations are defined and used within this standard:
Abbreviation Meaning
CCHP constant conductance heat pipe

CDL capillary driven loop

CPL capillary pumped loop

CTE coefficient of thermal expansion
DRD document requirements definition
HP heat pipe

HPD heat pipe diode

LBB leak before burst

LHP loop heat pipe
MDP maximum design pressure

MPDL mechanical pump driven loop

MSPE metallic special pressurized equipment

NDI non-destructive inspection

PH pressurized hardware
ROD review-of-design
SPE special pressurized equipment

TCS thermal control (sub)system

TPHTE two-phase heat transport equipment
TPL two-phase loop

TS technical requirement specification

VCHP variable conductance heat pipe
VP verification plan

14
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012

4
TPHTE qualification principles

4.1 TPHTE categorization

TPHTE are considered special pressurized hardware, as defined in clause 3.
Requirements of ECSS-E-ST-32-02 are included in this Standard for this reason.
The TPHTE are categorized in Figure 4-1 according to their design and
functional principle.
Heat pipes consist of a single container with a capillary structure extending
over the entire container length. Liquid and vapour passages are arranged in
such a way that the two fluid phases move in counter flow.
Capillary driven loops (CDL) have separate evaporator and condenser sections,
which are connected by dedicated vapour and liquid tubing. At least one
capillary structure is located in the evaporator section, which serves as capillary
pump to circulate the fluid in a true loop configuration.
The mechanically pumped two-phase loop (MPDL) has a configuration, which
is similar to the CDL, except that the circulation of the fluid is accomplished by
a mechanical pump.
NOTE Requirements for MPDL are not included in the
present version of this Standard.

4.2 Involved organizations

The qualification process of TPHTE is generally carried out by a specialized
equipment manufacturer (called in this document “supplier”) and controlled by
the qualification authority, which is called in this document the “customer”.
The qualification activity is embedded in the supplier’s product assurance and
quality organization and in most cases the supplier's quality assurance plan has
been established and approved for space activities independently from the
TPHTE qualification process specified in this document. It is the task of the
supplier’s PA authority to introduce / approve adequate product assurance
provisions at his subcontractor(s). The existence of an approved PA Plan is
precondition for commencing qualification activities.

15
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012

Figure 4-1: Categories of TPHTE (two-phase heat transport equipment)

4.3 Generic requirements in this standard

The present document provides generic, i.e. not project specific requirements
for formal qualification of TPHTE. It is therefore important to select overall and
enveloping qualification requirements in order to support a maximum of
spacecraft application without the need for delta qualification.

16
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012

4.4 Processes, number of qualification units

The qualification of TPHTE is based on qualified manufacturing processes (e.g.
cleaning, surface treatment, welding and leak testing) and covers in general the
following areas:
• Performance over long operation time (compatibility between fluid and
wall material, space radiation, leak tightness)
• Mechanical performance (strength, pressurized hardware)
• Thermal performance (e.g. heat transport capability, start-up behaviour,
heat transfer coefficients)
In this context the number of TPHTE units to be produced for the qualification
program are evaluated and selected by the supplier. There are no general
applicable sources, which specify the minimum of units to be used to undergo
identical qualification testing in order to arrive at a successful qualified
product. The question to be answered for each TPHTE configuration is: How
many identical units need to be built and tested in order to verify that
production processes provide reproducible performance results.
The following are possible selection criteria:
• Experience of the manufacturer in production of similar products,
• Simplicity of the configuration,
• TPHTE design features, which have inherent capability for good
repeatability of the production processes (e.g. simple axial grooved heat
pipes).
This Standard specifies the number of needed units submitted to the
qualification process for configurations, which are currently used in several
spacecraft applications. It is recommended that the supplier performs the
selection for other configurations and provide argumentation to the customer
for agreement of his choice.
Compared to full qualification of a new product the number of units can be
reduced for delta qualification of an existing but modified product.

4.5 Thermal and mechanical qualification

4.5.1 Temperature range

In contrast to most of electronic equipment the performance of a TPHTE varies
with its operating temperature, because properties of the used heat carrier are
temperature dependent. For heat pipes as an example, important fluid
properties can be grouped into a figure-of-merit (G), which is the product of
surface tension, heat of vaporization and liquid density divided by the liquid
viscosity (for more information see references in Bibliography). G is plotted for
some fluids over the temperature in Figure 4-2. The heat transport capability of
a capillary pumped loop is proportional to these curves.

17
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012

Figure 4-2: Figure-of-merit (G) for some TPHTE fluids

Generally, the applicable temperature range of a TPHTE is subdivided into a

thermally and a mechanically relevant regime.
The thermal performance temperature range, which is used for thermal
qualification, is defined within the theoretical operating temperature range,
confined by the freezing and the critical temperature of the used fluid. Lower
and upper temperature limits of the qualification range are selected in such a
way that a useful map of thermal performance data can be established. Within
this range the maximum transport capability for qualification will be
determined. For a specific space application the operating temperature range
(within the thermal performance temperature range) and the maximum
required heat transport capability are specified.
For thermo-mechanical qualification the temperature range is relevant, to which
the device is exposed to during the life cycle. In most cases this exposure
temperature range is wider than the above-mentioned thermal performance
temperature range. The minimum temperature of this range can be below the
freezing temperature of the used heat carrier and it is important to take into
account possible damage caused by the freezing or thawing effects. The upper
exposure temperature can be even above the critical temperature of the heat
carrier. This temperature determines in general the maximum internal pressure
for design and qualification of the device.

18
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012
The mentioned temperature ranges and associated heat transport capabilities
are illustrated in Figure 4-3.

Legend
Qmax,qual Maximum transport capability for qualification
Qmax,acc Maximum transport capability for acceptance (specified for a specific project)
TF, TC Freezing and critical temperature of a selected fluid
T P, min, T P, max Minimum and maximum performance temperature
T Ac, min, T Ac, max Minimum and maximum acceptance temperature (specified for a specific project)

T P,min  T P,max Performance temperature range

T Ac,min  T Ac,max Acceptance temperature range (specified for a specific project)

Figure 4-3: Definition of temperature and performance ranges for a HP

4.5.2 Mechanical qualification

TPHTE are classified as pressurized component and relevant mechanical
requirements are specified in ECSS-ST-E-32-02 and are applied in the present
Standard for all TPHTE types.
For qualification of a TPHTE as pressurized component the main characteristic
is the internal pressure, which varies in relation to the exposure temperature of
the unit (temperature dependent saturation pressure of the heat carrier liquid).
ECSS-ST-E-32-02 specifies qualification requirements for heat pipes (see figure
4.12). The present Standard selects qualification requirements for TPHTE,
which have seen proof pressure tests ≥ 1,5 MDP. Testing is the preferred
method rather than qualification by fracture control analysis.

19
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012
For qualifying a TPHTE with respect to external mechanical environment the
following mechanical tests are considered:
• Constant or static acceleration
• Sine vibration
• Random vibration
For these tests the qualification unit needs to be rigidly mounted to the test
equipment (vibration table). However, such mounting provisions can have only
reduced similarity to real applications in spacecrafts and the meaningfulness of
such tests is, therefore, very often reason for discussion under experts. For heat
pipes it is common understanding not to perform these tests on long heat pipe
profiles for the following reasons:
• The length of the test heat pipe is adapted to the test equipment and is
therefore shorter as in many realistic spacecraft applications.
• The application of heat pipe is often for embedding them in sandwich
structures. Mechanical loads for these applications are quite different as
can be simulated with a rigidly fixed single heat pipe profile.
• Several capillary structures, in particular axial groove heat pipes, are
quite insensitive to mechanical loads and tests as suggested in existing
procedures can be unnecessary.
For many TPHTE applications (in particular for devices with simple capillary
structures, e.g. axial grooves) the formal mechanical qualification can be
therefore performed with the first structural model on satellite level. In case the
risk for such a late qualification is high, pre-qualification can be performed on
unit or part level in particular for the following cases:
• The TPHTE, in particular a heat pipe, has a capillary structure, which is
sensitive towards mechanical loads, e.g. arterial wick. In such a case a
short piece of the heat pipe profile is selected for mechanical qualification
testing (sine, random vibration).
• An evaporator of a LHP or CPL can be separately tested (sine, random
vibration) to verify that mechanical requirements are met.
• Equally this can be true for a two-phase loop condenser, in particular for
configurations where the condenser tubing is embedded into a structural
panel.
The Standard does not therefore not specify at which model level vibration
testing is to be performed. The supplier and customer are asked to agree on a
logical qualification plan, which may include testing at higher than equipment
level.

20
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012

5
Requirements

5.1 Technical requirements specification (TS)

5.1.1 General
a. The qualification process shall be based on a technical requirements
specification, approved by the customer.
NOTE Usually the technical specification evolves from
the functional requirements of the customer
and defines the technical performances for the
proposed solution as part of a business
agreement.
b. The technical requirements specification specified in 5.1.1a shall be
written in accordance with DRD in Annex A.

5.1.2 Requirements to the TS

a. The specification shall be identifiable, referable and related to a TPHTE
product.
b. The following entity shall be responsible for the TS:
1. the supplier for a generic TPHTE specification, which is not related
to a specific application;
2. the customer for a specific TPHTE specification, which is related to
a specific application.
NOTE A delta qualification can be necessary, if the
generic specification does not completely meet
the requirements for a specific application.
c. Each technical requirement shall be separately stated.
d. Abbreviated terms used in requirements shall be defined in a dedicated
section of the specification.
e. The technical requirements shall be consistent and not in conflict with the
other requirements within the specification.
f. The technical requirements shall not be in conflict with other
requirements contained in business agreement documents.

21
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012
g. The specification shall be complete in terms of applicable technical
requirements and reference to applicable documents.
h. The specification shall be under configuration management.
i. Quantity of units required for the qualification process shall be specified
in the TS.
NOTE TS exclude requirements such as cost, methods
of payment, time or place of delivery.

5.1.3 Requirements for formulating technical

requirements
a. Each technical requirement shall be described in quantifiable terms.
b. The technical requirements shall be unambiguous.
c. Each technical requirement shall be unique.
d. A unique identifier shall be assigned to each technical requirement.
e. Each technical requirement shall be separately stated.
f. A technical requirement shall be verifiable using one or more approved
verification methods.
g. The tolerance shall be specified for each parameter/variable.
NOTE The technical requirement tolerance is a range
of values within which the conformity to the
requirement is accepted.
h. Technical requirements should be stated in performance or “what-is-
necessary” terms, as opposed to “how-to" perform a task, unless the exact
steps in performance of the task are essential to ensure the proper
functioning of the product.
i. Technical requirements should be expressed in a positive way, as a
complete sentence (with a verb and a noun).
j. The verbal form “shall” shall be used whenever a provision is a
requirement.
k. The verbal form “should” shall be used whenever a provision is a
recommendation.
l. The verbal form “may” shall be used whenever a provision is a
permission.
m. The verbal form “can” shall be used to indicate possibility or capability.
n. The following terms shall not be used in a TS requirement: “and/or”,
“etc”, “goal”, “shall be included but not limited to”, “relevant”,
“necessary”, “appropriate”, “as far as possible”, “optimize”, “minimize”,
“maximize”, “typical”, “rapid”, “user-friendly”, “easy”, “sufficient”,
“enough”, “suitable”, “satisfactory”, adequate”, “quick”, “first rate”,
“best possible”, “great”, “small”, “large”, and “state of the art”.

22
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012

5.2 Materials, parts and processes

a. Materials, parts and processes for TPHTE to be qualified shall be
documented in the following lists (see Table 5-7):
1. Declared materials list
2. Declared mechanical parts list
3. Declared processes list

5.3 General qualification requirements

5.3.1 Qualification process

a. The qualification stage shall be completed before launch.

5.3.2 Supporting infrastructure – Tools and test

equipment
a. Tools to be used to support the qualification process shall be validated
for their intended use.
b. The validation shall be performed under expected environmental
conditions and operational constraints.
c. Compatibility of tools and test equipment interfaces with flight
qualification hardware shall be verified by test.
d. Calibration of laboratory equipment shall be verified prior to their use.
e. Tools and test equipment that is modified and used in a new application
shall be re-verified according to 5.3.2a to 5.3.2d.
f. Test facilities, tools and instrumentation shall be designed to avoid
adverse effects on the qualification objectives.
NOTE Examples of these are: Thermocouples, strain
gauges, heater mounting, cooling devices,
support structures.

5.4 Qualification process selection

a. The scope of the qualification process shall be adapted to the
qualification heritage of the product.
b. For categorization of the heritage the product categories of Table 5-1 shall
be used.
c. The qualification process shall be structured according to Figure 5-1.

23
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012

Table 5-1: Categories of two-phase heat transport equipment according to heritage

(derived from ECSS-E-ST-10-02C, Table 5-1)
Description Qualification programme Remarks related to the present
Category

Standard

A Off-the-shelf product without None

modifications and
 The product is qualified to
requirements at least as severe as
those imposed by the actual
technical specification
 The product is produced by the
same manufacturer and using
identical tools and manufacturing
processes

B Off-the-shelf product without Delta qualification This category relates for example to
modifications. programme, decided on a TPHTE hardware, which is identical
case-by-case basis in to already qualified hardware but has
However:
agreement between the been qualified to lower mechanical
 The product is qualified to customer and the supplier loads or narrower operating
requirements less severe or temperature ranges as required by an
different to those imposed by the actual project.
actual technical specification
The category relates also to situations,
Or where TPHTE manufacturing
 The product is produced by a technology is transferred from a
different manufacturer or using qualified supplier to a new
different tools and manufacturing manufacturer.
processes
*) Any substitution parts and
Or materials fulfilling the same
 The product has substitution parts procurement specification does not
and materials with equivalent require delta-qualification.
reliability *)

C Off-the-shelf product with design Delta or full qualification Examples for category C are:
modifications programme, decided on a
Heat pipes with identical capillary
case-by-case basis depending
structure but different diameters,
on the impact of the
smaller bent radius,
modification in agreement
between the customer and the CDL with different fluid line
supplier configurations or dimensions or
different condenser configurations
(radiator lay out).

D New designed and developed product. Full qualification programme. Applicable for any new developed
TPHTE, including existing systems
with new capillary structures or
material combinations.

24
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012

TPHTE to be
qualified

Review-of-design
(Clause 5.5.3.4)

Category A Yes No qualification

equipment? programme required

No

Similarity analysis Delta qualification

Category B Yes programme
(Clause 5.5.3.3.2)
equipment? (Clause 5.5.4.2)

No
Delta qualification
Yes Similarity analysis programme
Category C (Clause 5.5.4.2)
(Clause 5.5.3.3.2)
equipment? or Full qualification
programme
(Clause 5.5.4.1)
No

Category D
equipment

Full qualification
programme
(Clause 5.5.4.1)

For category definition see Table 5-1.

Figure 5-1: Selection of qualification process

5.5 Qualification stage

5.5.1 General
a. Qualification shall demonstrate that the design of the TPHTE meets the
requirements of the technical specification.
NOTE The qualification can be supported by in-orbit
demonstration to verify requirements, which
are affected by zero-g environment.

25
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012
b. When a requirement is verified by qualification at lower level, the
traceability to the lower level verification evidence shall be provided.
NOTE This concerns manufacturing processes as well
as parts, materials and sub-units of a TPHTE.
c. Formal close-out of qualification at lower level shall be performed prior
to close-out at higher level.

5.5.2 Quality audits

a. The supplier shall allow quality audits in support to the qualification
process in accordance with EN 9100-2009 clause 4.6.4.2.
b. Quality audits shall be conducted such that the supplier’s know-how and
proprietary data are protected.
NOTE As a general rule audits should be performed
by quality assurance personnel of the customer
and not by experts in the field.

5.5.3 Qualification methods

5.5.3.1 Overview
a. A verification plan (VP) shall be prepared in conformance with the DRD
in Annex B and agreed with the customer.
b. The qualification of TPHTE shall be accomplished by one or more of the
following verification methods:
1. Test (including demonstration), as specified in 5.5.3.2.
2. Analysis (including similarity), as specified in 5.5.3.3.
3. Review-of-design, as specified in 5.5.3.4.
4. Inspection, as specified in 5.5.3.5.
c. The selected qualification methods shall be defined in a verification plan
specified in 5.5.3.1a.

5.5.3.2 Test
a. Verification by test shall consist of measuring product performance and
functions under representative simulated environments.
b. All safety critical functions shall be verified by test.
c. Qualification shall be carried out on hardware, which is representative of
the end item in terms of design, materials, tooling and methods.
d. TPHTE subject to qualification test shall be manufactured applying
qualified processes.

26
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012
5.5.3.3 Analysis

5.5.3.3.1 General
a. Verification by analysis shall consist of performing theoretical or
empirical evaluation using techniques agreed with the customer.
b. Analysis shall be performed to predict specified performance parameter
of the TPHTE.
c. Analytical prediction results shall be correlated with qualification test
results.
NOTE Result correlations lead to software tool
validation, which can reduce follow-on
qualification processes.
d. Discrepancies between analytical prediction and test results shall be
analysed in order to demonstrate that the objective of the qualification is
not compromised.
e. Mechanical and thermal performance analysis and test prediction shall
be documented in a dedicated report in conformance with ECSS-E-ST-31,
Annex C.
NOTE Analysis and test prediction can be split in two
documents.

5.5.3.3.2 Similarity
a. For a product that is similar to already qualified products, a similarity
analysis shall be performed to identify differences requiring
complementary qualification activities.
b. Qualification by similarity shall not be performed on a product that has
been previously qualified by similarity.

5.5.3.4 Review-of-design (ROD)

a. For verification by ROD existing records and evidence shall be used to
demonstrate that requirements are met.
NOTE Existing records and evidence are validated
design documents, approved design reports,
technical description, engineering and
manufacturing drawings.
b. Verification by ROD shall be documented in a Review-of-Design report
in conformance with the DRD in Annex C.

5.5.3.5 Inspection
a. For verification by inspection visual determination of physical
characteristics shall be used to demonstrate that requirements are met.
NOTE Physical characteristics include constructional
features, hardware conformance to document
drawing and workmanship requirements,
physical conditions.

27
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012
b. Verification by inspection shall be documented in an Inspection Report in
conformance with the DRD in Annex D.

5.5.4 Full and delta qualification programme

5.5.4.1 Full qualification programme

a. Equipment for which a full qualification programme is required as per
Table 5-1 shall be qualified by test according to clause 5.5.3.2 and 5.6 and
by analysis according to clause 5.5.3.3.

5.5.4.2 Delta qualification programme

a. Equipment for which a delta qualification programme is required as per
Table 5-1 shall undergo a delta qualification programme, which is a
subset of the full qualification programme of clause 5.5.4.1.
b. The delta qualification programme shall be selected on a case-by-case
basis and based on the modifications to existing qualified hardware.
c. The delta qualification programme shall be agreed with the customer.

5.5.5 Performance requirements

5.5.5.1 Generic requirements

a. The following generic performance characteristics of a TPHTE shall be
determined and verified against specified data:
1. Ability to sustain the combination of the predicted worst
mechanical loads:
(a) External mechanical loads.
(b) Internal loads due to the saturation pressure of the heat
carrier fluid within the TPHTE exposure temperature range.
(c) Thermo-mechanical loads due to temperature cycling and
CTE mismatch within the TPHTE exposure temperature
range.
(d) Loads imposed by volume change due to freezing/thawing
of the heat carrier within the TPHTE exposure temperature
range.
2. Safe life item and fatigue-life demonstration
(a) Safe life item demonstration, performed by analysis or test
or both in conformance with ECSS-E-ST-32-01 for TPHTE
not submitted to a proof pressure or for which the proof
factor used in the proof pressure test is less than 1,5.
(b) Fatigue-life demonstration, performed by analysis or test or
both in conformance with ECSS-E-ST-32 for TPHTE for

28
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012
which the proof factor used in the proof pressure test is
equal or larger than 1,5.
3. Thermal parameters:
(a) Minimum and maximum heat transport capability over the
TPHTE thermal performance temperature range.
NOTE For heat pipes only the maximum heat
transport capability is of interest.
(b) Evaporator heat flux over the TPHTE thermal performance
temperature range.
(c) Heat transfer coefficient in the evaporator and condenser.
(d) Overall thermal resistance of the device.
4. Operational characteristics
(a) Maximum heat load applied in one step at discrete
temperatures over the specified range.
(b) Start-up behaviour from frozen conditions, if the exposure
temperature range includes freezing of the working fluid.
(c) For cryogenic TPHTE, start-up from the super-critical state
of the working fluid.
5. Leak-before-burst.
6. Lifetime performance:
(a) Long-term compatibility between fluid and wetted materials
(materials in contact with the fluid).
(b) Space radiation effects in order to demonstrate that fluid de-
composition does not adversely affect specified TPHTE
performance during the product life cycle.

5.5.5.2 Specific requirements

a. For CCHP the following specific performance characteristics shall be
determined and verified against specified data:
1. Reduction of transport capability due to heat pipe bending at the
minimum specified radius.
2. Reduction of transport capability due to tilt (see Figure 3-1).
NOTE To item 1: The minimum bending radius is
defined by the supplier.
b. For VCHP, the following specific performance characteristics shall be
determined and verified against specified data:
1. The characteristics specified in 5.5.5.2a,
2. Maximum transport capability in fully-on conditions,
3. Heat leak from condenser to evaporator in off-mode,
4. Thermal resistance between condenser and reservoir,

29
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012
5. Ability to regulate the evaporator temperature with passive and
active methods.
NOTE Passive methods include devices with non-
heated gas reservoirs, active methods include
devices with heated/cooled gas reservoirs.
c. For HP Diode, the following specific performance characteristics shall be
determined and verified against specified data.
1. The characteristics specified in 5.5.5.2a,
2. Maximum heat transport capability in forward mode,
3. Time and energy to move from forward to reverse mode,
4. Time and energy to move from reverse to forward mode,
5. Heat leak from condenser to evaporator in reverse mode.
d. For CDL, the following specific performance characteristics shall be
determined and verified against specified data
1. Minimum heat load applied under which start-up is possible over
the specified temperature range,
2. Sensitivity of the minimum heat load in relation to the thermal
mass attached to the evaporator,
3. Minimum heat load applied under which nominal operation is
possible over the specified temperature range,
4. Sub-cooling conditions to guarantee specified performance,
5. Impact on performance due to tilt (see Figure 3-2) and adverse
elevation (evaporator above condenser),
6. Heat leak from condenser to evaporator in off-mode,
7. Ability to regulate the evaporator temperature with passive and
active methods.
NOTE Passive methods include devices with passive
regulation (by-pass) valves in TPL. Active
methods include devices with heated/cooled
liquid reservoirs, heated regulation valves and
TPLs with thermo-electric cooler (TEC) on the
liquid reservoir.

5.6 Qualification test programme

5.6.1 Number of qualification units

a. The number of TPHTE units submitted to the qualification programme
test units shall be in accordance with Figure 5-2 and Figure 5-3.

30
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012

5.6.2 Test sequence

a. Equipment for which a full qualification programme is required as per
Table 5-1 shall be verified by qualification testing according to the test
sequence as defined in Figure 5-2 for HP and Figure 5-3 for CDL.
b. For an equipment where a delta qualification programme is required as
per Table 5-1, the supplier shall derive from the test sequence of Figure
5-2 for HP and Figure 5-3 for CDL a reduced test sequence for delta
qualification.
c. The delta qualification sequence shall be agreed with the customer.

31
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012
Selection of test item
Heat Pipe:
configuration and quantity
5 functional units
(5.6.1) •
Test item preparation
3 units straight configuration
• 2 units bent configuration
Manufacturing of qualification
2 units for material compatibility testing
hardware
2 pressure samples
according to documented processes

Reduced acceptance test of hardware

for qualification:
• Physical property measurement (5.6.4)
• Proof pressure test (5.6.5)
• Leak test (5.6.8)
• Gas plug test (5.6.13)
• Reduced thermal performance test
(5.6.14.1 to 5.6.14.4)

Test plan and Qualification

Leak test Test Readiness Review
(5.6.8) (5.6.3.1)

Functional tests Material compatibility tests Pressure tests

(3 straight, 2 bent) (2 units) (2 HP) (2 samples)

Full thermal performance test Reduced thermal Pressure cycle test

(5.6.9.1 to 5.6.9.4) performance test (5.6.6)
(5.6.14.1 to 5.6.14.4)

Mechanical test Leak test

(5.6.10) (5.6.8)
Life test incl. Gas plug test
Qualification test programme

(5.6.12 & 5.6.13)

Thermal cycle test Burst pressure test
(5.6.11) (5.6.7)

Reduced thermal
Gas plug test performance test
(5.6.13) (5.6.14.1 to 5.6.14.4)

Reduced thermal performance

test (5.6.14.1 to 5.6.14.4)

Aging test
(5.6.12)

Full thermal performance test

(5.6.9.1 to 5.6.9.4)

Post Test Review

(5.6.3.1b)

Verification Report
(Table 5-7)

Figure 5-2: Qualification test sequence for HP

32
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012

Selection of test item configuration and CDL:

quantity 1 functional unit
Test item preparation
(5.6.1) 1 unit for material compatibility testing
1 unit as pressure sample
Manufacturing of qualification hardware
according to documented processes

Reduced acceptance test of hardware for

qualification:
● Physical property measurement (5.6.4)
● Proof test (5.6.5)
● Leak test (5.6.8)
● Reduced thermal performance test (5.6.14)

Leak test
Test plan and Qualification
(5.6.8)
Test Readiness Review
(5.6.3.1)

Functional tests Material compatibility tests Pressure tests

(1 CDL) (1 CDL) (1 sample)

Full thermal performance test

(5.6.9.1 & 5.6.9.5) Reduced thermal performance test Pressure cycle test
Qualification test programme

(5.6.14.1 & 5.6.14.5) (5.6.6)

Mechanical test
(5.6.10) Life test Leak test
(5.6.12) (5.6.8)

Reduced thermal performance test

(5.6.14.1 & 5.6.14.5) Burst pressure test
(5.6.7)

Thermal cycle test Reduced thermal performance test

(5.6.11) (5.6.14.1 & 5.6.14.5)

Full thermal performance test

5.6.9.1 & 5.6.9.5)

Post Test Review

(5.6.3.1b)

Verification Report
(Table 5-7)

Figure 5-3: Qualification test sequence for CDL

33
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012

5.6.3 Test requirements

5.6.3.1 Test specification and reviews

a. Before starting the qualification test campaign the following
preconditions shall be met:
1. Establishing of a test specification in conformance with the DRD in
Annex E,
2. Establishing of test procedures in conformance with the DRD in
Annex F, and
3. Conductance of test readiness review.
b. At completion of the test sequence a post-test review shall be conducted.
c. Test documentation shall be agreed with the customer.

5.6.3.2 Test conditions

5.6.3.2.1 Test tolerances

a. The test tolerances specified in Table 5-2 shall be applied to the nominal
test values specified.
b. For the purpose of 5.6.3.2.1a, test tolerances shall include test
instrumentation accuracy.
NOTE The tolerances specified in Table 5-2 are the
allowable ranges within which the test
parameters can vary. The values in the table are
inclusive of instrumentation accuracy.

34
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012

Table 5-2: Allowable tolerances

Test parameters Tolerances
1. Temperature Low High
+0 +4
above +100 °C T min − 4 Tmax −0
+0 +3
-73 °C < T ≤ +100 °C Tmin −3 Tmax −0
-100 K (-173 °C) < T ≤ 200 K (-73 °C) ± 2 K (2 °C)
40 K (-233 °C) < T ≤ 100 K (-173 °C) ± 1 K (1 °C)
10 K (-263 °C) ≤ T ≤ 40 K (-233 °C) < 0,5 K (0,5 °C)
T< 10 K (-263 °C) Tolerance to be defined case by case
2. Relative humidity ± 10 %

3. Pressure (in vacuum chamber)

> 1,3 hPa ± 15 %
1,3 10-3 hPa to 1,3 hPa ± 30 %
< 1,3 10 hPa
-3 ± 80 %
4. Acceleration -0 / +10 %

5. Static Load -0 / +10 %

6. Sinusoidal vibration
Frequency (20 Hz to 2000 Hz) ±2%
Amplitude ± 10 %
Sweep rate (Oct/min) ±5%
7. Random vibration
Frequency ± 5 % (or 1 Hz whichever is greater)
Amplitude (PSD)
20 Hz - 100 Hz (max control -1/ +3 dB
bandwidth 10 Hz)
100 Hz - 1000 Hz (10 % of midband -1/ +3 dB
frequency)
1000 Hz - 2000 Hz (max control ± 3,0 dB
bandwidth 100 Hz)

Random overall g r.m.s. ± 10%

35
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012

Test parameters Tolerances

8. Acoustic noise
Sound pressure level, Octave band centre Test tolerances (dB)
(Hz)
31,5 -2/+4
63 -1/+3
125 -1/+3
250 -1/+3
500 -1/+3
1000 -1/+3
2000 -1/+3
Overall -1/+3
9. Microvibration susceptibility
Quasi-static force or torque ± 5 % To be related to the external forces that are
applied to extrapolate the transfer functions
Dynamic forces ±10 % To be related to the external forces that are
applied to extrapolate the transfer functions
Sound-power (1/3 octave band centre
frequency)
32,5 Hz - 160 Hz ±3 dB
160 Hz – 10000 Hz ±2 dB
10. Shock
Response spectrum amplitude (1/12 octave
centre frequency)
Shock level
≤ 3000 Hz - 3, + 6 dB
≥ 3000 Hz - 3, + 9 dB
Shock duration
≤ 20 ms 0/+ 20 %
> 20 ms 0/+ 10 %
11. Solar flux
in reference plane ± 4 % of the set value
In reference volume ± 6 % of the set value
12. Infrared flux
Mean value ± 3 % on reference plane(s)
13. Test time -0/+10 %

36
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012
5.6.3.2.2 Measurement accuracy
a. The accuracy of test instrumentation shall be verified in accordance with
approved calibration procedures.
b. All test instrumentation shall be within the normal calibration period at
the time of the test.

Table 5-3: Measurement accuracy

Test parameters Accuracy
1. Mass ± 0,1 %

2. Centre of gravity (CoG) Within a 1 mm radius sphere

3. Moment of inertia (MoI) ±3%

4. Leak rate ± 10-5 Pa m3 s-1 of Helium at 1013 hPa pressure

differential or at least a factor of two with respect
to the leak rate to be measured.

5.6.3.2.3 Test results

a. Test results shall be monitored and compared across major test sequences
for trends or evidence of anomalous behaviour of the test set up.
b. Test reports shall be established for each test performed in conformance
with the DRD in Annex G.

5.6.3.3 Test data management

a. Performance test, leak test and long duration test results shall be used to
perform trend analysis to detect long-term gradually increasing defects
and failures.

5.6.4 Physical properties measurement

a. The following properties of the test unit shall be measured, recorded and
compared to specification in relevant drawings:
1. Completeness of configuration,
2. Materials as specified,
3. Dimension of unit and interfaces,
4. Mass,
5. Flatness of heat input and heat output zones,

37
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012
6. Fluid amount (from manufacturing records),
7. Centre of gravity,
8. Momentum of inertia.
NOTE The determination of centre of gravity and
moment of inertia can be performed by
analysis.
b. For the physical properties measurement the test unit shall not include
test specific items.

5.6.5 Proof pressure test

a. Proof pressure test shall be performed applying 1,5 times MDP as
specified in ECSS-E-ST-32-02 for duration of 15 minutes.
NOTE During manufacturing processes (e.g. curing of
panels with embedded heat pipes) the pressure
can be higher than MDP, as long as the unit
material stays in the elastic domain.
b. Pressure shall be generated on the sealed unit by increasing the
temperature of the unit and thus the saturation pressure of the heat
carrier fluid (hot proof pressure test).
NOTE When the pressure target leads to a
temperature higher than the critical
temperature than the cold pressure test (before
unit sealing) can be considered to reach the
proof pressure requirement and a reduced
proof factor can be accepted for the hot
pressure test on the sealed unit.
c. In cases where proof pressure test is not feasible, margins against
mechanical failure shall be verified by analysis in accordance with ECSS-
E-ST-32-02.

5.6.6 Pressure cycle test

a. The pressure cycle test shall consist of 2000 cycles between 1 bar and
MDP at ambient temperature.
b. The supplier shall analyse the number of cycles above the 2000 cycles, to
which the TPHTE can be exposed before reaching the Woehler curve.

5.6.7 Burst pressure test

a. Burst pressure test shall be performed applying 2,5 times MDP for
duration of 15 minutes.
b. No rupture or leak shall occur during burst pressure test.

38
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012
c. Burst pressure test shall be carried out with burst pressure samples
manufactured from the same material batch and according to processes,
which are identical to the ones used for the functional qualification unit.
d. Burst pressure samples shall include all features of the flight
configuration.
NOTE For example representative bends, welds and
joints.
e. Burst pressure test shall be performed at the maximum exposure
temperature by increasing the internal pressure until the required burst
pressure is reached.
NOTE Burst pressure testing at lower temperatures
may be performed, when a factor
corresponding to differences in material
properties between test and maximum
exposure temperature is taken into account.
f. After the 15 minutes hold-time, the pressure shall be further increased
until rupture occurs and the pressure at rupture shall be recorded.
g. If burst pressure tests are performed at sub-unit level, the burst pressure
test processes shall include all parts of the product including all joints,
welds, end fittings.
NOTE For example, if it is performed at the level of
the evaporator or reservoir of a TPL.

5.6.8 Leak test

a. Leak test shall be performed at ambient temperature using a detection
method agreed with the customer.
b. The maximum leak rates versus pressure values shall be established
through a detailed analysis such that operation of the system is ensured
throughout the specified lifetime.
c. Leak rate of all TPHTE hardware shall conform to the level defined in
5.6.8b.
NOTE Pressurized hardware containing hazardous
fluids reach end of safe-life when leakage
occurs.
d. During the leak test, the pressure level shall be maintained for 30 minutes
as a minimum.

39
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012

5.6.9 Thermal performance test

5.6.9.1 General
a. Thermal performance test results, obtained under 1-g conditions, shall be
correlated to predict 0-g (on-orbit) performance.
b. For thermal performance tests at ambient conditions, it shall be
demonstrated that the conditions specified in 5.6.9.1a do not have an
influence on in-orbit performance.
NOTE For a specific application the customer can
require a thermal performance test in vacuum.
c. During ground test the unit shall be insulated and the remaining heat
exchange with the environment shall be determined.
d. When establishing the maximum heat transport capability, the vapour
temperature shall be varied in increments within the specified
operational temperature range such that a performance over temperature
curve is generated.
e. For each temperature step, the temperatures along the length of the unit
shall be measured and recorded.
f. Maximum performance shall be declared, when temperature excursions
in the evaporator indicate the beginning of a non-nominal operational
condition.
NOTE Temperature excursions are generally caused
by dry-out conditions in the evaporator.
g. Temperature readings during performance testing in combination with
the applied heat load (corrected for heat exchange with the environment)
shall be used to determine heat transfer coefficients in the evaporator and
the condenser.
h. Performance shall be measured as function of the orientation of
evaporator versus condenser in the gravitational field.
i. Test evaluation and data correlation shall be performed for each test and
documented in a TCS analysis report in conformance with the DRD in
Annex C of ECSS-E-ST-31.

5.6.9.2 Specific tests for CCHP

5.6.9.2.1 Maximum heat transport capability

a. Maximum heat transport capability shall be measured with
1. Straight HP.
2. Bent HP.
3. Uniform heat input and output.
4. One-sided heat input and one-sided heat output, as follows:
(a) combination of heat input on top of the HP and heat output
on bottom of the HP (with respect to gravity),

40
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012
(b) combination of heat input on bottom of the HP and heat
output on top of the HP (with respect to gravity), and
(c) side heat input and opposite side heat output.
b. The supplier shall define performance degradation at the minimum
allowed bending radius.

5.6.9.2.2 Performance under tilt

a. The maximum heat transport capability shall be measured for tilt heights
from zero to a value at which the heat transport capability falls to a value
<5 % of the maximum heat transport capability (at the test temperature).
b. Measurement shall be performed at sufficient tilt intervals as to create a
smooth curve of performance over tilt height.
c. Test results at different tilt heights shall be extrapolated to zero tilt.
NOTE The graphical extrapolation of tilt performance
to zero tilt (horizontal position) is assumed to
be the zero-g (in-orbit) performance.

5.6.9.2.3 Start-up test

a. A start-up test at the minimum thermal performance temperature by
applying 50 % of the maximum heat load specified at that temperature
shall be performed and the time until nominal operation shall be
determined.

5.6.9.2.4 Start-up procedure

a. After a full depriming (emptying the capillary structure), a start-up
procedure shall be determined.

5.6.9.2.5 Performance in reflux mode

a. The heat transfer coefficients in the evaporator and condenser areas shall
be derived as a function of power input and temperature.
b. Test shall be performed by applying power at to the bottom of the liquid
pool and measuring the temperature profile along the pipe.

5.6.9.3 Specific tests for VCHP

a. For VCHP, the following tests shall be performed:
1. The tests specified in clause 5.6.9.2.1 to 5.6.9.2.4.
2. Aging tests before charging the device with the control gas.
3. Maximum heat transport capability with the gas front located
outside the condenser (between condenser and reservoir).
4. Residual conductance with the gas front outside the condenser
(between condenser and evaporator).

41
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012
5.6.9.4 Specific tests for HP Diode
a. For HP Diode, the following tests shall be performed:
1. The tests specified in clause 5.6.9.2.1 to 5.6.9.2.4.
2. A test to determine the time-to-shutdown of the HP Diode, as
follows:
(a) apply pre-defined heat loads to the nominal condenser;
(b) vary the vapour temperature in suitable increments within
the specified operational temperature range in order to
generate a smooth performance over temperature curve;
(c) ensure that the pre-defined heat loads are 10 %, 30 %, 50 %
and 80 % of the derived Qmax in nominal mode for the
specific heat pipe profile;
(d) derive the energy needed for shutdown for each of the
above tests.
3. A test to determine the time to start-up the heat pipe diode, as
follows:
(a) apply pre-defined heat loads to the nominal evaporator;
(b) ensure that the pre-defined heat loads are 10 %, 30 %, 50 %
and 80 % of the derived Qmax in nominal mode for the
specific heat pipe profile.

5.6.9.5 Specific tests for CDL

a. Start-up with low power shall be verified by testing with and without
thermal inertia on the evaporator heater system.
b. The specified performance of a CDL shall be verified under the following
test conditions:
1. Simulation of large heat load variations (increase and decrease of
heat load).
2. Simulation of large condenser temperature variations.
3. Different orientations with respect to gravity including tilt for
LHP.
4. Different parasitic heat inputs in the liquid line and into the
reservoir.
NOTE to subbullet 3: For the tilt definition see Figure 3-2.

5.6.10 Mechanical tests

5.6.10.1 General
a. Sinusoidal, random vibration and shock tests shall be performed on
higher than unit level, if the supplier in agreement with the customer
demonstrates that tests at unit level produce unrealistic results.

42
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012
NOTE Tests are generally not meaningful for long heat
pipe profiles, for heat pipes, which are later
embedded in structural panels and for CDL, for
which the configuration in the intended
application cannot be represented on unit level
(for example: large distance between
evaporator and condenser).
b. Sinusoidal, random vibration and shock tests shall be performed on
component level in order to verify critical details of the device.
NOTE A deflection test to replace sinusoidal and
random testing can be agreed with the
customer. For example: TPHTE with capillary
structures, which have an inherent
characteristic to be damaged by mechanical
loads.
c. Sinusoidal and random vibration tests shall be performed for the three
orthogonal axes of the device.
d. Sinusoidal and random vibration tests shall be performed at the
maximum internal pressure, which the device is exposed to during
ascent.
e. A resonance search shall be performed before and after the sinusoidal
and random vibration test to determine resonance frequencies, as
specified in Table 5-4.
f. If meaningful and agreed with the customer constant acceleration and
acoustic tests shall be performed.

Table 5-4: Equipment resonance search test levels

Frequency (Hz) Level Sweep rate
5 to 2 000 0,5 g 2 octave per min

5.6.10.2 Sinusoidal vibration

a. The test levels and duration for the sinusoidal vibration test, for generic
equipment qualification, independent of the launcher or space element,
shall be as specified in Table 5-5.

Table 5-5: Sinusoidal vibration qualification test levels

Frequency Level First frequency > 100 MHz First frequency ≤100 MHz
(Hz)
5 to 21 11 mm (0 to peak) No notching With notching
21 to 60 20 g (0 to peak) No notching With notching
60-100 6 g (0 to peak) No notching With notching

43
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012
5.6.10.3 Random vibration
a. The test levels and duration for the random vibration test, for generic
equipment qualification, independent of the launcher or space element,
shall be as specified in Table 5-6.

Table 5-6: Random vibration qualification test levels

Location Duration Levels
Equipment located Verticalb (20 - 100) Hz +3 dB/octave
on external panela or 2,5 min/axis (100 - 300) Hz PSD(M)c = 0,12 g2/Hz × (M+ 20 kg)/(M + 1 kg)
with unknown
location (300 - 2 000) Hz -5 dB/octave

Lateralb (20 - 100) Hz +3 dB/octave

2,5 min/axis (100 - 300) Hz PSD(M)c = 0,05 g2/Hz × (M+ 20 kg)/(M + 1 kg)
(300 - 2 000) Hz -5 dB/octave
Equipment not All axes (20 - 100) Hz +3 dB/octave
located on external 2,5 min/axis (100 - 300) Hz PSD(M)c = 0,05 g2/Hz × (M+ 20 kg)/(M + 1 kg)
panela
(300 - 2 000) Hz -5 dB/octave
a Panel directly excited by payload acoustic environment.
b Equipment vertical axis = perpendicular to fixation plane.
Equipment lateral axis = parallel to fixation plane.
c M = equipment mass in kg, PSD = Power Spectral Density in g2/Hz.

5.6.11 Thermal cycle test

a. The thermal cycle test shall consist of 8 full cycles over the exposure
temperature range with a hold-time of 1 hour.
NOTE Cycle tests of TPHTE can be performed under
ambient conditions.

5.6.12 Aging and life tests

a. TPHTE shall be operated in a long duration life test as specified in 5.6.12b
in order to confirm the specified performance over the product life cycle.
NOTE Heat pipes are typically operated in reflux
mode.
b. For qualification purpose of the device the duration of the life test shall
be ≥ 8000 hours.
NOTE The life test should be extended beyond the
formal qualification programme.
c. Aging tests shall be performed in the functional test sequence as given in
Figure 5-2 with a duration of 300 hours.
d. Life and aging tests shall be performed at the maximum specified
operation temperature.

44
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012
e. The amount of produced non-condensable gas shall be determined
according to 5.6.13 in periodic intervals agreed with the customer, with
shorter intervals especially at the beginning for the life test.
f. Trend analyse according to 5.6.3.3 shall be performed in order to
determine the non-condensable gas content at the end of the product life
cycle.
g. The TPHTE supplier shall demonstrate that the non-condensable gas
content expected at end of product life cycle does not violate the specified
performance.

5.6.13 Gas plug test

a. The gas plug test shall be performed during aging and life tests under the
following condition:
1. Heat pipe mounted in reflux mode, i.e. vertical orientation with
evaporator at the lower end.
2. Condenser is instrumented with temperature sensors in short axial
distances.
3. Periodic check of axial temperature profile of the condenser end at
lowest operating temperature.
b. The non-condensable gas content shall be determined based on the
measured temperature profile.
c. It shall be demonstrated that non-condensable gas generation over the
lifetime meets the specification for lifetime performance.

5.6.14 Reduced thermal performance test

5.6.14.1 General
a. The reduced thermal performance test shall include the general tests
specified in 5.6.9.1.

5.6.14.2 Specific CCHP

a. CCHP shall be tested according to requirements 5.6.9.2.1a.1, 5.6.9.2.1a.2,
5.6.9.2.1a.3 and 5.6.9.2.1a.4 for one selected configuration.
b. For CCHP, the maximum heat transport capability shall be measured for
one tilt between 2,5 mm and 4 mm at two temperatures to be agreed with
the customer.

5.6.14.3 Specific VCHP

a. For VCHP, the following test shall be performed:
1. the test specified in 5.6.14.1 and 5.6.14.2;
2. Thermal performance at fully on condition.

45
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012
5.6.14.4 Specific HP diode
a. For HP diode, tests shall be performed as specified in clause to 5.6.9.4 at
one vapour temperature and with a heat load of 50 % of Qmax.
b. The test specified in 5.6.14.4a should be performed at 20 °C.

5.6.14.5 Specific CDL

a. Start-up with low and maximum power shall be verified for one
condenser sink temperature and by simulation of flight-representative
thermal inertia on the evaporator heater system.

5.7 Operating procedures

a. Operating procedures shall be established for all TPHTE hardware.
b. The procedures specified in 5.7a shall be compatible with the safety
requirements and personnel control requirements at the facility where
the operations are conducted.
c. Step-by-step instructions shall be written with such a detail to
unambiguously describe the operation.

5.8 Storage
a. When TPHTE hardware is put into storage they shall be protected
against:
1. exposure to adverse environments that can cause corrosion or
degrade the material;
2. mechanical damages.
b. When TPHTE hardware is put into storage, induced stresses due to
storage fixture constraints shall be avoided by storage fixture design.

5.9 Documentation

5.9.1 Documentation summary

Table 5-7 presents a summary of all documents required by the present
standard.

5.9.2 Specific documentation requirements

a. The following documents shall be written and agreed with the customer
before starting the qualification process.
1. technical requirements specification (TS);
2. verification plan (VP).

46
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012
b. Test procedures shall be established for each test performed.
NOTE Several procedures can be grouped in one
document.
c. Test reports shall be established for each test performed.
NOTE Several reports can be grouped in one
document.
d. The design and manufacturing file of the qualification hardware shall be
under configuration control and available for customer review.
e. The final outcome of the qualification process shall be documented in the
verification report (VRPT) in conformance with the DRD in Annex H,
and agreed with the customer.
NOTE A customer statement on the successful
completion of the qualification process is
recommended.

47
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012

Table 5-7: TPHTE documentation

Title of DRD DRD reference Calling requirement in this standard
and remarks
Technical requirements Annex A Requirement 5.1.1b
specification NOTE: Requirement 5.1.1a requires that the
customer approval is needed before starting
the qualification process.
Verification plan Annex B Requirement 5.5.3.1a
Review-of-design report Annex C Requirement 5.5.3.4b
Inspection report Annex D Requirement 5.5.3.5b
Declared materials list ECSS-Q-ST-70, Requirement 5.2a.1
Annex B
Declared mechanical parts list ECSS-Q-ST-70, Requirement 5.2a.2
Annex C
Declared processes list ECSS-Q-ST-70, Requirement 5.2a.3
Annex D
Mechanical and thermal ECSS-E-ST-31, Requirement 5.5.3.3.1e
performance analysis and test Annex C NOTE: The report can be split in two
prediction report documents.
Test specification Annex E Requirement 5.6.3.1a.1.
Test procedure Annex F Requirement 5.6.3.1a.2.
NOTE: Requirement 5.9.2b requires one
procedure for each test. Several procedures
can be grouped in one document.
Test report Annex G Requirement 5.6.3.2.3b.
NOTE: Requirement 5.9.2c requires one test
report for each test. Several reports can be
grouped in one document.
Test evaluation and data ECSS-E-ST-31, Requirement 5.6.9.1i
correlation report Annex C
Verification report Annex H Requirement 5.9.2e
NOTE: This requirement requires that the
Verification report is agreed with the
customer.

48
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012

Annex A (normative)
Technical requirements specification
(TS) – DRD

A.1 DRD identification

A.1.1 Requirement identification and source document

This DRD is called from ECSS-E-ST-31-02, requirement 5.1.1b.

A.1.2 Purpose and objective

The technical requirements specification (TS) establishes the intended purpose
of a product, its associated constraints and environment, the operational and
performance features for each relevant situation of its life profile, and the
permissible boundaries in terms of technical requirements.
The TS expresses frozen technical requirements for designing and developing
the proposed solution to be implemented. These technical requirements, to be
met by the future solution, are compatible with the intended purpose of a
product, its associated constraints and environment, and the operational and
performance features for each relevant situation of its life profile.
The content of this DRD is taken “as is” from ECSS-E-ST-10-06 Annex A.

A.2 Expected response

A.2.1 Scope and content

<1> Introductions
a. The TS shall contain a description of the purpose, objective, content and
the reason prompting its preparation.

<2> Applicable and reference documents

a. The TS shall list the applicable and reference documents in support of the
generation of the document.

49
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012

<3> User’s need presentation

a. The TS shall present the main elements that characterize the user’s need
for developing the product as a background for those requirements that
are defined in detail in the dedicated section.
b. The TS shall put the product into perspective with other related products.
c. If the product is independent and totally self-contained, i.e. able to match
the final user’s need, it should be so stated here.
d. If the TS defines a product that is a component of a higher tier system,
the TS shall recall the related needs of that larger system and shall
describe the identified interfaces between that system and the product.
NOTE A non­exhaustive checklist of general questions
that should be answered at the early stages of
the TS is:
• What is the product supposed to do? It is
fundamental but critically important to
make sure that every actor has a complete
understanding of what the product has to
do.
• Who is going to use this product? It is
important to indicate who is going to use the
product, why they are going to use it and for
what it is going to be used.

<4> Selected concept / product presentation

a. The technical specification shall describe the concept, the expected
product architecture and the functioning principles on which it is based.

<5> Life profile description

a. The TS shall list and describe the different chronological situations of the
product’s life profile.
NOTE 1 For a spacecraft, the life profile includes:
• AIT related life events;
• transportation to launching area;
• conditioning and tests;
• installation on launcher;
• pre­launch phase;
• launching phase;
• self-transfer to its operating position;
• in­orbit functioning;
• end­of­life (e.g. de­orbitation).
NOTE 2 An identifier can be associated with each
situation in order to be able to link each
requirement to at least one situation in which it

50
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012
applies. Such an approach enables sorting and
filtering of the requirements per situation.

<6> Environment and constraints description

a. The TS shall describe the different environments and constraints for each
situation in the life profile that the product is expected to encounter.
NOTE An identifier can be associated with each
product environment in order to be able to link
each requirement to at least the worst
environment to which it applies. Such an
approach enables sorting and filtering the
requirements per environment.

<7> Requirements
a. The TS shall list all the technical requirements necessary for the product
to satisfy the user’s needs.
NOTE Interfaces requirements can be rolled-out of the
TS in form an interface requirement document
(IRD), see ECSS-E-ST-10 Annex M.
b. The technical requirements shall be expressed according to ECSS-E-ST-
31-02 clauses 5.1.2 and 5.1.3.
NOTE For instance, for all TS and for each
requirement, the following characteristics have
been selected:
• identifiability;
• performance and methods used to
determine it;
• configuration management;
• traceability;
• tolerance;
• verification.

A.2.2 Special remarks

None.

51
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012

Annex B (normative)
Verification plan (VP) – DRD

B.1 DRD identification

B.1.1 Requirement identification and source document

This DRD is called up from ECSS-E-ST-31-02, requirement 5.5.3.1a.

B.1.2 Purpose and objective

The Verification Plan contains the overall verification approach, the model
philosophy, the product matrix, the verification strategies for the requirements
(the interrelation between different methods/levels/stages of verification to be
used to demonstrate status of compliance to requirements), the test, inspection,
analysis and review-of-design programme with the relevant activity sheets and
planning, the verification tools, the verification control methodology, the
involved documentation, the verification management and organization.
The content of this DRD is taken “as is” from ECSS-E-ST-10-02 Annex A.

B.2 Expected response

B.2.1 Scope and content

<1> Introduction
a. The VP shall contain a description of the purpose, objective, content and
the reason prompting its preparation.
b. Open issues, assumptions and constraints relevant to this document shall
be stated and described.

<2> Applicable and reference documents

a. The VP shall list the applicable and reference documents in support to
the generation of the document.

52
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012

<3> Definitions and abbreviations

a. The VP shall list the applicable dictionary or glossary and the meaning of
specific terms or abbreviations utilized in the document.

<4> Verification subject

a. The VP shall briefly describe the subject of the verification process.

<5> Verification approach

a. The VP shall describe the basic verification concepts and definitions
(methods, levels and stages).

<6> Model philosophy

a. The VP shall describe the selected models and the associated model
philosophy, product matrix.

<7> Verification Strategy

a. The VP shall describe the selected combination of the different
verification methods at the applicable verification levels and stages, in
general and for each requirement type/group (including software).
b. The allocation of the requirements to the specific verification tasks shall
be given.

<8> Verification programme

a. The VP shall document the verification activities and associated planning
in the applicable verification stages.
b. Analysis, review­of­design, inspection and test programmes should be
detailed through dedicated activity sheets, or through reference to the
AIT Plan.

<9> Verification tools

a. The VP shall describe high level definitions of the verification tools to be
used, such as S/W facilities, special tools, simulators, analytical tools.

<10> Verification control methodology

a. The VP shall describe the proposed methodology to be utilized for
verification monitoring and control including the use of a verification
data base.

<11> Documentation
a. The VP shall list the involved verification documents and describe their
content.

53
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012

<12> Organization and management

a. The VP shall describe the responsibility and management tools
applicable to the described verification process.
b. It shall describe the responsibilities within the project team, the relation
to product assurance, quality control and configuration control
(including anomaly handling and change control) as well as the
responsibility sharing with external partners.
c. The relevant reviews shall be planned and responsibilities described.

B.2.2 Special remarks

a. The Verification Plan may be combined with the AIT Plan in one single
AIV Plan.
NOTE In this case VP and AIT plans do not exist
anymore as single entities.

54
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012

Annex C (normative)
Review-of-design report (RRPT) - DRD

C.1 DRD identification

C.1.1 Requirement identification and source document

This DRD is called up from ECSS-E-ST-31-02, requirement 5.5.3.4b.

C.1.2 Purpose and objective

The review-of-design report describes each verification activity performed for
reviewing documentation.
The review-of-design report contains proper evidence that the relevant
requirements are verified and the indication of deviations.
The content of this DRD is taken “as is” from ECSS-E-ST-10-02 Annex D.

C.2 Expected response

C.2.1 Scope and content

<1> Introduction
a. The RRPT shall contain a description of the purpose, objective, content
and the reason prompting its preparation.
b. Open issues, assumptions and constraints relevant to this document shall
be stated and described.

<2> Applicable and reference documents

a. The RRPT shall list the applicable and reference documents in support to
the generation of the document.

<3> Definitions and abbreviations

a. The RRPT shall list the applicable dictionary or glossary and the meaning
of specific terms or abbreviations utilized in the document with the
relevant meaning.

55
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012

<4> Review-of-design summary

a. The RRPT shall describe the review-of-design activity in terms of method
and procedures used.

<5> Conclusions
a. The RRPT shall summarize
1. the review-of-design results, including:
(a) the list of the requirements to be verified (in correlation with
the VCD),
(b) traceability to used documentation,
(c) conformance or deviation including references and
signature and date,
2. the comparison with the requirements; and
3. the verification close-out judgment.
b. Open issues shall be clearly stated and described.

C.2.2 Special remarks

None.

56
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012

Annex D (normative)
Inspection report (IRPT) – DRD

D.1 DRD identification

D.1.1 Requirement identification and source document

This DRD is called up from ECSS-E-ST-31-02, requirement 5.5.3.5b.

D.1.2 Purpose and objective

The inspection report describes each verification activity performed for
inspecting hardware or software.
The inspection report contains proper evidence that the relevant requirements
are verified and the indication of deviations.
The inspection report may be embedded in the Test Report if the verification by
Inspection is carried-out in combination with Testing.
The content of this DRD is taken “as is” from ECSS-E-ST-10-02 Annex E.

D.2 Expected response

D.2.1 Scope and content

<1> Introduction
a. The IRPT shall contain a description of the purpose, objective, content
and the reason prompting its preparation.
b. Open issues, assumptions and constraints relevant to this document shall
be stated and described.

<2> Applicable and reference documents

a. The IRPT shall list the applicable and reference documents in support to
the generation of the document.

57
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012

<3> Definitions and abbreviations

a. The IRPT shall list the applicable dictionary or glossary and the meaning
of specific terms or abbreviations utilized in the document with the
relevant meaning.

<4> Inspection summary

a. The IRPT shall describe the product configuration data of the inspected
item.

<5> Conclusions
a. The IRPT shall summarize the:
1. inspection results, including:
(a) the list of the requirements to be verified (in correlation with
the VCD),
(b) traceability to used documentation,
(c) inspection event location and date,
(d) expected finding,
(e) conformance or deviation including proper references and
signature and date.
2. comparison with the requirements, and
3. verification close-out judgement.
b. Open issues shall be clearly stated and described.

D.2.2 Special remarks

None.

58
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012

Annex E (normative)
Test specification (TSPE) – DRD

E.1 DRD identification

E.1.1 Requirement identification and source document

This DRD is called from ECSS-E-ST-31-02, requirement 5.6.3.1a.1.

E.1.2 Purpose and objective

The test specification (TSPE) describes in detail the test requirements applicable
to any major test activity. In particular, it defines the purpose of the test, the test
approach, the item under test and the set-up, the required GSE, test tools, test
instrumentation and measurement accuracy, test conditions, test sequence, test
facility, pass/fail criteria, required documentation, participants and test
schedule.
Since major test activities often cover multiple activity sheets, the structure of
the TSPE is adapted accordingly.
The TSPE is used as an input to the test procedures, as a requirements
document for booking the environmental test facility and to provide evidence
to the customer on certain details of the test activity in advance of the activity
itself.
The TSPE is used at each level of the space system decomposition (i.e.
equipment, space segment element).
The TSPE provides the requirements for the activities identified in the AITP (as
defined in Annex A of ECSS-E-ST-10-03).
The TSPE is used as a basis for writing the relevant test procedures (as defined
in Annex F) and test report (as defined in Annex C of ECSS-E-ST-10-02).
In writing the test specification potential overlaps with the test procedure is
minimized (i.e. the test specification gives emphasis on requirements, the test
procedure on operative step by step instructions). For simple tests, merging
TSPE and TPRO is acceptable.
The content of this DRD is taken “as is” from ECSS-E-ST-10-03 Annex B.

59
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012

E.2 Expected response

E.2.1 Scope and content

<1> Introduction
a. The TSPE shall contain a description of the purpose, objective, content
and the reason prompting its preparation.
b. Any open issue, assumption and constraint relevant to this document
shall be stated and described.

<2> Applicable and reference documents

a. The TSPE shall list the applicable and reference documents in support to
the generation of the document.

<3> Definitions and abbreviations

a. The TSPE shall list the applicable dictionary or glossary and the meaning
of specific terms or abbreviations utilized in the document.

<4> Requirements to be verified

a. The TSPE shall list the requirements to be verified (extracted from the
VCD) in the specific test and provides traceability where in the test the
requirement is covered.

<5> Test approach and test requirements

a. The TSPE shall summarize the approach to the test activity and the
associated requirements as well as the prerequisites to start the test.

<6> Test description

a. The TSPE shall summarize the configuration of the item under test, the
test set-up, the necessary GSE, the test tools, the test conditions and the
applicable constraints.

<7> Test facility

a. The TSPE shall describe the applicable test facility requirements together
with the instrumentation and measurement accuracy, data acquisition
and test space segment equipment to be used.

<8> Test sequence

a. The TSPE shall describe the test activity flow and the associated
requirements.

60
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012
b. When constraints are identified on activities sequence, the TSPE shall
specify them including necessary timely information between test steps.

<9> Pass/fail criteria

a. The TSPE shall list the test pass/fail criteria, including their tolerance, in
relation to the inputs and output.
b. In the TSPE, the error budgets and the confidence levels to be applied,
including tolerance, shall be specified.

<10> Test documentation

a. The TSPE shall list the requirements for the involved documentation,
including test procedure, test report and PA and QA records.

<11> Test organization

a. The TSPE shall describe the overall test responsibilities, participants to be
involved and the schedule outline.
NOTE Participation list is often limited to organisation
and not individual name.

E.2.2 Special remarks

None.

61
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012

Annex F (normative)
Test procedure (TPRO) – DRD

F.1 DRD identification

F.1.1 Requirement identification and source document

This DRD is called from ECSS-E-ST-31-02, requirement 5.6.3.1a.2.

F.1.2 Purpose and objective

The Test Procedure (TPRO) gives directions for conducting a test activity in
terms of description, resources, constraints and step-by-step procedure, and
provides detailed step-by-step instructions for conducting test activities with
the selected test facility and set-up in agreement with the relevant AITP and the
test requirements. It contains the activity objective, the applicable documents,
the references to the relevant test specification and the test facility
configuration, the participants required, the list of configured items under test
and tools and the step-by-step activities.
The TPRO is used and filled-in as appropriate during the execution and
becomes the “as-run” procedure.
The TPRO is prepared for each test to be conducted at each verification level.
The same procedure can be used in case of recurring tests.
It incorporates the requirements of the test specification (DRD Annex E) and
uses detailed information contained in other project documentation (e.g.
drawings, ICDs).
Several procedures often originate from a single test specification. In certain
circumstances involving a test facility (for example during environmental tests)
several test procedures can be combined in an overall integrated test procedure.
The “as-run” procedure becomes part of the relevant test report (see ECSS-E-
ST-10-02).
Overlaps with the test specification are minimized (see Annex E).
The content of this DRD is taken “as is” from ECSS-E-ST-10-03 Annex C.

62
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012

F.2 Expected response

F.2.1 Scope and contents

<1> Introduction
a. The TPRO shall contain a description of the purpose, objective, content
and the reason prompting its preparation.
b. Any open issue, assumption and constraint relevant to this document
shall be stated and described.

<2> Applicable and reference documents

a. The TPRO shall list the applicable and reference documents in support to
the generation of the document.

<3> Definitions and abbreviations

a. The TPRO shall list the applicable dictionary or glossary and the meaning
of specific terms or abbreviations utilized in the document.

<4> Requirements mapping w.r.t. the TSPE

a. The TPRO shall provide a mapping matrix to the TSPE giving traceability
towards the test requirement.

<5> Item under test

a. The TPRO shall describe the item under test configuration, including any
reference to the relevant test configuration list, and any deviation from
the specified standard.
b. The software version of the item under test shall be identified.

<6> Test set-up

a. The TPRO shall describe the test set-up to be used.

<7> GSE and test tools required

a. The TPRO shall identify the GSE and test tools to be used in the test
activity including test script(s), test software and database(s) versioning
number.

<8> Test instrumentation

a. The TPRO shall identify the test instrumentation, with measurement
accuracy, to be used, including fixtures.

63
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012

<9> Test facility

a. The TPRO shall identify the applicable test facility and any data handling
system.

<10> Test conditions

a. The TPRO shall list the applicable standards, the applicable test
conditions, in terms of levels, duration and tolerances, and the test data
acquisition and reduction.

<11> Documentation
a. The TPRO shall describe how the applicable documentation is used to
support the test activity.

<12> Participants
a. The TPRO shall list the allocation of responsibilities and resources.

<13> Test constraints and operations

a. The TPRO shall identify special, safety and hazard conditions,
operational constraints, rules for test management relating to changes in
procedure, failures, reporting and signing off procedure.
b. The TPRO shall describe QA and PA aspects applicable to the test.
c. The TPRO shall contain a placeholder for identifying:
1. procedure variations, together with justification, and
2. anomalies.

<14> Step-by-step procedure

a. The TPRO shall provide detailed instructions, including expected results,
with tolerances, pass/fail criteria, and identification of specific steps to be
witnessed by QA personnel.
b. The step-by-step instructions may be organized in specific tables.
c. When the procedure is automated, the listing of the automated procedure
shall be documented to a level allowing consistency check with the TPRO
and the TPSE.

F.2.2 Special remarks

None.

64
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012

Annex G (normative)
Test report (TRPT) – DRD

G.1 DRD identification

G.1.1 Requirement identification and source document

This DRD is called up from ECSS-E-ST-31-02, requirement 5.6.3.2.3b.

G.1.2 Purpose and objective

The test report describes test execution, test and engineering assessment of
results and conclusions in the light of the test requirements (including pass-fail
criteria).
The test report contains the scope of the test, the test description, the test article
and set-up configuration, and the test results including the as­run test
procedures, the considerations and conclusions with particular emphasis on the
close­out of the relevant verification requirements including deviations.
The content of this DRD is taken “as is” from ECSS-E-ST-10-02 Annex C.

G.2 Expected response

G.2.1 Scope and content

<1> Introduction
a. The TRPT shall contain a description of the purpose, objective, content
and the reason prompting its preparation.
b. Open issues, assumptions and constraints relevant to this document shall
be stated and described.

<2> Applicable and reference documents

a. The TRPT shall list the applicable and reference documents in support to
the generation of the document.

65
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012

<3> Definitions and abbreviations

a. The TRPT shall list the applicable dictionary or glossary and the meaning
of specific terms or abbreviations utilized in the document.

<4> Test results

a. The TRPT shall contain the test results with supporting data (including
the test execution dates, the as run procedure, and the test facility
results).
b. The TRPT shall contain the analysis of test data and the relevant
assessment.
c. The TRPT shall provide a synthesis of the test results.

<5> Anomalies
a. The TRPT shall include the list of deviations to the test procedure, the
nonconformance including failures and the problems.

<6> Conclusions
a. The TRPT shall summarize:
1. the test results, including:
(a) the list of the requirements to be verified (in correlation with
the VCD),
(b) traceability to used documentation,
(c) conformance or deviation including references and
signature and date).
2. the comparison with the requirements, and
3. the verification close-out judgment.
b. Open issues shall be clearly stated and described.
c. Separate test analyses shall be cross-referenced.

G.2.2 Special remarks

None.

66
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012

Annex H (normative)
Verification report (VRPT) – DRD

H.1 DRD identification

H.1.1 Requirement identification and source document

This DRD is called up from ECSS-E-ST-31-02, requirement 5.9.2e.

H.1.2 Purpose and objective

The Verification Report is prepared when more than one of the defined
verification methods (see 5.5.3.1) is utilized to verify a requirement or a specific
set of requirements.
It reports the approach followed and how the verification methods were
combined to achieve the verification objectives.
The positive achievement constitutes the completion of verification for the
particular requirement.
The content of this DRD is taken “as is” from ECSS-E-ST-10-02 Annex F.

H.2 Expected response

H.2.1 Scope and content

<1> Introduction
a. The VRPT shall contain a description of the purpose, objective, content
and the reason prompting its preparation.
b. Open issues, assumptions and constraints relevant to this document shall
be stated and described.

<2> Applicable and reference documents

a. The VRPT shall list the applicable and reference documents in support to
the generation of the document.

67
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012

<3> Definitions and Abbreviations

a. The VRPT shall list the applicable dictionary or glossary and the meaning
of specific terms or abbreviations utilized in the document with the
relevant meaning Verification subject.

<4> Verification results

a. The VRPT shall describe the verification approach, the associated
problems and results with reference to the relevant test, analysis,
review­of­design and inspection reports.
b. The VRPT shall identify the deviations from the verification plan.

<5> Conclusions
a. The VRPT shall list the requirements to be verified (in correlation with
the VCD).
b. The VRPT shall summarize verification results, the comparison with the
requirements and the verification close­out judgement.
c. Open issues shall be clearly stated and described.

H.2.2 Special remarks

None.

68
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
12 December 2012

Bibliography

ECSS-S-ST-00 ECSS system - Description, implementation and

general requirements
ECSS-E-ST-10 Space engineering - System engineering general
requirements
ECSS-E-ST-10-02 Space engineering - Verification
ECSS-E-ST-10-03 Space engineering - Testing
ECSS-E-ST-10-06 Space engineering - Technical requirements
specification
Chi, S. W. Heat Pipe Theory and Practice, A Sourcebook,
McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1976
Faghri, A. Heat Pipe Science and Technology, Taylor &
Francis, 1995
P. D. Dunn, P.D. and Heat Pipes, Fourth Edition, Pergamon, 1994
Reay D. A.
Peterson, G. P. An Introduction to Heat Pipes: Modelling, Testing,
and Applications, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1994

69