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    Factors Affecting The Ionisation Energy

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    Ti Yee San
    The ionization energy of an element is affected by three main factors: atomic radius, effective nuclear charge, and shielding effect. As you move across a period, the atomic radius decreases and effective nuclear charge increases, making it harder to remove an electron and increasing ionization energy. However, there are some anomalies where a completely filled orbital is more stable than a partially filled one, resulting in a higher ionization energy. Moving down a group, the atomic radius increases due to additional electron shells, weakening the attraction to the nucleus. This screen effect lowers the ionization energy.

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    Factors Affecting The Ionisation Energy

    Uploaded by

    Ti Yee San
    183 views3 pages
    The ionization energy of an element is affected by three main factors: atomic radius, effective nuclear charge, and shielding effect. As you move across a period, the atomic radius decreases and effective nuclear charge increases, making it harder to remove an electron and increasing ionization energy. However, there are some anomalies where a completely filled orbital is more stable than a partially filled one, resulting in a higher ionization energy. Moving down a group, the atomic radius increases due to additional electron shells, weakening the attraction to the nucleus. This screen effect lowers the ionization energy.

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    Factors Affecting the Ionisation Energy

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    The ionization energy of an element is affected by three main factors: atomic radius, effective nuclear charge, and shielding effect. As you move across a period, the atomic radius decreases and effective nuclear charge increases, making it harder to remove an electron and increasing ionization energy. However, there are some anomalies where a completely filled orbital is more stable than a partially filled one, resulting in a higher ionization energy. Moving down a group, the atomic radius increases due to additional electron shells, weakening the attraction to the nucleus. This screen effect lowers the ionization energy.

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    183 views3 pages

    Factors Affecting The Ionisation Energy

    Uploaded by

    Ti Yee San
    The ionization energy of an element is affected by three main factors: atomic radius, effective nuclear charge, and shielding effect. As you move across a period, the atomic radius decreases and effective nuclear charge increases, making it harder to remove an electron and increasing ionization energy. However, there are some anomalies where a completely filled orbital is more stable than a partially filled one, resulting in a higher ionization energy. Moving down a group, the atomic radius increases due to additional electron shells, weakening the attraction to the nucleus. This screen effect lowers the ionization energy.

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    of 3

    Factors Affecting the Ionisation Energy

    1) Atomic radius
    The valence electrons of an atom with a larger radius experience a less attraction
    towards nucleus,hence possesses a low ionization energy.
    2) Effective nuclear charge,Zeff
    The higher the nuclear charge, the stronger the attraction between the nucleus and
    electrons.This causes the ionization energy to increase.
    3) Shielding effect (screening effect)
    The shielding effect of the electrons in the inner orbitals causes the outer electrons to
    be less attracted to the nucleus and thus decrease the magnitude of ionization energy.

    Variation in the 1st IE when:


    (1) Moving across a period
     When moving across a period,the element become less metallic or non-metallic
     The effective nuclear change,Zeff increases and the atomic size decreases.
     Valence electrons are closer to the nucleus.
     The force of attraction between the nucleus and the valence e becomes stronger.
     More difficult to remove an electron from the atom.
     More energy is needed to remove the outermost electrons.
     Thus,the ionisation energy increases.

    -Anomalous Cases
    Increase of IE with proton number is not uniform.
    In period 2,
    Between group 2(Be) and 13(B).Ionization energy of BE>B.
    Completely filled orbital is more stable than partially filled orbital

    1)Be:1s2 2s2 2)B:1s22s22p1

     In Be,removing an e from a fully  In B,removing an electron in 2p


    filled 2s orbital the atom less orbital makes the atom more
    stable stable
     Hard to remove the valence  Easy to remove the valence
    electrons electron
     More energy is needed to remove  Shielding effect increase
    the valence electron in 2s  Attraction between the nucleus
     Zeff will be higher and 2p electron is weak
     Attraction between nucleus and  Less energy is needed to remove
    valence electrons in 2s is the electron
    stronger  Therefore ionization energy of B
     Therefore ionization energy of is lower than Be
    Be is higher than B
    Between group 15(N) and 16(O).Ionization energy of N>O.
    1) N:1s22s22p3 2) O:1s22s22p4
    Completely filled orbital is more stable than partially filled orbital
     In N,removing an e from the half  In O,removing an electron in the
    filled 2p orbital makes the atom 2p orbital makes the atom more
    less stable stable.
     Hard to remove the valence  Easy to remove the valence
    electrons electrons
     More energy is needed to  Shielding effect increase
    remove the valence electron  Attraction between the nucleus
     Zeff will be higher and 2p electron is weak
     Attraction between nucleus and  Less energy is needed to remove
    valence electrons in 2p is the electron
    stronger  Therefore ionization energy of
     Therefore ionization energy of Oxygen is lower than Nitrogen.
    Nitrogen is higher than Oxygen.

    In Period 3,
    Between Group 2(Mg) and 13(Al)

    Completely filled orbital is more stable than partially filled orbital


    1)Mg:1s22s22p63s2 2)Al:1s22s22p63s23p1

     In Mg,removing an e from a  In Al,removing an electron in the


    fully filled 3s orbital makes the 3p orbital makes the atom more
    atom less stable stable.
     Hard to remove the valence e  Easy to remove the valence
     More energy is needed to electron
    remove the valence e in 3s  Shielding effect increase
     Zeff will be higher  Attraction between the nucleus
     Attraction between nucleus and and 3p electron is weak
    valence electrons in 3s is  Less energy is needed to remove
    stronger the electron
     Therefore ionization energy of  Therefore ionization energy of
    Mg is higher than Al Ai is lower than Mg

    Between group 15(P) and 16(S).Ionization energy P>S

    Completely filled orbital is more stable than partially filled orbital


    1) P:1s22s22p63s23p3 2) S:1s22s22p43s23p4
     In P, removing an e from the half  In Al,removing an electron in the
    filled 3p orbital makes the atom 3p orbital makes the atom more
    less stable stable
     Hard to remove the valence  Easy to remove the valence
    electrons electrons
     More energy is needed to  Shielding effect increase
    remove the valence electron  Attraction between the nucleus
     Zeff will be higher and 3p electron is weak
     Attraction between nucleus and  Less energy is needed to remove
    valence electron in 3p is stronger the electron
     Therefore ionization energy of P  Therefore ionization energy of S
    is higher than S is lower than P.

    (ii)Going down the group


    On descending a group …
     The atomic radius increases as more electrons are added to next energy levels.(no. of
    shell, n increases)
     This causes the screening effect to increase
     Valence electrons are further away from the nucleus
     The force of attraction between the nucleus and valence electrons becomes weaker
     It is easier to remove an electron from each atom
     Therefore,less energy is needed to remove the first electron
     Therefore, ionization energy decreases

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