IQO052

ELIANA JARA MORANTE

Semestre 2022-1

1
Unit 1
• Conceptos básicos de los fluidos
• Ley de Newton para la viscosidad
• Mecanismo de transferencia de cantidad de movimiento
• Ley de Fourier de la conducción térmica
• Mecanismo de transferencia de energía
• Ley de Fick de la difusión
• Mecanismo de transporte de masa

2
 SEMANA 1

Junio, 06 de 2022
Outline

• Basic concepts in transport phenomena

• Newton’s law for viscosity

• Mechanism of Momentum transfer

4
Transport phenomena
• Transport phenomena

– Momentum transfer
Mass Heat
– Heat transfer
Transport
phenomena
– Mass transfer
Momentum

5
• Identify heat transfer, mass transfer and fluid flow phenomena in lab,
industrial and daily environment.
• Identify quantities and definitions used in transport phenomena.
• Use balances to solve problems.
• Apply the concepts of transport phenomena to a variety of real life
problems. Name of the presenter
• Make the correct assumptions to put real-life situations into
mathematical model.
• Solve and assess a model from a quantitative perspective.
• See the world through different eyes.

6
Ability to translate Masa
the formal Calor
knowledge

Cantidad de
movimiento
Transport
Phenomena is
everywhere
the real
life Mundo físico
7
 Transport phenomena
Melt flow
Heating Cooling
(melting) (solidification)

Fluid flow Heat flow Mass flow

Materials processing

Transport phenomena in: Metals Polymers Ceramics

Manufacturing - Traditional process

process
- Non traditional process
8
Definitions
• A function:
𝜑 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡

System in
• Steady-state: 𝜕𝜑 equilibrium
=0
𝜕𝑡 𝑥,𝑦,𝑧

• Uniform:
𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑
= = =0
𝜕𝑥 𝑦,𝑧,𝑡
𝜕𝑦 𝑥,𝑧,𝑡
𝜕𝑧 𝑥,𝑦,𝑡
9
 Definitions
• Vector: v= [x, y, z] • Flux
  
• Operator   x 
 1 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 =
𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑓 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦
(𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒)(𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎)
 
=
 x2  𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡
    f  𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 =
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
(𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡)
   x 
 x3   1
f 
• Gradient f =  • Flow
 x2 
 f 
 
 x3  flow of quantity
flow =
time
• Laplace 𝜕 2 𝜕 2 𝜕 2
𝛻2 = 2 + 2 + 2
𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥3 10
Definitions
• Level of application of the basic concepts:

Level Theory Experiments

Microscopic Equations of change Constitutive equations
Macroscopic Design equations Process correlations

11
Conservation law
Conservation quantities:
those that can be
transformed

Design Process
MACROSCOPIC
equations correlations 12
Conservation law

Concentration
Flux of X Temperature
Velocity
C = f (t , x, y, z )
T = f (t , x, y, z )
Δz

Δx v = f (t , x, y, z )
Δy

Equations of Constitutive
MICROSCOPIC
change equations 13
Newton’s law

• Momentum velocity transport

Fuerza

t=0 t>0

v x = f (t , y ) vx = f ( y)

14
Newton’s law
• Velocity and
shear stress
profile

15
 Viscosity
• It is a measure of the ability of the fluid to transfer momentum.
Therefore, the decrease in viscosity causes a steeper velocity
gradient

In general is a function of temperature

and concentration, and weak function of
pressure
16
 Viscosidad de sustancias
1.00E+20
Material Viscosidad [Pa-s]
1.00E+18
Aire 10-5
1.00E+16
Agua 10-3 1.00E+14
Aceite de oliva 10-1 1.00E+12

Glicerol 100 1.00E+10

Yogurt 102 1.00E+08

1.00E+06
Syrup de maíz 103
1.00E+04
Gel de gelatina 106
1.00E+02
Helado 108
1.00E+00
Queso Cheddar 1010 1.00E-02
Vidrio 1020 1.00E-04
Aire Agua Aceite de Glicerol Yogurt Syrup de Gel de Helado Queso Vidrio
oliva maíz gelatina Cheddar

17
 Procesos vs. Velocidad de deformación
Velocidad de 100000
Proceso Deformación 10000
[s-1] 1000
Raspado 10000 – 100000 100

Agitación y mezclado 10 – 1000 10

1
Bombeo/flujo en tuberías 1 – 1000
0.1
Revestimiento 10 – 100 0.01

Molienda 10 – 100 0.001

0.0001
Extrusión 1 – 100
0.00001
Vertido 1 – 10 0.000001
Drenado de superficies 0.1 – 10 0.0000001

Sedimentación 0.000001 – 0.001

18
Viscosity of gases and liquids
• Viscosity of gases can be approximated by molecular dynamics based on the
assumption that the primary source of shear stress is the microscopic transfer
of momentum by random molecular motion

2 𝑚𝜅𝑇
𝜂= 2 Viscosity increases with
3𝑑 𝜋3
temperature and Mw
Viscosity decreases with molecular
d: molecular diameter size
m: mass
K: the Boltzmann constant
Viscosity is independent of
T: temperature pressure
19
Viscosity of gases
• Consider the force of attraction and repulsion between molecules
• Equation based on Lennard-Jones potential that shows the behavior of
molecular interactions by exhibiting weak attraction at large separation
distances and strong repulsion at small separations.

−5
𝑀𝑤 𝑇 Chapman & Enskog for non
𝜂 = 2.67 × 10 polar gases and low pressures
𝜎 2 Ω𝜂

20
Problem 1
• Compute the viscosity of hydrogen at
1 atm and 1364 K. 𝑀𝑤 𝑇
𝜂 = 2.67 × 10−5
• Using the Lennard-Jones potential, 𝜎 2 Ω𝜂
Chapman and Enskog have
developed the following equation for
the viscosity of nonpolar gases at low
pressures.

21
22
…Problem 1 Collision
integral

23
Problem 2
• Estimate the viscosity of a gas
comprising 20% CO2, 50% CO and 30% 𝑛
𝑥𝑖 𝜂𝑖
He at 800K and 105 N/m2 𝜂=෍ 𝑛
(approximately 1 atm) given the σ𝑗=1 𝑥𝑗 Φ𝑖𝑗
𝑖=1
viscosities of the pure components:

Compound xi 105ηi
CO2 0.2 3.37
CO 0.5 3.43
He 0.3 3.82

24
Viscosity of liquids
• Liquid contains many holes or vacant areas, distributed
throughout the liquid, with average sizes
The variables used are:
𝜂𝑟 × 𝑉𝑟 2 = 𝑓(𝑇𝑟 ) δ = interatomic distance in the close-
packed crystal at 0 K, A,
ε = energy parameter characteristic of
𝜂𝛿 2 𝑁𝐴 1 specific metal,
𝜂𝑟 = 𝑉𝑟 = 3
𝑀𝑤𝑅𝑇 N0 = Avogadro's number,
𝑛𝛿 M = atomic weight,
R = gas constant,
𝜅𝐵 𝑇 T = absolute temperature, K,
𝑇𝑟 = K = Boltzmann's constant, and
𝜀 n = number of atoms per unit volume

25
Problem 3
• Estimate the viscosity of liquid The variables used are:
titanium at 2120 K. The following delta = interatomic distance in the close-
data are available: packed crystal at 0 K, A,
e = energy parameter characteristic of
• Tm= 1943 K (1670ºC) specific metal,
N0 = Avogadro's number,
• Mw= 47.9 M = atomic weight,
R = gas constant,
• Density= 4.5×103 kg/m3 and T = absolute temperature, K,
δ=0.289 nm K = Boltzmann's constant, and
n = number of atoms per unit volume

26
….Problem 3

Correlation curve for viscosities of liquid metals (Chapman)

 SEMANA 1

Junio, 08 de 2022