Analysis2 Final Exam 2022 PDF

Analysis 2-Final-Examination 2022
Total Marks : 40
Question 1. Let E be a vector space over C, I be an index set and {pα }α∈I be a
family of seminorms on E. Let τI be the topology on E induced by {pα }α∈I and for
any given α ∈ I, let τα be the topology on E induced by pα . Let πα : (E, τI ) → (E, τα )
be the map defined as πα (x) = x. Then we have
(i) For any α ∈ I, the map πα is continuous.
marks 2
(ii) Let H : (E, τI ) → (E, τI ) be a linear map. Then H is continuous if and only
if πα ◦ H : (E, τI ) → (E, τα ) is continuous for every α ∈ I.
Marks 3
Question 2. Let d ≥ 1 be an integer and N = {0, 1, . . .}. Let Sd denotes the

subspace of C ∞ (Rd ) consisting of Schwartz class functions. Recall that f ∈ C ∞ (Rd )
is a Schwartz class function if
α
2 m ∂ f

pm (f ) := max sup (1 + |z| ) α (z) < ∞ ∀m ≥ 0. (1)
α∈Nd z∈Rd ∂z
|α|≤m
Let τN denotes the topology on Sd induced by the family of norms {pm }m≥0 .
For any f ∈ L1 (Rd ), let
Z
1
fb(ξ) = f (z)e−iξ.z dz, (2)
(2π)d/2 Rd
where for any ξ, z ∈ Rd , we have ξ.z = ξ1 z1 + . . . + ξd zd .
(i) Show that for any real number p with 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, we have
Sd ⊂ L1 (Rd ) ∩ L∞ (Rd ) ⊂ Lp (Rd ). (3)
Marks 2
(ii) For any g ∈ C[z1 , . . . zd ] and f ∈ Sd , their product g.f ∈ Sd . Moreover for
any m ≥ 0, there exists cg,m,d > 0 depending only upon g, m and d such that
pm (g.f ) ≤ cg,m,d pm+deg(g) (f ) ∀f ∈ Sd . (4)
Marks 2
1
Qd αj
(iii) For any α ∈ Nd , let gα be the polynomial defined as gα (z) = j=1 zj . For
any f ∈ Sd , m ∈ N and 1 ≤ j ≤ d, show that
∂ α fb (−i)|α|−m (−1)m ∂ m (gα f )

Z
ξjm α (ξ) = (z)e−iξ.z dz. (5)
∂ξ (2π)d/2 Rd ∂zjm
Marks 2
(iv) For any m ≥ 0, there exists cm,d > 0 depending only upon m and d such that
pm (fb) ≤ cm,d p2m+d (f ) ∀f ∈ Sd . (6)

Pm
Hint: Use (ii), (iii) and the inequality (1+|ξ|2 )m ≤ (d+1)m−1 (1+ 2m
j=1 ξj ),
which is an immediate consequence of Hölder’s inequality.
Marks 2
(v) For any f ∈ Sd , show that fb ∈ Sd . Moreover the function H : (Sd , τN ) →

(Sd , τN ) defined as H(f ) = fb is continuous.
Hint: Using (iv) and Theorem 3.6 from the notes on topological vector spaces,
show that πm ◦ H : (Sd , τN ) → (Sd , τm ) is continuous for each m ≥ 0. Then
use Question 1, (ii) to complete the proof. Here τm is the topology on Sd
induced by pm .
Marks 3
(vi) For any g ∈ Lp (Rd ), with 1 ≤ p < ∞, show that the function Λ : (Sd , τN ) → C
defined as
Z
Λg (f ) = fb(z)g(z)dz (7)
Rd
is continuous.
Hint: Using Hölder’s inequality and Theorem 3.6 fromR the notes on topolog-
ical vector spaces, show that the function Λ̃g (f ) = Rd f (z)g(z)dz is continu-
ous. We have Λ = Λ̃g ◦ H and hence using (v), complete the proof.
Marks 4
Question 3. (i) Let X be a topological vector space and Y be a closed subspace

of X. Show that if X saisfies Heine-Borel property, then Y satisfies Heine-
Borel property.
Marks 2
2
(ii) Show that (C(R), {pn }n≥1 ), where
pn (f ) = sup |f (z)| ∀f ∈ C(R), n ≥ 1. (8)

z∈[−n,n]
does not satisfy Heine-Borel property.
Marks 3
Hint: Let Y = {f ∈ C(R) : supp(f ) ⊂ [−1, 1]}. Then show that (Y, {pn }n≥1 )
is an infinite dimensional Banach space and then use (i).
Question 4. Let K ⊂ C be a compact set, B be a Borel sigma algebra on K
and µ be a probability measure on K. Let H = L2 (K, B, µ) be a Hilbert space and
Mz : H → H be the operator defined as Mz (f ) = zf. Then prove the following:
(i) Mz is a normal operartor.
Marks: 1
(ii) Mz has a non-zero eigen vector if and only if for some λ ∈ K, we have
µ({λ}) > 0.
Marks 2
(iii) dim(H) = 1, if and only if for some λ ∈ K, we have µ({λ}) = 1.
Marks 3
(iv) If dim(H) 6= 1, then Mz has a non-trivial reducing subspace.
Marks 2
Question 5. Let H be a Hilbert space and A ∈ B(H) be a normal operator. Let
Ω ⊂ C∗ be an open connected set such that σ(A) ⊂ Ω. Suppose that for any f ∈
H(Ω) there exists a sequence of polynomials such that
pn → f, (9)
where the convergence is with respect to the topology of uniform convergence on
compact subsets of Ω. Then show that
(i) We have that Ω is conformally equivalent to the unit disk.
Hint: Using the assumption show that given any f ∈ H(Ω) with Zf = ∅,
there exists g ∈ H(Ω) such that eg = f. Then use Riemann mapping theorem.
Marks : 5
(ii) Show that there exists B ∈ B(H) such that eB = A.
Hint: Show that there exists g ∈ C(σ(A)) such that eg(z) = z ∀z ∈ σ(A) and
then use Gelfand-Naimark theorem.
Marks 2

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Analysis 2-Final-Examination 2022

(i) For any α ∈ I, the map πα is continuous.

Question 2. Let d ≥ 1 be an integer and N = {0, 1, . . .}. Let Sd denotes the

where for any ξ, z ∈ Rd , we have ξ.z = ξ1 z1 + . . . + ξd zd .

(i) Show that for any real number p with 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, we have

Sd ⊂ L1 (Rd ) ∩ L∞ (Rd ) ⊂ Lp (Rd ). (3)

pm (g.f ) ≤ cg,m,d pm+deg(g) (f ) ∀f ∈ Sd . (4)

∂ α fb (−i)|α|−m (−1)m ∂ m (gα f )

pm (fb) ≤ cm,d p2m+d (f ) ∀f ∈ Sd . (6)

(v) For any f ∈ Sd , show that fb ∈ Sd . Moreover the function H : (Sd , τN ) →

Question 3. (i) Let X be a topological vector space and Y be a closed subspace

pn (f ) = sup |f (z)| ∀f ∈ C(R), n ≥ 1. (8)

does not satisfy Heine-Borel property.

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