Pre-Req Lecture (Intro To Human Body and Biology) PDF

Introduction to
Human Body
and Biology
Introduction to Biology and cells
 "Biology“ is derived from two Greek words: Bios (which means life)
and Logos (which means study). Thus, biology is the science of life
and living organisms
 “Organisms“ can be unicellular (single cell) such as amoeba,
bacterium, certain fungus or multicellular (many cells) such as
parasites, plants, human
 All living organisms has certain characteristics: they grow and
develop, reproduce, process energy, response to stimuli and
regulate to maintain homeostasis
 Cells are considered as “building blocks“ of every living organism
Types of Cells
 Biologists classify cells into two groups:

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
 Prokaryotic cells are smaller in size and are

usually seen in unicellular organisms(Bacteria).
Whereas Eukaryotic (Animal or plant cell) cells
are much larger in size and are present in
multicellular organism
 Prokaryotic cells do not contain a "membrane-

bound nucleus" which means their nucleus is
floating in the cytoplasm and Eukaryotic cells
contain membrane-bound nucleus
Cellular components
 A membrane or wall (plasma membrane) delineates

the boundary between the cells and its external
environment. Composed of lipid and protein.
Regulates the trafficking of molecules to and from
cells
 Cytoplasm (thick solution that fills each cell) that
contains a variety of "organelles“ (more developed
organisms have more organelles)
 Ribosomes (makes protein)
 Endoplasmic Reticulum (associated with protein
or lipid making)
 Mitochondria (produces energy)
 Lysosome and Peroxisome (degrades and
digests)
 Nucleus is a distinct organelle in the cytoplasm
that contains the genetic material of a cell in
the form of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
Organelles Cells Tissues
Organisms Organ Systems Organs
Community/Population Ecosystem
Cell Division
CELL DIVISION IS THE THE PROCESS DIFFERS IN ONE IMPORTANT ASPECT

PROCESS BY WHICH CELLS PROKARYOTES (BINARY OF CELL DIVISION IS TO
REPLICATE TO PRODUCE FISSION) AND EUKARYOTES MAKE SURE THE GENETIC
TWO OR MORE SIMILAR (MITOSIS OR MEIOSIS) MATERIAL ARE EQUALLY
CELLS. NEW CELLS SERVE DISTRIBUTED (SO THAT
THE PURPOSE OF GROWTH EACH NEW CELL GET A
OR REPLACEMENT OF FULL “SET” OF DNA). THIS IS
DAMAGED OR OLD CELLS. MADE POSSIBLE BY A
PROCESS CALLED DNA
REPLICATION
Cell Division – Mitosis
Central Dogma
 The central dogma is a process through which

the flow of genetic information occurs, from DNA
to RNA, to make a functional product, a protein.
 DNA is “transcribed” to messenger RNA (mRNA)

that travels to ribosome and “translates” the
information into polypeptide chains
 Later the polypeptide chains are converted into

protein and they serve a wide range of functions
in out body (as enzymes, hormones, transporters,
antibodies and much more)
Human Body
and its systems
Human body contains 11 systems:
1. Circulatory system or
Cardiovascular system
2. Respiratory system
3. Digestive system or Alimentary
system
4. Endocrine system
5. Nervous system
6. Muscular system
7. Skeletal system
8. Renal system
9. Reproductive system
Consists of heart and blood vessels (artery, vein and capillary). Involved with maintaining
flow of blood to every part of our body
Respiratory system
Involved with exchange of Oxygen and

Carbon-di-oxide (produced by using
oxygen) with environment.
Consists of Nose, larynx, trachea,

bronchus, Lung and Diaphragm
Digestive
system
Involved in absorbing nutrients
from food and excreting the
waste products in the form of
stool/feces.
Contains mouth, pharynx,

esophagus, stomach, intestine
or gut or bowel (small and
large), rectum, anal canal and
anus.
Nervous system
Involved with processing of external stimuli

through the five senses and producing
appropriate response. Brain is also involved
in cognitive activities.
Consists of Brain, spinal cord and peripheral

nerves
Renal system
Involved with purification/filtering of blood

and excretion of waste materials via urine
Consists of Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder

and urethra
Endocrine system
Involved with production of hormones that

perform a variety of functions
Includes endocrine glands such as pineal

gland, pituitary gland, thyroid and
parathyroid gland, adrenal gland,
pancreas, ovary (in female) and testis (in
male)
Muscular system
Includes three types of muscles: skeletal,
cardiac, and smooth muscles
Performs different functions based on their

type
Skeletal system
Composed of bones (206 in adult) and

involved in providing structure, protection,
facilitating movement, production of blood
cells etc.
See you on
Thursday!!!

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Introduction to

 Biologists classify cells into two groups:

 Prokaryotic cells are smaller in size and are

 Prokaryotic cells do not contain a "membrane-

 A membrane or wall (plasma membrane) delineates

Organisms Organ Systems Organs

CELL DIVISION IS THE THE PROCESS DIFFERS IN ONE IMPORTANT ASPECT

 The central dogma is a process through which

 DNA is “transcribed” to messenger RNA (mRNA)

 Later the polypeptide chains are converted into

Involved with exchange of Oxygen and

Consists of Nose, larynx, trachea,

Contains mouth, pharynx,

Involved with processing of external stimuli

Consists of Brain, spinal cord and peripheral

Involved with purification/filtering of blood

Consists of Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder

Involved with production of hormones that

Includes endocrine glands such as pineal

Performs different functions based on their

Composed of bones (206 in adult) and

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