HEXA HELIX: STAKEHOLDER MODEL IN THE MANAGEMENT

OF FLOODPLAIN OF LAKE TEMPE

Abd. RACHIM ¹*
Prof. Dr. Yopie WARELLA ²
Dr. Retno Sunu ASTUTI ³
Dr. Suharyanto SUHARYANTO ⁴
¹ Diponegoro University, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Department of Public Administration, [email protected],
*Correspondent Author

² Diponegoro University, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Department of Public Administration,
³Diponegoro University, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Department of Public Administration,
⁴Diponegoro University, Faculty of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department,

Article history: Abstrac t

Accepted 01 March 2020
Available online 31 April 2020
The main problem in the management of the floodplain of Lake Tempe is the weak involvement of
affected communities in disaster management. The purpose of this research is to comprehensively
Keywords: analyze and map stakeholders in managing floodplain. The penta helix concept is used in stakeholder
Stakeholders mapping, mapping. This research applied mixed methods, qualitative and quantitative. Data collection was
Penta Helix, done through in-depth interviews with various parties who understand the problem of research and
Flood Disaster Management, direct observation "pre", "whilst", and "post" a disaster occured. Affected communities are found to
Lake Tempe. be an important part of the disaster management stage. Affected communities, who have been the
object of disaster, should be the subject of disaster management. The recommendation for the results
of this research is that the concept of five stakeholders in penta helix was not sufficient in disaster
management. Affected communities deserve to be placed as one of the stakeholders, in addition to
the government, business world, universities, NGOs, mass media. This six-stakeholder concept is
called "hexa helix".

1. Introduction
Indonesia is a disaster-prone country, because it faces disasters The Disaster Management Law regulates responsibilities based

either at any time or in a certain time. Disaster management must on values, institutions and the distribution of authority. Although

be handled in an integrated, holistic and comprehensive manner. the implementation of disaster management has been regulated

Overcoming the problem of disaster various parties have been by law and its implementing regulations, there are still many

involved, but the important role of the state cannot be ignored. issues that need to be reviewed, related to harmony to the role of

The Preamble to the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of stakeholders.

Indonesia mandates that the government must be the main party

in charge of disaster management. The implementation of the The research of stakeholders came from management and

mandate is that the government together with the House of business administration studies (Brugha and Varvasovszky,

Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia (DPR RI) in 2007 2000), this research developed and was applied in broader

established the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 24 of scientific studies, such as in political science, public policy,

2007 concerning Disaster Management as a legal basis for the development studies and environmental studies. The concept and

implementation of disaster management. understanding of stakeholders depend on the academic interests

20
or perceptions of the scientists who research them (Billgren and government, uses a tax base to fund knowledge institutions in
Holme, 2008). The researchers clarified their views in line with researching innovative technologies and products, especially the
their beliefs and positions about who can be seen as stakeholders technology and innovation of war armanents. The business sector
so that there is no bias in identifying stakeholders (Stoney and yields the results of research and innovation and finally the public
Winstanley. 2001). The opinion of Christopher Stoney and Diana sector, namely the government, gets results through tax
Winstanley regarding the definition and concept of stakeholders collection. Another theory of the triad partnership is known as the
is very dependent on the viewpoint of the researcher. "iron triangle" theory and the "Advocacy Coalition Framework"
theory (AFC). The iron triangle theory is based on the thought of
Freeman stated that stakeholders are a group of people or Ralph Pulitzer (1919), which explains that there are three very
individuals who influence each other and are influenced by the influential forces in the administration of government namely the
achievement of certain goals of the organization (Freeman, 1984). legislative, executive and interest groups (Reynolds, 2015). The
Biset believes that stakeholders are people with an interest or basic concept of this theory is actually based on the idea that the
attention to an issue (Azheri, 2012). Steve Rowlinson and Yan Ki bureaucracy always tries to build its power like any other
Fiona Cheung define stakeholders as each individual or group that organization. Whereas the most influential interest groups are
can influence the performance and achievement of organizational business and industry groups who lobby for the executive and
or project goals (Rowlinson and Cheung, 2008). Derek Walker, legislative branches. Quadruple helix is a stakeholder concept that
Arthur Shelley and Lynda Bourne define stakeholders are perfects the previous concept by incorporating the fourth
individuals or groups who have interests, rights or ownership in dimension, each of which has a very valuable contribution in an
the project, and can contribute, influenced by the project, both activity. The fourth dimension, namely "users" from the
work or project results (Walker et.al., 2008). perspective of the company (economy), seems to be treated as a
consumer rather than a partner for the creation of shared
Some of these definitions indicate that stakeholders are innovation. Several studies have shown that this fourth dimension
individuals or groups who have an interest in the problem or is interpreted as a stakeholder of a non-governmental
activity to be resolved. Stakeholders who will be examined in the organization that has a stake in solving a problem. Quadruple
management of floodplain of Lake Tempe are individuals or helix brings the actors closer and brings the conversation to the
groups/institutions involved and either directly or indirectly lowest level of stakeholders.
affected by the flood disaster.
The latest development of the stakeholder model is penta helix.
The penta helix stakeholder analysis model is a comprehensive Penta helix goes far beyond, technology and science enter the
stakeholder theory. The concept of penta helix defines dimensions of space involving previously existing models. The
stakeholders into 5 (five) groups, namely (1) government; (2) fifth stakeholder is the media. The media is considered capable of
business world; (3) universities; (4) non-government influencing and becoming a part that must be taken into account
organizations (NGOs); and (5) mass media (Mohr and Spekman, in stakeholder mapping. The penta helix concept is an ideal tool
1994). Collaboration of 5 (five) stakeholders is expected to for mapping the complexity of stakeholders, for example in the
synergistically interact with each other so as to realize a quality economic world the penta helix concept is able to provide a
policy and oriented to the public interest. The penta helix concept solution to the consumer market-based business innovation
was built and developed on two previous stakeholder models of model.
the triple helix theory and the quadra helix theory. Triple helix
theory consists of government (government), business (business) Figure 1. Triple Helix Stakeholder Concept, Quadra Helix and
and university (academician), while quadra helix stakeholders are Penta Helix
added by one stakeholder namely civil society or civil society
organizations (non-government organizations). The penta helix
stakeholders are perfected to 5 (five) by adding mass media.

The concept of the triple helix can be traced to its development

since the second world war. The second world war brought out
the concept of a comprehensive relationship between science Source: Processed by researchers from various 2019 sources
(academics), the industrial sector or trade (business world) and Several previous studies have shown that empirically the concept
the public sector (government). This trilogy relationship is very of penta helix is a comprehensive concept in stakeholder
clear and interdependent. The public sector, namely the mapping. Sturesson, Lindmark and Roos research concluded that

21
the penta helix model is very useful for solving multi-stakeholder Figure 3. Lake Paparan Tempe Flood Conditions in 2019, South
problems in which stakeholders represent various interests in one Sulawesi Province – Indonesia
location or one case (Sturesson et.al., 2009). Other researches
conducted by Muhyi, Chan, Sukoco, and Herawaty, show that the
concept of penta helix can help analyze and map "relationship
problems" between stakeholders (Muhyi et. al., 2017). Whereas
the research of Halibas, Sibayan, and Maata explained that the
involvement of penta helix stakeholders can show the
stakeholders who are able to encourage and make innovation
(Halibas et. Al., 2017).

The location of this stakeholder mapping research is located on

the Tempe lakeside in South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Data Source: Researcher Documentation in 2019
collection was carried out in Wajo Regency, in 4 (four) villages,
namely (1) Wiringpalennae; (2) Salomenraleng; (3) Laelo Urban; From the research of policies, empirical facts and stakeholder
and (4) Mattirotappareng. These four areas represent the character theory, the research question "why are the affected
of the areas of 51 villages along the Tempe lakeside which communities always considered as victims or objects in the
experienced floodplain. disaster management?"

Figure 2. Location Map of Lake Tempe, Wajo Regency, South 2. Research methods
Sulawesi Province, Indonesia The method used in this research is the mixed method. Qualitative
methods as the main method and quantitative methods as other
methods (secondary). The research began with a complete
mapping of the stakeholders involved based on the penta helix
theory. The second stage, the researchers collected existing
documents both official documents from the government and
other documents related to the management of floodplain of Lake
Tempe. The third stage, in-depth interviews with parties who
understand the flood management of floodplain of Lake Tempe.
The selection of informants was based on the criteria of
individuals who were directly involved in flood management
and/or are victims of flooding. At this stage observation was also
carried out by observing each stage of floodplain disaster
management. Observations were made to obtain in-depth and
comprehensive information about stakeholders.

After the stakeholder mapping was successfully carried out the

next step was to conduct a survey by distributing questionnaires
to flood affected communities. The questionnaire revealed
stakeholder perceptions of the management of floodplain of Lake
Source: Wajo Regency Regional Development Planning Agency
Tempe. The fifth stage, the answers to the questionnaire were
2019
tested using multiple linear statistical analysis (Multiple Linear
Regression). This analysis is used to determine the level of
Lake Tempe waters will overflow and flood the surrounding area
significance of stakeholder involvement (independent variables)
every year, better known as floodplain. The time span of
on flood disaster management (dependent variable). The results
floodplain is approximately 3 (three) to 5 (five) months. The lake
of the analysis indicate the significance of the level of influence
water surface elevation varies between 3 m above sea level during
of each stakeholder on flood management. The last stage of the
the dry season to 10 m above sea level during floods (Ramadhan,
research is concluding the research fndings.
Triyanti, & Koeshendrajana, 2017). The areas that were
inundated partly were residential areas on Tempe lakeside.
3. Discussion

22
3.1 Stakeholder Mapping disaster. Another stakeholder from the government element is the

The results of research applying the penta helix theory in Disaster Preparedness Team that is actively involved with other

stakeholder mapping for floodplain management can be volunteers to participate in disaster management (Perka-BNPB,

explained as follows: 2008).

3.1.1 Government 3.1.2. Business World

The government is a stakeholder that has the biggest role in the The business world gives attention as a form of social obligation

flood management. The government is the main role because it is to disaster casualties. Funding support as an embodiment of

supported by the ability of funding, regulation, number of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and (charity) from

personnel and adequate infrastructure to be involved in disaster entrepreneurs. CSR is provided in the form of logistics to disaster

management. affected communities. The business world cooperates with the

government in the distribution of aids, although sometimes it also

Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 24 of 2007 concerning distributes the aids directly to the community.

Disaster Management (UU-24, 2017), states that the disaster

management coordinator is the central government in this case The results of identification of the business world as a stakeholder

BNPB and/or BPBD for provincial/district/city governments). show that national scale companies up to local businessmen are

BNPB / BPBD as the coordinator communicates in preparing involved in charity activities around flooded areas. National scale

action plans that need to be taken especially in the case of an companies pay attention by channeling aid through CSR as a form

emergency including in preparing the command of all of corporate social responsibility with the environment in which

stakeholders in disaster management (Perka-BNPB, 2008). the company is located. Local entrepreneurs individually or

Specifically in the case of Lake Tempe flooding, the BPBD at the collectively channel aid in the form of charity.

district level coordinates and communicates with all stakeholders

involved without exception, so that disaster management can be 3.1.3 Universities
carried out quickly, effectively, efficiently and remains targeted. Universities conducted many studies on Lake Tempe. The
The government organizations involved include the parliament to research was conducted on the physical characteristics and life of
the organization of technical implementing devices including the the community around Lake Tempe, so that the general public can
military and police as well as the lowest elements of government understand Lake Tempe more comprehensively. The universities,
namely the village/village administration. The government has which is located in the vicinity of the flood area, also provided
strong financial support in disaster management through relevant assistance, both in the form of phisycal helps and basic needs for
agencies that have prepared budgets for activities in the disaster casualties.
happening of a disaster (PP-22, 2015). Provision of funding is
based on regulations on the use of funds. 3.1.4 NGOs
Non-governmental communities (NGOs) involved in handling
Regulatory support is used to mobilize available resources, the floodplain of Lake Tempe were identified from religious
including personnel and supporting facilities/equipment. The communities and other organizations that have a concern for
amount of personnel and equipment comes from military support, disasters. This communities became volunteers, and provided
police and social disaster organizations, including members of the assistance in the form of equipment and logistics. NGO
fire brigade and civil service police units (UU-34, 2004; UU-2, involvement in disaster management coordinates with the
2002; PP-16, 2018). This great support shows the government is government and other parties. The involvement of NGOs was
a very dominant stakeholder in flood disaster management. In quite large, especially the support of personnel or volunteers.
accordance with the mandate of government regulation has the Many volunteers were deployed to the location of the flood
obligation and responsibility to pay attention to disaster victims directly together with other stakeholders. This community in
in each cycle of disaster management in a planned manner. general have been equipped with skills related to disaster tasks so
that their existence is considered to be very helpful in managing
The military, police and Satpol PP, and Pusdalops (Centers for at every stage of the disaster.
controlling disaster management operations) are government
organizations that have a role in providing disaster data and
3.1.5 Mass Media
information support related to the flood disaster exposure to Lake
The mass media has a role in the dissemination of information on
Tempe [19]. The data and information support helps all
disasters that occured, both in the form of printed, electronic and
stakeholders involved can make policies according to the level of

23
internet media. Access and dissemination of information related (2) culture, religion, customs and language; (3) livelihoods; (4)
to disasters can open opportunities for disaster casualties to get social facilities and public services; (5) social norms; (6) legal and
attention and assistance. Internet media, especially social media, customary rules; (7) settlements and (8) have long lived [22].
is very instrumental in providing information quickly and
accurately to other stakeholders. The use of social media was the Statistical test results show that 6 (six) mapped stakeholders
most effective and efficient means. represent 94.8% of the stakeholders involved. F test results prove
that 6 (six) stakeholders who have been mapped jointly influence
3.1.6 Affected Communities: Object or Subject? the management of the flood disaster exposure to Lake Tempe.

In each stage of the disaster cycle it is always associated with very The results of the t test statistic indicate that the affected

complex stakeholders (Brilly and Polic, 2005). The penta helix communities as stakeholders have a high level of significance and

concept is a mapping of the involvement of external stakeholders. ranks second which influences the management of Lake Tempe

External stakeholders tend to view affected communities as flood exposure after the government (see the attachment of the

objects worthy of assistance. The results of the research through results of statistical analysis). The statistical test results show that

in-depth interviews, direct observation strengthened by statistical in the management of Lake Tempe flood exposure, affected

tests showed that stakeholders who have a very strong influence communities should not be placed in positions as objects but

on the disaster management of floodplain of Lake Tempe flood subjects that must be involved as stakeholders. This finding

disasters other than the government are the affected communities means that the use of the Penta Helix concept in stakeholder

themselves. mapping for the management of the tempe lake flood disaster
needs to be updated to six stakeholders namely the government,

Significance test to determine the effect of each stakeholder on the private sector, NGOs, universities, mass media and affected

disaster management was done by using multiple regression communities.

statistical analysis techniques. This analysis technique is called as

quantitative data quantification technique which is transformed Affected communities who belongs to the casualties of floods

from quantitative data. Quantification was likely to ranking have an independence in managing floods, so that if a

purposes (Tashakkori and Teddlie, 1998). "catastrophic" flood comes they are ready to deal with taking
various actions at each stage of the disaster. The community does

Statistical test results show that 6 (six) mapped stakeholders not fully view floods as mere disasters, but as an annual routine

represent 94.8% of the stakeholders involved. F test results prove that brings blessings to the economic life of the family. The

that 6 (six) stakeholders that have been mapped jointly influence income of the fishing community will increase when the flood

the management of the floodplain disaster of Lake Tempe. The arrives. Flooding makes Lake Tempe become more widespread.

results of the t test statistic indicate that the affected communities This condition means the area of fishing becomes wider. Flooding

as stakeholders have a high level of significance and ranks second also provides an opportunity for fish to develop properly because

which influences the management of floodplain of Lake Tempe dry land that has been flooded for several months can provide a

after the government (see the attachment of the results of large food source for fish.

statistical analysis). The statistical test results show that in the

management of floodplain of Lake Tempe, affected communities 4. Conclusion
should not be placed in positions as objects but subjects that must Stakeholders in the concept of the penta helix consist of the
be involved as stakeholders. This finding means that the use of government, business world, universities, NGOs and the mass
the Penta Helix concept in stakeholder mapping for the media play a role in every stage of disaster management of
management of the tempe lake flood disaster needs to be updated floodplain of Lake Tempe. The government is the main
to six stakeholders namely the government, the private sector, stakeholder in the management of floodplain of Lake Tempe.
NGOs, universities, mass media and affected communities.
It was found that there were other stakeholders who played an
The placement of affected communities as subjects in flood important role but were not mapped with the concept of penta
management is strengthened by the results of research showing helix stakeholder analysis, namely affected communities as
the ability of affected communities to adapt to floods that come disaster casualties. Disaster casualties are important parts of the
twice every year. The ability to adapt is a form of social capital. disaster management stage, because before other stakeholders are
Social capital can be identified as "social bonding capital", which involved disaster casualties have already taken action that needs
is a bond or close feeling between people who are in the same to be prepared in managing the disasters. Affected communities
situation. Forms of social capital Bonding include: (1) family ties; should be part of the solution to the problems caused by flooding.

24
Affected communities should not have seen as objects but should 4. R. E. Freeman, Strategic Management: A Stakeholder
be considered as subjects. Approach. Boston: Pitman Publishing Inc., 1984.
5. B. Azheri, Corporate Social Responsibility: Dari
From the results of qualitative and quantitative data analysis, it Voluntary Menjadi Mandatory. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers,
was concluded that stakeholder mapping with the concept of 2012.
penta helix has not been able to comprehensively describe the 6. S. Rowlinson dan Y. K. F. Cheung, “Stakeholder
stakeholders involved in the disaster management of the Management Through Empowerment: Modelling Project
floodplain of Lake Tempe. Researchers provide Success,” Constr. Manag. Econ., vol. 26, no. 6, hal. 611–
recommendations to improve the concept of Penta Helix to Hexa 623, 2008.
"Hexa Helix" by adding one stakeholder, the affected community. 7. A. D. Walker, A. Shelley, dan L. Bourne, “Influence,
The new concept of Hexa helix stakeholders consists of 6 (six) Stakeholder Mapping and Visualisation,” Constr. Manag.
actors, namely: (1) government; (2) business world; (3) Econ., vol. 26, no. 6, hal. 645–658, 2008.
universities; (4) NGOs; (5) mass media; and (6) affected 8. J. Mohr dan R. Spekman, “Characteristics of
communities (see figure 3). The placement of affected partnership success: Partnership Attributes,
communities as the sixth stakeholder because they have the Communication Behavior, and Conflict Resolution
ability to adapt to floods and have a role as the spearhead in flood Techniques,” Strateg. Manag. J., vol. 15, no. 2, hal. 135–
management. 152, 1994.
9. M. Reynolds, “(Breaking) The Iron Triangle of
Figure 4. New Hexa Helix Stakeholder Concept Evaluation,” IDS Bull., vol. 46, no. 1, hal. 71–86, 2015.
10. E. Sturesson, A. Lindmark, dan M. N. Roos,
Collaboration for Innovation - A Study in the Oresund
Region. Sweden: Lund University Libraries, 2009.
11. H. A. Muhyi, A. Chan, I. Sukoco, dan T. Herawaty,
“The Penta Helix Collaboration Model in Developing
Centers of Flagship Industry in Bandung City,” Rev. Integr.
Source: Research Results Bus. Econ. Res., vol. 6, no. 1, hal. 412, 2017.
12. A. S. Halibas, R. O. Sibayan, dan R. L. R. Maata, “The
The results of the statistical analysis (see t test in the appendix Penta Helix Model of Innovation in Oman: An HEI
table), if arranged based on the value of the t test, then the Perspective,” Interdiscip. J. Information, Knowledge,
sequence of stakeholders can be arranged as follows: Manag., vol. 12, hal. 159–172, 2017.
1. Government 13. UU-24, Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor
2. Affected Communities; 24 Tahun 2007 tentang Penanggulangan Bencana.
3. NGOs; Indonesia, 2007.
4. Business World; 14. Perka-BNPB, Peraturan Kepala BNPB Nomor 10
5. Mass Media; and Tahun 2008 tentang Pedoman Komando Tanggap Darurat.
6. Universities. Indonesia, 2008.
15. PP-22, Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia
Nomor 22 Tahun 2015 tentang Perubahan Atas Peraturan

References Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 60 Tahun 2014

tentang Dana Desa yang bersumber dari APBN. Indonesia,

1. R. Brugha dan Z. Varvasovszky, “Review Article 2015.

Stakeholder Analysis: A Review,” Health Policy Plan., vol. 16. UU-34, Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor

15, no. 3, hal. 239–246, 2000. 34 Tahun 2004 tentang Tentara Nasional Indonesia.

2. C. Billgren dan H. Holme, “Approaching Reality: Indonesia, 2004.

Comparing Stakeholder Analysis and Cultural Theory in 17. UU-2, Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 2

The Context of Natural Resource Management,” Land use Tahun 2002 tentang Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia.

policy, vol. 25, hal. 550–562, 2008. Indonesia, 2002.

3. C. Stoney dan D. Winstanley, “Stakeholding: 18. PP-16, Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia

Confusion or Utopia? Mapping The Conceptual Terrain,” J. Nomor 16 Tahun 2018 tentang Satuan Polisi Pamong Praja.

Manag. Stud., vol. 38, no. 5, hal. 603–626, 2001. Indonesia, 2018.

25
19. Perka-BNPB, Peraturan Kepala BNPB Nomor 15 Model R R Adjusted R Std. Error of
Tahun 2012 tentang Pedoman Pengendalian Operasi Square Square the Estimate
Penanggulangan Bencana (Pusdalops-PB). Indonesia, 2012.
20. M. Brilly dan M. Polic, “Public Perception of Flood
1 0.974 0.948 0.939 0.313
Risks, Flood Forecasting and Mitigation,” Nat. Hazards
Earth Syst. Sci., vol. 5, no. 3, hal. 345–355, 2005.
21. A. Tashakkori dan C. Teddlie, Mixed Methodology Source: Research Regression Analysis 2019
Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Research. USA:
SAGE Publications Ltd, 1998. Based on the table above it can be seen that the value of R2
22. R. S. Astuti dan A. Rachim, “Flood Exposure of Lake is 0.948, this means that of the 6 (six) mapped stakeholders
Tempe in South Sulawesi,” Adv. Soc. Sci. Educ. Humanit. who have represented the stakeholders involved at 94.8%.
Res., vol. 350, no. ICISPE 2018, hal. 70–74, 2019. While there are still other unmapped stakeholders of 5.2%
(100% - 94.8% = 5.2%). Mapped stakeholders are the most
dominant stakeholders in the management of floodplain of
APPENDIX of Statistical Analysis Lake Tempe.
The framework of the conceptual model of statistical
analysis testing the results of stakeholder mapping is as Figure 6. Percentage of Stakeholder Engagement with
follows: Management of Floodplain of Lake Tempe

Figure 5. Conceptual Model Analysis Framework

Source: Processed from Research Regression Analysis

Results

2. Simultaneous Significance Test (Test F)

The F test shows whether all independent variables (6

Source: Researcher Analysis Results stakeholders) included in the model have a joint
(simultaneous) effect on the dependent variable (disaster

The results of multiple regression tests were carried out with management). The results of the F test calculation, in the

the help of SPSS application version 25. The test results in following table:

this research will be explained in the form of: (1)

determination coefficient; (2) F test; and the last (3) t test.
Following are the results of each test:

1. Determination Coefficient
The determination coefficient is to measure how far the
ability of the model in explaining the variation of the
dependent variable. The following table is the coefficient of
determination generated in the research:

Table 1. Model Summary

Table 2. Simultaneous Significance Test Results (Statistical
Test F)

26
 Sum of Mean management of floodplane of Lake Tempe because of the
Model df F Sig.
Squares Square value (significance level> 0.05). While the government,
business world, NGOs, and affected communities have a
1 Regressio 100.74
59.170 6 9.862 0.000 significant influence in the management of Lake Tempe
n 1
flooding (significance level <0.05).
Residual
3.230 33 0.098

Total
62.400 39

Source: Research Regression Analysis 20193.

Based on ANOVA test or F statistical test, the calculated F

value is 100.741 with a probability level of 0.000. The
probability is smaller when compared to 0.05, then the
regression model can be said to be an independent variable
(6 stakeholders) simultaneously (simultaneously)
significantly influencing disaster management.

3. Partial Influences Significance Test (t Test)

The t test shows how far the influence of one independent
variable (6 stakeholders) individually (partial) in explaining
the dependent variable (disaster management).

Table 3. Partial Influences Significance Test (t Test)

Standardi
Unstandardized zed
Coefficients Coefficien
Model t Sig.
ts

Std.
B Error Beta

(Constant) 3.780 0.493 7.67 0.000

0

Government 0.255 0.030 0.555 8.37 0.000

7

Business 0.101 0.028 0.187 3.56 0.001

7

Universities 0.035 0.034 0.043 1.01 0.317

6

NGOs 0.125 0.034 0.203 3.62 0.001

7

Mass Media 0.078 0.049 0.065 1.60 0.117

8

Affected 0.128 0.025 0.243 5.04 0.000

Communities 3
Source: Research Regression Analysis 2019

T test results indicate the significance value of the mass

media and the university does not significantly influence the

27