WO Lecture 1

Lecture-1
Course Title:
Waves and Oscillations, Optics and Thermal Physics
Course Code: Phy 121 (EEE)
Credit Hours: 3:00 (Level-1, Term-1)

Total Lecture: 14; Lecture per week 01
Course Teacher: Dr. Mohammad Abu Sayem Karal

Designation: Professor
Department: Department of Physics, BUET
1
Lectures
Lecture-1: Differential equation of a simple harmonic oscillator,
Total energy and average energy,
Lecture-2: Combination of simple harmonic oscillations,
Lecture-3: Lissajous figures,
Lecture-4: Spring- mass system, Calculation of time period of
torsional pendulum,
Lecture-5: Damped oscillation, Determination of damping co-
efficient.
Lecture-6 : Forced oscillation, Resonance,
Lecture-7: Two-body oscillations, Reduced mass,
Lecture-8: Differential equation of a progressive wave, Power and
intensity of wave motion,
Lecture-9: Stationary wave, Group velocity and phase velocity,
Lecture-10: Architectural acoustics, Reverberation and Sabine's
formula.
Lecture-11: CT 2
Outcome:
▪ Learn the basic knowledge of waves and oscillation and the
relevant examples
▪ Understand the characteristics of different types of damping
motions and their relevant equations with examples
▪ Practical use in pendulum, Spring-mass system and for wave
motion.
▪ Able to solve the relevant problems.
▪ Waves and oscillations for building design and for future studies
and research.
Reference Book:
• Vibrations and Waves- A.P. French
• Fundamental of Physics- Resnic and Halliday
•Physics for Engineers (Part -1)- Gias Uddin Ahmad
3
Vibrations or Oscillations
▪ Vibrations or Oscillations of mechanical system

constitute one of the most important fields of study in
all physics. Virtually, every system possesses the
capability for vibrations, and most systems can vibrate
freely in a large variety of ways.
▪ Broadly speaking, the predominant natural vibrations

of small objects are likely to be slow. A mosquito wings,
for example, vibrate hundreds of times per second and
produce an audible note. The whole earth, are being
jolted by an earthquake, may continue to vibrate at the
rate of about one oscillation per hour.
4
Continue…….
▪ After all, our hearts beat, our lungs oscillate, we shiver
when we are cold, we can hear and speak because our
eardrums vibrate, we move by oscillating our legs. We
cannot even say “vibration” properly without the tip of
the tongue oscillating. Even the atoms of which we are
constituted vibrate.
Pure Sine Wave

A complex vibrations: human ECG
5
Periodic Motion
❑ Periodic motion is a motion that regularly returns to a
given position after a fixed time interval.
❑ A particular type of periodic motion is “simple harmonic
motion,” which arises when the force acting on an object is
proportional to the position of the object about some
equilibrium position.
❑The motion of an object

connected to a spring is a
good example.
6
Recall Hooke’s Law
Hooke’s Law states Fs = -kx

Fs is the restoring force.
It is always directed toward the equilibrium
position.
Therefore, it is always opposite the
displacement from equilibrium.
k is the force (spring) constant.
x is the displacement.
7
Differential Equation of Motion
Using F = ma for the spring of mass m, we have ma = −kx
But recall that acceleration is the second derivative of the
position: 2
d x
a= 2
dt
So this simple force equation is an example of a differential
equation,
d 2x d 2x k d 2x
m 2 = −kx or 2
= − x  2
+  2
x=0
dt dt m dt
 is the angular frequency. An object moves in simple

harmonic motion whenever its acceleration is proportional to
its position and has the opposite sign to the displacement
from equilibrium. Simple harmonic motion is a prominent
possibility in small vibration. 8
Average Kinetic Energy of a Vibrating Particle
The displacement of a vibrating particle is given below:
y = a sin(t +  )
dy
v= = a cos(t +  )
dt
If m is the mass of the vibrating particle, the kinetic energy
at any instant
1 2 1 2 2
K .E. = mv = ma  cos 2 (t +  )
2 2
The average kinetic energy of the particle in one complete
vibration
T
1 1 2 2
K .E.av =  ma  cos 2 (t +  )dt
T 02 9
ma 2 2 T
K .E.av =  (t +  )dt
2
2 cos
4T 0
ma 2 2 T
K .E.av =
4T  1 + cos 2(t +  )dt
0
ma 2 2  
T T
=   dt +  cos 2(t +  )dt 
4T  0 0 
T
But  cos 2(t +  )dt = 0
0
ma 2 2 ma 2 (2 n) 2
K .E.av = T +0 = =  ma n
2 2 2
4T 4
Therefore, the average kinetic energy of a vibrating particle
is directly proportional to the square of the amplitude. 10
Total Energy of a Vibrating Particle
The displacement of a vibrating particle is given below:
y
y = a sin(t +  )  sin(t +  ) =
a
a2 − y2
 cos(t +  ) =
a
If m is the mass of the vibrating particle, the kinetic energy
at any instant
1 2 1
K .E. = mv = m 2 (a 2 − y 2 )
2 2
Potential energy of the vibrating particle is the amount of
work done in overcoming the force through a distance y,
11
The potential energy of the vibrating object at any instant
y
1 Acceleration, a = − y 2
P.E. =  m ydy = m 2 y 2
2
0
2 Force, F = −m 2 y
The negative sign shows that the direction of the
acceleration and force are opposite to the direction of motion
of the vibrating particle.
Total energy of the particle at any instant of the displacement

y is: E = K.E.+P.E.
1
E = m 2 a 2 = 2 2 ma 2 n 2
2
Therefore, the total energy at any instant of the vibrating
particle is constant.
12

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Lecture-1

Course Code: Phy 121 (EEE)

Credit Hours: 3:00 (Level-1, Term-1)

Course Teacher: Dr. Mohammad Abu Sayem Karal

▪ Vibrations or Oscillations of mechanical system

▪ Broadly speaking, the predominant natural vibrations

Pure Sine Wave

❑The motion of an object

Hooke’s Law states Fs = -kx

 is the angular frequency. An object moves in simple

Total energy of the particle at any instant of the displacement

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