P1 Jan18 QP

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OXFORD AQA INTERNATIONAL AS


PHYSICS
Unit 1 Mechanics, materials and atoms

Tuesday 23 January 2018 06:00 GMT Time allowed: 2 hours


A
Materials
For this paper you must have: For Examiner’s Use
• a Data and Formulae Booklet as a loose insert Question Mark
• a ruler with millimetre measurements
1
• a scientific calculator, which you are expected to use where appropriate.
2
Instructions 3
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen.
4
• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page.
• Answer all questions. 5
• You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Do not write 6
outside the box around each page or on blank pages. 7
• All working must be shown.
• Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want 8
to be marked. 9
10
Information
11
• The marks for questions are shown in brackets.
• The maximum mark for this paper is 80. 12–25

TOTAL

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Section A box

Answer all questions in this section.

42
0 1 Complete the equation for the radioactive decay of 19 K.
[2 marks]

2
0 2 Figure 1 shows an object of weight W on a table.

Figure 1

A student wrongly suggests that W and the normal reaction at the table form an
action–reaction pair according to Newton’s third law.

0 2 . 1 State which force actually forms the action–reaction pair to W.


[1 mark]

0 2 . 2 Justify your answer.


[1 mark]

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0 3 A particle has a rest energy of 942 MeV box

0 3 . 1 State what is meant by the rest energy of a particle.


[2 marks]

0 3 . 2 Convert 942 MeV into joule.


[1 mark]

942 MeV = J

Turn over for the next question

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0 4 Figure 2 shows an aircraft that is descending. The horizontal and vertical box

components of velocity are constant. The thrust T and the weight W are shown. The
lengths of the arrows indicate the magnitudes of the forces. There is no resultant
moment on the aircraft.

Figure 2

Draw and label on Figure 2 arrows of suitable lengths to represent the lift L and the
drag D that act on the aircraft.
[3 marks]

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0 5 Figure 3 and Figure 4 are identical velocity–time graphs for an object oscillating box

about a fixed point.

0 5 . 1 Determine using Figure 3 the maximum acceleration of the oscillating object.


[3 marks]

Figure 3

maximum acceleration = m s–2

0 5 . 2 Determine using Figure 4 the maximum displacement of the object from the fixed
point.
[3 marks]

Figure 4

maximum displacement = m 6

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0 6 A tennis ball is served horizontally as shown in Figure 5. The bottom of the ball is box
2.75 m above the ground and a horizontal distance of 11.9 m from the net. The top of
the net is 1.07 m above the ground.
Assume air resistance is negligible in this question.

Figure 5

0 6 . 1 Show that the time taken for the bottom of the ball to fall to 1.07 m above the ground
is approximately 0.6 s
[2 marks]

0 6 . 2 Calculate the minimum initial horizontal velocity v that the ball must have to get over
the net.
[1 mark]

v= m s–1

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−1
0 6 . 3 Later in the game, the ball has a horizontal component of velocity of 42 m s and a box

downward vertical component of velocity of 26 m s−1

Determine the resultant velocity of the ball.


You may use a calculation or a scale drawing.
[4 marks]

magnitude of resultant velocity = m s–1


direction of resultant velocity = 7

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0 7 Promethium-147 ( 147
) −
Pm is a radioactive nuclide that emits β particles.
61
outside the
box

Figure 6 shows the variation with time of the activity of a 147


61 Pm
source.

Figure 6

0 7 . 1 Determine, using Figure 6, an accurate value for the half-life of 147


61 Pm .
[3 marks]

half-life = year

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0 7 . 2 Paper is made by passing it between two rollers as shown in Figure 7. box

Figure 7

147
61 Pm is often used in the process of controlling the thickness of the paper.

Describe how 147 61 Pm


is used in this process and the radioactive properties that make
147
61 Pm suitable for this purpose.
[4 marks]

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0 8 Figure 8 shows a section of a suspension bridge. The bridge deck is supported by a box

single cable attached to a vertical tower.

Figure 8

Figure 9 is an enlarged view of the cable and the top of the tower. The cable makes
an angle of 40° to the horizontal where it meets the tower.

The tension T in each section of the cable is 1.2 × 108 N


The weight of the cable is negligible.

Figure 9

0 8 . 1 Calculate the magnitude of the resultant force exerted on the tower by the cable.
[2 marks]

resultant force = N

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0 8 . 2 The mass of the tower is 7.1 × 10 kg box

Calculate the magnitude of the reaction R of the ground on the base of the tower.
[2 marks]

magnitude of R = N

0 8 . 3 The cable has a cross-sectional area of 1.8 m2 and an unstretched length


of 1300 m
The cable is made from steel with a Young modulus of 2.1 × 1011 Pa

Calculate the extension of the cable.


[3 marks]

extension = m

Question 8 continues on the next page

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0 8 . 4 The breaking stress of the steel cable is 4.7 × 10 Pa box

However, it begins to undergo large plastic deformation at much smaller stresses.

Explain what is meant by breaking stress and by plastic deformation.


[2 marks]

breaking stress

plastic deformation

0 8 . 5 Explain why the bridge is designed so that, normally, the stress in the cable is
significantly less than the breaking stress.
[1 mark]

10

Turn to page 14 for the next question

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0 9 A car of mass 1400 kg starts from rest and travels along a horizontal road for 90 m box

Figure 10 shows the variation with distance of the resultant force on the car.

Figure 10

0 9 . 1 Describe the motion of the car over the 90 m journey.


[1 mark]

0 9 . 2 Calculate the initial acceleration of the car.


[2 marks]

initial acceleration = m s–2

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0 9 . 3 Show that the useful work done accelerating the car over the 90 m journey is about box

2 × 105 J
[3 marks]

0 9 . 4 Calculate the speed of the car after it has travelled 90 m


[2 marks]

final speed = m s–2

0 9 . 5 Discuss how the resistive forces experienced by the car change over the 90 m
journey.
[2 marks]

10

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Section B box

Answer all questions in this section.

1 0 Time-lapse photography can be used to show the changing positions of an object at


regular time intervals. The different positions are displayed in a single photograph.

A ball is dropped from rest and its motion is analysed using time-lapse photography to
determine a value for the acceleration due to gravity, g.

Figure 11 shows a full-scale representation of a time-lapse photograph of the ball as


it falls. The position of the ball is shown from time t = 0 and then at 40 ms intervals.

1 0 . 1 Show, on Figure 11, the distance you would measure to give an accurate value for g.
Label this distance s.
[1 mark]

1 0 . 2 Justify your answer to question 10.1


[1 mark]

1 0 . 3 Measure distance s using a ruler with a mm scale.


[1 mark]

s=

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Figure 11 box

Question 10 continues on the next page

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1 0 . 4 Determine, using s =
1
g t2 and your value for s, a value for g. box
2
[1 mark]

g= m s–2

1 0 . 5 Estimate the percentage uncertainty in your measurement of s.


[1 mark]

percentage uncertainty in s = %

1 0 . 6 The percentage uncertainty in t is 0.8%

Use this and your values from question 10.4 and question 10.5 to calculate the
absolute uncertainty in your value for g.
[3 marks]

absolute uncertainty in g = ± m s–2

Turn to page 20 for the next question

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1 1 . 1 Define impulse. box

[1 mark]

1 1 . 2 A vehicle-safety engineer investigates airbags. A car has a dummy in the driver’s


seat and crashes into a wall so that the airbag inflates as shown in Figure 12. The
force F experienced by the dummy’s head is monitored.

Figure 12

Figure 13 is a graph showing the variation of F with time from when the head first
touches the airbag until it stops moving.

Figure 13

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Show that the impulse experienced by the head is approximately 75 N s box
[3 marks]

1 1 . 3 The dummy’s head has a mass of 4.8 kg

Calculate the initial velocity of the head.


[2 marks]

velocity = m s–1

−1
1 1 . 4 In other safety tests car A, without a crumple zone, hits the wall at 12 m s and
rebounds at 8 m s−1
Car B has a crumple zone. It also hits the wall at 12 m s−1 but does not rebound.

State two reasons why a dummy in car A would be likely to be more damaged than a
dummy in car B.
[2 marks]

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Section C box

Each of Questions 12 to 25 is followed by four responses, A, B, C and D.

For each question select the best response.

Only one answer per question is allowed.


For each answer completely fill in the circle alongside the appropriate answer.

CORRECT METHOD WRONG METHODS

If you want to change your answer you must cross out your original answer as shown.

If you wish to return to an answer previously crossed out, ring the answer you now wish to select as
shown.

You may do your working in the blank space around each question but this will not be marked.
Do not use additional sheets for this working.

1 2 Which list contains symbols for SI fundamental base units only?


[1 mark]

A A, kg, m, N, s

B A, K, m, mol, s

C C, kg, m, mol, rad

D J, K, kg, m, s

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1 3 The graph shows the variation with time of the displacement of a moving vehicle from a box

fixed point.

What are the velocity and displacement of the moving vehicle 20 s after it passes the fixed
point?
[1 mark]

−1
Velocity / m s Displacement / m

A 0.53 8

B 0.40 8

C 0.53 16

D 0.40 16

1 4 Which list contains the names of vector quantities only?


[1 mark]

A acceleration, force, momentum, power, weight

B acceleration, displacement, power, velocity, weight

C displacement, force, momentum, velocity, weight

D displacement, length, momentum, weight, work done

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1 5 The diagram shows a shelf, hinged at P and supported by a string. box

The tension T in the string is 25 N

What is the moment of T about P?


[1 mark]

A 1.34 × 25 tan 40

B 1.60 × 25 cos 40

C 1.34 × 25 sin 40

D 1.60 × 25 sin 40

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1 6 The solid objects below all have the same weight. Each object experiences a horizontal box

force on its top edge. None of the objects slide along the surface.

Which object requires the smallest force to cause it to move?

[1 mark]
A

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−2 −1
1 7 A moving train accelerates uniformly at 0.70 m s up to a speed of 55 m s box

The train travels 1875 m during this acceleration.

What are the average speed of the train and the time taken for the acceleration?
[1 mark]

Average speed of the


−1 Time taken / s
train / m s

A 37.5 50

B 37.5 107

C 48.2 19

D 48.2 138

1 8 Two spheres of equal mass, P and Q, are dropped and fall until reaching their terminal
speeds.
P has a larger diameter than Q.

Which line describes the magnitudes of Q’s initial acceleration and terminal speed
compared with those for P?
[1 mark]

Initial acceleration of Q Terminal speed of Q

A less than for P greater than for P

B less than for P same as for P

C same as for P same as for P

D same as for P greater than for P

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1 9 Two wires, P and Q, have the same original length. They are stretched so that they have box

the same extensions.

The tensile force in P is F and the tensile force in Q is 2F.


P has a diameter d and Q has a diameter 2d.
P is made from a material of Young modulus E.

What is the Young modulus of the material from which Q is made?


[1 mark]

E
A
4
E
B
2
C E

D 2E

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2 0 P, Q and R are the paths of alpha particles in Rutherford’s alpha-scattering experiment. box

All of the alpha particles have the same initial energy and the paths are drawn to the same
scale.

Which row identifies the order of the paths starting with the smallest distance of closest
approach and ending with the greatest distance of closest approach to the target nucleus?
[1 mark]

A P, Q, R

B Q, R, P

C Q, P, R

D R, P, Q

2 1 What is the specific charge of an alpha particle relative to the specific charge of a proton?
[1 mark]

1
A
4
1
B
2

C 2

D 4

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2 2 207
Pb can be formed from a series of decays beginning with 211
Pb. Only alpha particles and box

beta particles are emitted in the series.

How many alpha and beta particles are emitted in the series?
[1 mark]

A 1 alpha particle and 1 beta particle

B 1 alpha particle and 2 beta particles

C 2 alpha particles and 1 beta particle

D 2 alpha particles and 2 beta particles

2 3 A detector is placed 50 cm from a gamma source that has a half-life of 40 s


The corrected count rate is found to be 1400 count s−1

What will be the corrected count rate 4.0 minutes later when the detector is 2.0 m from the
gamma source?
[1 mark]

−1
A 1.37 count s

B 2.73 count s−1

C 5.47 count s−1

D 10.9 count s−1

2 4 What are the products of the radioactive decay of a free neutron?


[1 mark]

A an antineutron and two gamma rays

B a proton, an antiproton and an antineutrino

C a proton, an electron and an antineutrino

D a proton, a positron and a neutrino

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2 5 Which statement about hazards from radioactive sources is not correct? box

[1 mark]

A Exposure times should be minimised by keeping sources in lead boxes


when not being used.

B A person cannot be contaminated from a sealed source of beta


radiation if they are more than 1 m from the source.

C Radioactive sources are kept in lead boxes because alpha, beta and
gamma radiation cannot penetrate lead.

D Radioactive sources should always be handled with tongs to prevent


direct contamination of the skin.

END OF QUESTIONS

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Oxford International AQA Examinations will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements. If you have any queries please contact the Copyright
Team, AQA, Stag Hill House, Guildford, GU2 7XJ.

Copyright © 2018 Oxford International AQA Examinations and its licensors. All rights reserved.

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