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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI
MARA
PULAU PINANG
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Student’s name : ANIS SYAMIMI BT AZMAN
UiTM ID : 2020963117
Supervisor : DR. INTAN RAHAYU BT IBRAHIM
Project title ID : PO1
IMPLEMENTATION OF BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE
Project title :
SYSTEM(BESS) FOR LOAD SHEDDING MANAGEMENT

ABSTRACT

Battery energy storage systems (BESS) are projected to become increasingly prevalent in

power systems in the not-too-distant future as a result of technological advancements in the field of
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batteries. Within the scope of this study, the use of BESS in conjunction with load shedding for

large power system disruptions is investigated. Load shedding is one of the most conventional

approaches of coping with large interruptions, and the use of BESS will result in an improvement in

the performance of frequency regulation. The system of energy storage is a method that enhances

energy efficiency by storing energy during periods of excess and releasing it during periods of

shortfall. The ability to store energy is essential to the functioning of the power grid. The power

system's adaptability, economic efficiency, and physical safety all be jeopardized if the storage

system is not controlled in the most efficient manner possible. Photovoltaic, or PV, materials and

systems need an efficient energy storage system in order to convert solar energy into electrical

energy. The technology behind batteries has progressed from lead-acid to lithium-ion to the more

contemporary lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) battery, which is safer and has a number of

benefits in addition to its many positive attributes. LiFePO4 batteries will be used to accomplish the

project's objective of designing and implementing a battery energy storage system (BESS) for the

purpose of managing PV energy system load shedding. By creating and putting into action the

BESS for load shedding control, consumers would be able to prevent power interruptions in

necessary loads, which will be a huge benefit. When consumers are no longer have to pay additional

fees for their power use, it will be possible to assess how successful BESS has been in meeting the

highest standards for load shedding management. The primary focus of this research will be on

doing a circuit simulation and conducting a literature study on photovoltaic (PV) systems and

components. After that, the simulation of the circuit was designed, and analysis was performed on

it. The anticipated results have been successfully shown on a portion of the charging technique,

while the discharging method is still in the process of being carried out. The outcome of the

charging technique is shown as voltage, current, and percentage of charge (SOC) in the output. In

the subsequent phase of the project, known as FYP2, the development of software for performance

analysis and control will be the primary emphasis.

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The application of battery energy storage systems (BESS), which have a significant impact

on the commercial, utility, and off-grid market sectors respectively. The problem here is that solar

photovoltaic (PV) systems are so expensive that the utility company was forced to charge customers

according to the highest demand that occurred during the billing cycle. This resulted in an increase

in the amount of energy that was consumed by the grid as well as the costs associated with

maintaining it. Because of this condition, incorporating BESS into the grid system has the potential

to considerably cut down on the cost of power by reducing the peak demand. The primary objective

of this study is to develop and implement a solar photovoltaic system that is capable of powering a

battery energy storage system (BESS). In addition, it is important to assess the effectiveness of the

Battery Energy Storage Supply (BESS) when it is utilized to compensate for large disturbances in

the power system. The technique that will be employed in this project will make advantage of the

load profile monitoring that is available in Simulink simulation. The Battery Management System is

the most important component of the BESS and is responsible for controlling all aspects of the

system, including charging and discharging (BMS). Consequently, the BMS will undergo both

design and construction. As a result, this has the potential to achieve the objective of the project

research.

Keywords: Energy storage, Photovoltaic, LiFePO4, Battery, Battery Management System

INTRODUCTION

Due to the high demand for energy from users in this era, as well as the need to use our

resources effectively, there is a need to introduce storages technology. This topic is currently being

researched by a number of organizations, and we can see that a large number of technologies are

currently available on the market. These technologies are helping producers and users to deal with

issues of this nature. Electronic gadgets of today are more mobile and less harmful to the

environment than those of the past. There is a wide range of products that are now available on the

market as a result of new technologies of storage and high efficiency. Examples of these products
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include portable devices in all fields, and hybrid cars, which are now on the market as a direct result

of advancements in battery storage systems. In times gone by, batteries were often rather huge and

had a relatively low capacity for storage; but, thanks to advancements in technology, we now have

access to smaller batteries that have much increased capacities.

Any electronic system that manages a rechargeable battery (cell or battery pack), such as by

protecting the battery from operating outside its Safe Operating Area, monitoring the battery's state,

calculating secondary data, reporting that data, controlling the battery's environment, authenticating

it, and/or balancing it, is referred to as a battery management system (BMS). Simulink and

MATLAB only provide us a limited set of tools to work with when it comes to testing or application

development. When it comes to the design of battery-powered systems, battery models have

evolved into an essential component of the toolkit. Their applications include the characterisation of

the battery, the estimate of the state-of-charge (SOC) and the state-of-health (SOH), the creation of

algorithms, the optimization of system levels, and real-time simulations for the design of battery

management systems.

PROJECT BACKGROUND

In situations in which there are several sources of power, it is necessary to implement load

shedding in order to guarantee that the demand for energy is dispersed in an appropriate manner. In

some circumstances, the demand for electricity from the main power source could be higher than its

capacity; hence, load shedding is undertaken to guarantee that the primary energy source is

subjected to the least amount of pressure possible. The majority of buildings get their power from

specialized utility firms. On the other hand, the majority of these facilities need to maintain

continuous operation; hence, there is a need to control and schedule the load shed that may be

applied for these facilities. The load shedding may be done willingly or it can be forced by need.

During these shedding situations, the facilities utilise their secondary sources of power to sustain

operation [1]. The load shedding can be done deliberately or it can be forced by necessity. Some
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examples of different types of energy sources are diesel generators, solar electricity, and wind-based

power.

Building owners and managers may be eligible for cash incentives via the load management

programs provided by several utilities. These programs encourage customers to voluntarily lower

their load during times of high demand. Programs for load management are an excellent answer for

energy-intensive building activities, such as those found in a data center, which include backup

power sources and superior control over the distribution of electricity. The operator of the building

is dependent on power distribution units, which manage the flow of energy to sensitive equipment,

and uninterruptible power supply systems, which protect against breakdown in the system. Load

control solutions might be beneficial to residential structures, residential companies of a small to

medium size, and commercial firms with backup power generating [2].

When there is a temporary reduction or stoppage in the distribution of energy throughout the

service area, customers of electric utilities may be subjected to involuntary load shedding, which is

also widely referred to as a rolling blackout. In order to strike a healthy balance between supply and

demand, the energy supplier reduces the voltage distribution at periods of high use. This results in

brownouts, which are another kind of accidental load shedding.

As battery technology continues to advance, it is likely that there will be an increased need for

battery energy storage systems (BESS) in the not too distant future. Regulating main frequencies

has previously been accomplished with the help of BESS [3]. Within the scope of this research, the

integration of BESS with load shedding for large-scale power system disruptions is investigated.

Load shedding is one of the standard ways for dealing with significant disruptions, and the use of

BESS will result in improved frequency management performance. The most current indications

indicate that the BESS, which is used on the high power side, will be put into action in the not too

distant future.
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The anticipated broad deployment of BESS will result in a reduction of the strain that is placed

on utility providers during times of high peak power demand. This strain is caused by periods of

high power consumption. In addition to this, BESS could be able to help reduce the voltage

imbalance in the network [4]. The ability of battery energy storage systems, also known as BESS, to

store energy and fulfill a number of tasks in order to fulfill the needs of different power systems has

contributed to the rise in their level of popularity. In order to bring down the peak demand for

power, this research will focus on the planning and execution of the BESS system that will be

installed in the commercial building. The reference study will serve as the foundation for this

proposal, which will provide more information about the project's purpose and idea. The

explanation of the issue, the purpose of the project, the relevance of the project, and the literature

study are all included in the component of overview.

PROBLEM STATEMENT

There is an issue that most often affects power consumers, and it manifests itself in the form of

a rise in the price of their energy bill, which they are sometimes required to pay [5]. The battery

system is an important source of energy that may be used at any time of the day or night. The

battery energy storage system (BESS) is powered by a photovoltaic solar system, which makes use

of solar panels to generate electricity throughout the day. The solar system's renewable energy is a

very excellent source of free power; yet, it is subject to some limits owing to environmental

conditions such as rain and clouds [6]. As a consequence of this, the solar system may have a tough

time continuing to provide electricity to the system that stores energy in batteries. A consistent, high

voltage is required by the battery system while the battery is in operation. This is necessary to

prevent the battery from being excessively discharged and to maintain its charge. In order to

effectively manage the battery, a battery management system (BMS) is necessary. This system

monitors and manages the charging and discharging operations of the LifePO4 battery depending on

the load that is being applied to the battery energy storage system.
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The subsequent step will be the process of dividing the demand for energy among the many

different sources of power. When there is a greater demand for power than the primary energy

source can provide, load shedding is used as a strategy to relieve some of the pressure that is being

placed on it. When the safety of the whole power system is in jeopardy, power companies will cut

off the electrical supply to certain of its customers in order to reduce the amount of electricity that

they use. The process at issue here is known as load shedding. This might be done to protect the

transmission and distribution networks from being overloaded, or it could be done because there is a

possibility that there is not enough power available. During times of instability, energy storage may

function as a backup power source by using a PV system. Because of its high efficiencies, long

cycle life, and charge regulation that is designed expressly for extended periods of charging,

LiFePO4 is the best battery to use in a photovoltaic (PV) system. In addition to this, solar

photovoltaic (PV) applications commonly make use of it. The same fundamental idea that underlies

the provision of backup power for a single device may also be used to the provision of backup

power for a whole building or even the grid itself. Because of the storage, the system has the

capability of being adaptable, which guarantees that customers will always have access to power

regardless of where they are or when they use it. This flexibility is required for both dependability

and resilience to function well. The cost of outages continues to rise, which means that the benefit

of enhanced resilience and dependability also continues to grow.

AIM

To measure the viability a PV-BESS hybrid system on the management of load-shedding

OBJECTIVE
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1. To analyse the techno-economic impacts of a mixed integer linear programming (MILP)-

based scheduling for a BESS deployed within a PV-based residence

2. To evaluate the effectiveness of a machine learning-based forecast algorithm that gives a 24-

hour-ahead projection for PV generation and micro grid loads, via weather forecast and

historical dataset.

3. To measure how a decision tree algorithm working with PV generation and real load

measurements, and intra-hourly adjusts BESS scheduling real time

SCOPE OF WORK

In this work, we will investigate the use of BESS for the management of load shedding while

focusing on its characteristics and advantages. The primary objective of the project is to evaluate

the practicability of a battery energy storage system equipped with efficient battery controllers that

have the capability of shifting load from periods of high demand to times of low demand. When

there is a higher demand for electricity than a main energy source can provide, the practice of load

shedding management is used in order to limit the burden that is placed on that source. In addition,

the BESS's efficiency in meeting the most stringent requirements is investigated within the scope of

this research study. As a result, the primary focus of this project will be on the development of an

algorithm for the control of the power demand from consumers. The battery energy supply will be

switched and managed by a Battery Management System (BMS), which will be in charge of

controlling the system. The battery charging controller would take control of the battery system in

order to maintain a consistent charging mechanism while also minimizing disturbances to the

charging process. This would be accomplished via the use of the battery charging controller. The

maximum level of the simulation will develop a battery management system (BMS) with a state

flow that will govern the switching of the battery supply.

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MATLAB SIMULINK

Matrix Laboratory is the correct name for the popular computer program known as MATLAB.

The software that is used to analyze data, generate algorithms, and build models comes from The

MathWorks, which is a platform for programming and numerical computing. This software is used

to build models, construct algorithms, and analyze data. One of the additional programs that were

made available under the initiative was called Simulink. The construction of simulated circuits,

automated code generation based on circuit design, and continuous testing of embedded systems are

all supported by the Simulink environment, which is a model-based design block diagram. This

program offers a wide variety of block component kinds as well as individual component types, all

of which may be used for a variety of simulation project applications. However, since some of the

variables are not correct and some of the systems are not stable, the outcome in Simulink could not

be exactly the same as the final output. In addition to that, there is the possibility of a variety of

project failures that will hinder production in real time.

SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

Energy management is essential since it may provide assistance for both society and the

government. The BMS will contribute to the government's ability to realize cost reductions over the

long term, as well as increases in economic efficiency and reductions in waste. In addition to this, it

allows the authorities to exercise continuous control, which makes maintenance much easier. At the

same time, take steps to reduce pollution in order to provide a secure environment for the people.

The advantages of using innovative technology that are also safe will be emphasized throughout this

research.

LITERATURE REVIEW

OVERVIEW

The battery energy storage and power consumption of a number of different research

projects served as the basis for this evaluation of the relevant literature. Within the scope of this
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article, concepts and applications of the Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) are discussed in

relation to the use of BESS for load shedding management. The coverage of different kinds of

photovoltaic (PV) systems in this research covered both off-grid and on-grid PV systems, as well as

hybrid systems. The photovoltaic panel, the charge controller, the battery, and the inverter are the

components that are used. The certification and testing of a large variety of components that are

required is included in the PV Balance of System (BOS) process.

PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM

The photovoltaic (PV) effect, which transforms solar energy into electricity, has seen rapid

growth over the last several decades as a method of shifting away from economies that are reliant

on fossil fuels and toward those that are based on renewable energy [7]. The direct transformation

of light into energy is the basis of photovoltaics, which operates at the subatomic level. Some

substances have a property known as the photoelectric effect, which causes them to liberate

electrons when they take in photons of light and absorb them. When these free electrons are

gathered together, an electric current is generated, which may then be put to use in the generation of

electricity [8]. The advancements in photovoltaic (PV) technology and economies of scale, in

particular, have made it possible for the cost of energy generated using solar cells to be lowered to

the same level as the cost of energy produced by traditional fossil fuels. As a consequence of this,

photovoltaics (PV) will be an essential component in the fight against some of the most serious

problems in the world, such as climate change, environmental concerns, and air pollution [7].

GRID CONNECTED PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM

Solar energy may be converted into alternating current (AC) electricity using a utility-

interactive photovoltaic (PV) system, which is also referred to as a grid-connected solar

photovoltaic (PV) system. Photovoltaic energy, also known as direct current (DC) energy, is

generated whenever solar radiation is allowed to come into contact with solar panels. Using a DC-
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DC converter, the whole amount of photovoltaic DC voltage that is produced by the solar panels is

converted to a higher level of DC voltage [9]. A solar PV system that is linked to the grid does not

even need a DC-DC converter, despite the fact that such a converter may regulate photovoltaic

system fluctuations and adjust DC voltage [9]. The inverter of a photovoltaic (PV) system converts

the direct current (DC) voltage that is either the output voltage of a DC-DC converter or the direct

current (DC) voltage that is coming from the solar panels into alternating current (AC). The solar

energy is converted into alternating current (AC) electricity by the inverter at a frequency that is

compatible with the utility grid. The AC voltage that is produced by the inverter is then added to the

grid. The inverter's output of alternating current (AC) is compatible with the grid in terms of voltage

and power quality [8].

A metering system is generally installed alongside a solar photovoltaic system when it is first

put into operation. When the electricity generated by the PV system is sufficient to meet the whole

demand in a residence, the power supplied by the utility grid is not required. When there is a

shortage of electricity generated by photovoltaic cells, the remaining power is drawn from the grid.

When there is a surplus of solar photovoltaic power generation, that power is added to the grid.

Only when the grid is active does the solar photovoltaic system generate any usable power [10]. In a

photovoltaic (PV) system that is connected to the utility grid, the solar panels or array are connected

to the grid via a power converter unit, which allows them to operate in parallel with the electrical

utility grid [11]. When photovoltaic (PV) energy is added to the grid, a variety of criteria and

particular conditions are taken into consideration in order to govern the flow of electricity within

the electrical system in the most effective manner. There is no way around the fact that PV modules

have an effect on electricity networks. Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems that are linked to the grid

might potentially disrupt the flow control and grid stability.

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Grid-connected solar systems consist of photovoltaic (PV) arrays that are linked to the grid by

means of a power conditioning unit. These systems are designed to operate in parallel with the

electrical utility grid [12]. The maximum power point tracker (MPPT), the inverter, the grid

interface, and the control system—all of which are necessary for the efficient functioning of the

system [7, 8]—may all be integrated in the power conditioning unit. The following are the two

primary sorts of electrical designs that are used in PV power systems. Both the utility power grid-

interacting systems that do not have a battery backup and the utility power grid-interacting systems

that do have a battery backup are going to be compared here. In the latter kind of arrangement, an

energy storage device such as a battery is employed to ensure that the "critical load" circuit

continues to function normally in the event that the utility fails to provide power. When there is a

disruption in the supply of electricity, the device disconnects itself from the utility and begins to

power just a portion of the load's circuits. If the blackout occurs during the day, the photovoltaic

array may be able to assist in providing the load with electricity.

Both of these systems rely heavily on the DC-AC inverter, which is also often referred to as the

power conditioning unit (PCU). The inverter, which is perhaps the most intricate piece of gear, is

absolutely necessary for the successful functioning of the system. The inverter needs to be able to

function over a wide range of voltages and currents, have regulated output voltage and frequency,

deliver AC power with good power quality, including low total harmonic distortion and high power

factor, and operate as efficiently as possible under all conditions of solar irradiance [15]. In addition

to these requirements, the inverter needs to be able to function over a broad range of voltages and

currents. A solar photovoltaic system is included into the grid. The term "grid" is often used to refer

to the standard energy infrastructure. This is by far the most prevalent approach of obtaining solar

energy. Because of its characteristics, it is the cheapest of the three possible approaches of installing

solar panels. If you rely on the grid for your energy needs, you won't have to worry about the

unknowns and challenges that come with installing solar panels on your own. There is no need to
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worry about your system not generating enough energy, which is very essential since solar power is

extremely reliant on the weather and the quantity of sunlight (and it cannot be generated during the

night) [16]. When the system generates more power than it needs to provide to the grid, it will earn

credits for the periods that we utilize electricity from the grid. These credits will be applied to our

account. If the electrical loads in your house needed 20 amps of electricity but your solar panel

system was only generating 12 amps, for instance, you would be forced to take 8 amps from the

grid in order to meet the electrical load requirements. Because a grid connect system does not let

you to store the energy that you create during the day, it should go without saying that the grid

fulfills all of your electrical requirements during the night [17].

MACHINE LEARNING FOR BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM

The use of algorithmic techniques is often required by BESS in order to provide accurate

modeling and the optimal control of the operating modes. It is often difficult to precisely quantify

the accumulator's state of charge as well as its overall health level [2, 3, 4, 5], despite the fact that

there are various similar circuit models presented in the published research [18]. Switching devices

[23] and magnetic components [7, 8] have to be employed throughout the whole of the process of

energy conversion in order to account for the fact that the system as a whole is highly nonlinear and

prone to losses. This is a reality that must be taken into consideration. It is essential to take into

account a diverse range of management success indicators, including the lowest possible level of

battery degeneration, the highest possible level of power flow, and the most attainable level of

financial gain. In this particular scenario, the use of machine learning is very necessary, and a wide

number of strategies may be utilized to successfully regulate the behavior of the system. The

authors of the article [26] give a comparison of various different strategies for the optimum

scheduling of the real-time BESS operations. These strategies are commonly integrated with a

higher level grid optimization [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14]. (algorithms such as neural networks, support

vector machines, logistic regression, and random forest) A consciousness of various electrical,
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environmental, and economic variables is the foundation upon which management systems are

constructed. Since our knowledge of these parameters is often confined to historical values, ML-

based forecasting techniques are widely reported in the literature. ML stands for machine learning.

According to the authors of [32], an intelligent management system for energy storage and flexible

loads need to include a proactive forecast of a city's energy demands. [32] Both recurrent long-

short-term memory (LSTM) networks and long-short-term memory (LSTM) networks have shown

promising results in predicting outcomes when deep learning is used [33], [34], and [35].

Convolutional neural networks are another tool that may be used for load forecasting [36], [37].

These networks make use of the several timelines of the attributes that are contained in the temporal

profile of the phenomena. Because fluctuations in power quality have the potential to conceal the

ability to anticipate load at times, particular classification algorithms are often applied [38]. Deep

convolutional networks, due to the complexity of the forecasting problem, typically benefit from an

automated formulation of the hyperparameters using metaheuristic or evolutionary optimization

methods [22, 23], or networks trained using derivative-free optimization approaches [41]. This is

because of the fact that deep convolutional networks are capable of processing large amounts of

data. Forecasting the price of energy may be useful for predicting future trends and making the most

of the economic benefits a BESS can provide [25, 26, 27]. The quantity of the dataset and the

quality of the data inside it are two of the most important factors to consider when attempting to

produce relevant findings and validate an approach's capacity to generalize to use-case studies. It

could be challenging to track down comprehensive statistics on BESS and renewable energy

communities. It is possible to use generative machine learning methods [28, 29, 30] in order to

simulate an arbitrarily large REC with a variable number of prosumers and electric car utilities [45],

the widespread deployment of which is anticipated to take place in the next years [46].
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RENEWABLE ENERGY COMMUNITIES MANAGEMENT USING MILP TECHNIQUES

The term "renewable energy communities" (RECs) [50] refers to a novel and complex

phenomena that includes one or more activities associated to the generation, supply, distribution,

sharing, and use of renewable energy. These communities may be found all over the world.

Technically speaking, REC can be thought of as real-world or imagined microgrids that are

connected to the main grid and include controlled and unpredictable loads, renewable energy

sources, and possibly energy storage devices such as battery energy storage systems (BESS) [51],

[52]. [51] REC can also be thought of as "renewable energy communities." It is essential to have an

efficient power and energy management system in order to make the most of REC assets, which is

why research into these topics is ongoing and extensive. Because the underlying economic

functions are typically expressed as linear functions of the decision variables, linear programming is

commonly used for offline and online scheduling and optimization of the operation of microgrid

assets [53]. This is because linear programming is easier to use than other scheduling and

optimization methods. Malysz et al. [54] developed an optimum control approach for the operation

of a BESS in a grid-connected electrical microgrid by using a mixed-integer-linear-program (MILP)

optimization. This was done with the goal of reducing operating costs and altering the demand

profile. [55] examines BESS schedule optimization using MILP approaches with the purpose of

boosting RES self-consumption. This is in contrast to [56], which performed multi-objective

optimization and primarily focused on cost and emissions reductions as their primary optimization

goals. In order to develop peer-to-peer energy trading, collaborative solutions such as optimum

BESS scheduling and demand response management of residential loads are now being researched

[57], [58]. In order to compensate for mistakes in load and generation forecasts, multi-time-scale

models, such the ones described in [59] and [60], are able to make real-time adjustments to the day-

ahead schedule.

BESS CAPEX EVALUATION

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When determining the most convenient time to book BESS, one must take into account the

associated expense. In point of fact, it is possible to derive a levelized cost of storage (LCOS) by

analyzing CAPEX (capital expenditures) and the maximum number of cycles that the BESS might

be able to sustain. This cost can be defined as the cost of utilizing the storage for each charged and

discharged unit of energy. In other words, CAPEX is the cost of purchasing the storage system,

while the maximum number of cycles is the maximum number of cycles that the BESS might be

able to sustain. In the research that has been done [61], many LCOS formulations have been

proposed in order to learn more about the expected lifetime of BESS [62] and how to calculate the

typical costs associated with BESS installation [35, 36, 37].

SUMMARY

The literature study that was shown earlier demonstrates that it is possible to implement a

BESS in a system that is powered by PV. However, the research that has been done so far shows

that the application of BESS is not fully developed from theoretical to practical applications. As a

result, there is a need for additional testing of the system for cost savings, power balance

scheduling, forecasting approaches, the implementation of MILP, and the adjustment of real load.

Moreover, there is a need for more testing of the system for cost savings, power balance scheduling,

and the adjustment of real load.

METHODOLOGY

INTRODUCTION

The technique for carrying out the project in this endeavor starts with a research study and a

literature evaluation of articles that are pertinent to the Battery Energy Storage System (BESS).

Conducting a review of the article and journal based on a trustworthy website is the first step in

gathering the essential information as well as a description of the project system. The research will

be carried out by collecting a large number of publications that are related to the BESS and have

connections to it. After the research study for the literature review has been completed, the process
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of developing the methodology will get under way in order to provide an early draft of the

methodology that will be used in the design and execution of the system project. In this part, we

will go through the process of selecting a suitable approach based on the results of past research and

study. As a result, a decision to build a strategy for developing the system based on the intended

objective may prove to be the easiest course of action to take. After that, using MATLAB and

Simulink to construct a system in simulation based on the method that has been written in order to

simulate the system design, the next step is completed. During this simulation, the measurement

parameter will be determined so that data may be collected both before and after the BESS is

injected. After that, the performance analysis will begin, which will investigate how successful the

system is and create outcomes based on the main purpose of the system. The data that has been

gathered will be investigated by comparing the graphs of demand before and after injecting the

BESS, which is a need that must be met.

METHODOLOGY FOR BESS SCHEDULING PROCEDURE

The best BESS scheduling method that was suggested for this study focuses on increasing the

overall revenues of the PV-based facility while taking into account the hourly PV energy prices on

the day-ahead market, the possibility of energy sharing within the community to take advantage of

the current incentives, and the utilization of BESS. Additionally, this method takes into account the

day-ahead market prices for hourly PV energy. The strategy may be broken down into three distinct

stages, each of which is provided with a quick overview below and then elaborated upon in further

detail in the following passages of this section:

The definition of a 24-hour forward projection of the hourly trends for the power provided by

PV, the load profile of prosumers, and the aggregated power demand from the rest of the PV-

BASED FACILITY. The forecast is derived by the use of a Layer-Recurrent neural network, with

the 48 previous hourly samples of the amount to predict serving as inputs, together with the weather

forecast for the next 24 hour period.

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1. Improvements to the scheduling of the BESS components inside the already established PV-

BASED FACILITY. The optimization is carried out for the next twenty-four hours with a Mixed

Integer Linear Programming (MILP) approach. The 24-hour ahead forecasts that were obtained in

Step 1 are used as inputs, along with information on the cost of electricity, LCOS, and specific

values of BESS characteristics. The outputs of the optimization are calculated for the next twenty-

four hours (capacity and rated power). The optimization is accomplished by maximization of a

revenue function, and the result is the BESS scheduling for the subsequent twenty-four hours in

terms of power exchanges with the PV system, the PV-BASED FACILITY, and the grid, with a time

step of one hour.

2. Management of the BESS in real time during the whole 24 hour period anticipated in Steps

1 and 2. The 24-hour ahead BESS plan that was generated with the help of MILP-based, forecast-

based optimization is utilized as a baseline for a real-time BESS management that makes use of

actual PV production and load curves and has a time step resolution of one minute. In order to

handle the charge and discharge phases of the BESS, a decision-tree algorithm is utilized. The goal

of this method is to achieve the set points that have been planned by the MILP optimization while

simultaneously dealing with forecast errors. The final BESS SOC that was acquired as an output

from this step is then provided to Step 2 as the beginning BESS SOC for the following 24-h

forward optimization procedure that is being carried out.

PROPOSED METHODOLOGY FOR THE USE OF 24-H AHEAD FOPV-BASED

FACILITY

The day-ahead quantities that are crucial to the management of the BESS are forecasted using

a model for forecasting that is based on neural networks. The desired end result is to locate a

prediction that is reasonably accurate of the hourly trends for PV produced power, prosumer load

profile, and aggregated power demand from the rest of the PV-BASED FACILITY. The calculation
 19

of these values, which is a basic challenge in time-series forecasting, calls for the consideration of a

variety of elements in order to organize the numerous instruments for data prediction.

To determine whether or whether data exhibits any kind of periodic activity, a trend-

seasonality-residual (TSR) analysis must first be performed on the data. This analysis is a rather

basic way for generating predictions on its own, provided that the assumption that the time series

are stationary continues to hold true. On the other hand, it may not work for events that are more

sophisticated, which would result in enormous residuals. Establishing the seasonality period is

essential in order to have an understanding of the length of the input sequence that will be used in

any approach that is based on machine learning.

The selection of the exogenous data that will be included into the time series is the second

phase in the process. The research conducted so far has provided some extremely exciting findings,

which relate energy production to a wide variety of environmental parameters. The instantaneous

normal irradiance of the PV devices is, in point of fact, the most important factor. It would be unfair

to take into account this amount given the difficulties associated with measurement and prediction,

as well as the tight unit relationship with electricity production. Instead, the parameters that are

typically used for weather forecasting were used. These data also demonstrate a strong correlation

with power consumption due to the considerable presence of HVAC loads that respond to changes

in the climate.

The third and last option to be considered is the machine-learning architecture. During this

step, the sort of approach or model that will be used is selected; for the sake of this investigation, a

layer-recurrent neural network will serve as the model. This design incorporates both dynamic

response capabilities as well as strongly non-linear response capabilities. Additionally, it possesses

the inherent benefits of neural network training techniques that are easily generalizable to non-

uniformly time-spaced input, which is a further advantage of this design.

 20

After the forecasting model has been discovered and trained, it is put to use to create predicted

time-series that are the same length as the original data (by using beginning padding). In the final

data frame, the columns containing the actual values that were measured are matched with the

predictions of the same quantities that were made 24 hours earlier.

TREND-SEASONALITY-RESIDUAL-TEST

One of the fundamental components of every autoregressive integrated moving average

(ARIMA) model is a test that is based on a TSR decomposition. The use of a neural network for

time-series forecasting may be seen as a non-linear extension (with exogenous inputs) of an ARIMA

forecasting model. This is because both models use the ARIMA algorithm. TSR decomposition

involves dividing a dataset into three time series, each of which has the same length as the dataset it

was derived from. The seasonality window was the one and only parameter that was utilized for the

test. The trend is the first component, and it is obtained by applying a moving-average filter to the

data with a window length that is equal to the length of the seasonality window. Additionally,

appropriate padding is applied to the edges of the vectors in order to ensure that they remain the

same length after the convolution operation. The second component is the actual seasonality, which

may be determined by separating the data after it has been detrended into time windows with a

duration that is equivalent to that of the seasonality window, and then calculating the sample-wise

average of each of those time windows. After that, the resultant average is repeated in order to

produce a vector that has the same length as the initial data vector. The last component is known as

the residual, and it is arrived at by subtracting the original data from the product of the trend vector

and the seasonality vector. This gives rise to the residual. The application of TSR decomposition to

each component of the dataset serves the objective of gaining an understanding of the optimal

sequence-length that should be used in the forecasting. When decomposing the series using a

seasonality window that is too small, the responsibility of reconstructing the time series falls on the

trend (up to a point where the seasonality is, in general, a constant value). When decomposing the
 21

series using a seasonality window that is too lengthy, the residual will increase, which will result in

seasonality vectors that have very little useful material.

EXOGENOUS DATA SELECTION

Along with the previous values of the time series that need to be predicted, a collection of

exogenous independent data is given as an input to the forecasting model. This is done in order to

assist the forecasting process. These facts pertaining to the weather were taken straight from the

meteorological database and compiled. The one-day prediction for temperature, pressure, absolute

humidity, wind speed, wind direction, and cloudiness percentage are all included in the overall

dataset. In addition, the full dataset also includes wind speed. In theory, all available weather data

might be given to the model as an exogenous input; the training process would then be used to filter

out any irrelevant data. A distinct strategy is used in order to examine the connection that exists

between the time series and the data that is to be projected. It was found out that the produced PV

power has an extraordinarily low connection with the cloudiness index and an acceptable linear

relationship with the temperature and humidity by using this approach. This is mostly due to the

fact that the interaction between clouds and solar panels is more limited, which results in a weak

connection between local cloudiness and solar power production. When low-significance

meteorological data are utilized as exogenous inputs, this has the effect of bringing a noise source

into the system. This noise source has to be filtered out by the training algorithm, which causes

slower convergence and may even result in local minima entrapment. As a direct consequence of

this, the only values that are considered to be external inputs are those pertaining to temperature and

humidity.

PV FACILITYPOWER BALANCE

Since every member of the PV-based facility is linked to the main grid and exchanges

electrical energy with it, the power balance is constantly calculated taking the grid's contribution

into consideration, as explained by (1).

 22

(PLOADPR(h)−PPVPR(h))+(α(h)*PCHBESS(h)−β(h)*PDISBESS(h))+PLOADPV-BASED

FACILITY(h)=P GRID(h)

(1)

The total load request from every member of the community is represented by the variable

PLOADPV-BASED FACILITY:

PLOADPV-BASED FACILITY(h)=∑i=1MPLOADi(h) 

(2)

The variables (t) and (t) define the behavior for each time h in order to mimic the fact that the

BESS cannot be charged and discharged at the same time. Since the variables are binary (1 or 0),

they cannot both be 1 simultaneously.

Depending on the time, the prosumer is seen by the main grid as either a net load or a net

generator, as stated in (3). There are no restrictions on the discharge, therefore the BESS may

discharge both on the prosumer load and on the grid. The BESS is only allowed to charge when the

prosumer is a net generator.

{PNL(h)=PLOADPR(h)−PPVPR(h) if PLOADPR(h)>PPVPR(h)PNG(h)=PPVPR(h)

−PLOADPR(h) if PPVPR(h)>PLOADPR(h) (3)

PROPOSED METHODOLOGY FOR THE MIXES INTEGER LINEAR PROGRAMMING-

BASED ECONOMICAL OPTIMIZATION OF BESS SCHEDULING

Constrained optimization problems include an objective function, a collection of variables,

some of which are not discrete, and a set of constraints, which may be equations or inequalities.

These problems are solved using MILP. The goal of the optimization is to narrow down the

collection of feasible solutions to the one that best satisfies the objective function. The following is

how a MILP issue is mathematically expressed:

Objective: maximize=CxConstraints: A*x≤ bxmin≤x≤xmax

(4)
 23

where x ∈ Zn C, b are vectors and A is a matrix.

The goal of the aim function is to increase PV-based facility revenues REV PV-based facility

during the thought-out 24-hour time window. The difference between these earnings and

expenditures is how they are acquired. Costs associated with the usage of BESS are determined by

LCOS; revenues are associated with the sale of PV net surplus to the grid, the incentive associated

with energy exchanges inside the PV-Based Facility, and, lastly, the prosumer's avoided grid

purchase of power. The calculation for daily income is as follows:

REV PV-BASED FACILITY(day)=∑h=124Incomes(h)−Costs(h) 

(5)

Incomes(h)=(PNGGR(h)+PDis, GRBESS(h))*Pr DAM(h)+(PNGPV-BASED FACILITY(h)

+PDis, PV-BASED FACILITYBESS(h))*(Pr DAM(h)+Pr INC(h))+PDis, NLBESS(h)*Pr ELEC(h)

(6)

Costs(h)=LCOS*(PCh, GRBESS(h)+PCh, PV-BASED FACILITYBESS(h)+PDis, NLBESS(h)

+PDis, GRBESS(h)+PDis, PV-BASED FACILITYBESS(h))

(7)

The following is a formulation of the restrictions associated to BESS operation:

0≤PCh, GRBESS(h)≤αGR(h)*min(max((PNG(h)−PLOADPV-BASED

FACILITY(h)),0),PCh, MAXBESS)

(8)

0≤PCh, PV-BASED FACILITYBESS(h)≤αPV-BASED FACILITY(h)*min(PNG(h),PLOADPV-

BASED FACILITY(h),PCh, MAXBESS)

(9)

0≤PDis, GRBESS(h)≤βGR(h)*PDis, MAXBESS

(10)
 24

0≤PDis,PV-BASED FACILITYBESS(h)≤βPV-BASED FACILITY(h)*min(max((PLOADPV-

BASED FACILITY(h)−PNG(h)),0),PDis, MAXBESS)

(11)

0≤PDis,NLBESS(h)≤βNL(h)*min(PNL(h),PDis, MAXBESS)

(12)

where (10) and (9) specify, respectively, the power limitations to charge the BESS depending

on whether a PV-based facility's load is present or not. Because the portion of the PV surplus energy

PNG(t) that is used to charge the BESS cannot be traded with the PV-BASED FACILITY or sold to

the grid, it is essential to enable the MILP to choose the optimal timing by differentiating the

various scenarios in order to corPV-based facilitytly address the corresponding revenue streams.

This can be accomplished by allowing the MILP to choose when the PV-BASED FACILITY is

charged. When considering optimization, this is a very essential consideration. Instead, equations

(13) and (14) are used to determine the maximum power that may be discharged from the BESS

into the grid, and this maximum power varies depending on whether or not there is a load coming

from a PV-based plant. In this particular situation, differentiation is necessary in order to manage

the various cash sources in an efficient manner while making use of a corPV-based service. For the

purpose of determining whether or not a PV-based facility is qualified to receive an incentive

payment on top of the day-ahead market price, each of these equations must be applied to Equations

(8) through (10) in order to assess eligibility. Equation provides the final definition of the power

limits that apply to the BESS discharge on the prosumer's net load (14). Any constraint in (10) to

(14) that is not zero has a multiplication coefficient that may take the form of k(t) or k. This applies

to all of the constraints (t). The value of these coefficients, which prohibit the BESS from being

concurrently charged and discharged while the optimization process is being carried out, can only

ever be either 0 or 1, and never both at the same time.

 25

The extra limits that are imposed on the behavior of the BESS include the following

definitions of the maximum and lowest SoC limitations, as well as the volatility of the BESS SoC

as a function of power exchanges (14).

0≤EBESS(h)≤SoCMAX(h)

(13)

EBESS(h)=EBESS(h−1)+(PCh, GRBESS(h)+PCh, PV-BASED FACILITYBESS(h)

−PDis, NLBESS(h)−PDis, GRBESS(h)−PDis, PV-BASED FACILITYBESS(h))

(14)

Regarding the PV net surplus from prosumer, (15) and (16) outline the last two limitations for

MILP optimization. They are denoted by the symbols PNGPV-BASED FACILITY(t) and

PNGGR(t), which, respectively, indicate the power that is just sold to the grid and the power that is

virtually traded with the PV-BASED FACILITY.

PNGPV-BASED FACILITY(h)=max((PNGGR(h)−PLOADPV-BASED

FACILITY(h)),0)−PCh, GRBESS(h)−PCh, PV-BASED FACILITYBESS(h)

(15)

PNGGR(h)=PNG(h)−PNGPV-BASED FACILITY(h)

(16)

PROPOSED METHODOLOGY FOR THE REAL-TIME BESS MANAGEMENT.

The purpose of the real-time BESS management approach is to control faults related with

PV power output in addition to the aggregated load curves for PV-based facilities and customers.

This is done with the intention of reaching the set-points for each of the next 24 hours that have

been defined by the MILP optimization. The set-points are representative of the average power

exchanges that take place throughout the course of one hour h between the BESS and the NL

(discharge, P, Dis, NLBESS(h)), the BESS and the PV-BASED FACILITY (discharge, PDis, PV-

BASED FACILITYBESS(h) and charge, P Ch, PV-BASED FACILITYBESS(h)), and the BESS
 26

and the Grid We guarantee that the BESS scheduling takes into account important considerations

such as the cost of the energy as well as the anticipated availability and demand for the energy by

adhering strictly to the charging and discharging set-points that are suggested by the MILP. This is

accomplished by strictly following the charging and discharging set-points that are suggested by the

MILP. In order to complete this work, a decision tree strategy is used, and when this approach is put

into action, it is provided with the same dataset as well as a timestep t of 1m. When compared to 1-

hour averages of the same data, the enhanced data resolution makes it possible to investigate the

impact of much less smoothed load and power curves on the BESS management system.

This is possible because of the improved data resolution. Because of the increased resolution

of the data, this is now feasible. This method results in power peaks that are both brief and

powerful, and as a direct consequence, the transition zones between net load and net output from

prosumers are far less clearly defined. Following each step t, each of the discrepancies that exist

between the actual power exchanges and those that are anticipated by the set-points are brought up

to date. These discrepancies include: Power will continue to be transferred between parties

indefinitely, or at the very least until the 1-hour block h is resolved, whichever comes first. This

process will not stop until it is complete. In the second scenario, the set-points are adjusted so that

they reflect the new values after an hour and a half (h+1), and the operation is then carried out once

again. It is possible that the approach was unable to attain the intended set point since actual data

was utilized for the here reported real-time BESS management, whereas foPV-based facilityasted

data was used for the MILP-based optimization. This is because genuine data was used for the

administration of the real-time BESS system that was reported here. The key steps of the algorithm

are shown in the flowchart that can be found below in Figure 1 (see figure). The following graphics

provide an illustration of the sub-algorithms that are launched by the numerous set points included

inside the main algorithm.

 27

The amount of electricity that can be sent over the BESS is constantly limited by a variety of

different variables. Some of these factors are inherently technical, such as the state of charge

EBESS(t) and the rated power PDis, MAXBESS and PCh, MAXBESS; others are related to the

availability of excess energy from PV systems, such as PNG(t); or to the availability of loads on

which to discharge, such as PNL(t) and PLOADPV-BASED FACILITY(t); and, of course, there is

also the availability of loads on which to discharge After the power exchange that includes the

BESS in step t has been defined, the SoC is updated with the new information. After subtracting the

amount of power that was used to charge the BESS, the algorithm checks to see whether there is

any power left over. This is done if the prosumer is a net generator and PNG(t) is greater than 0. If

there is, the remaining energy is accounted for as energy shared within the PV-BASED FACILITY

up to the limit defined by the underlying PLOADPV-BASED FACILITY(t), and the excess part

PNGGRID(t) is accounted as sold to the grid. If there is, the remaining energy is accounted for as

energy shared within the PV-BASED FACILITY up to the limit defined by the underlying

PLOADPV-BASED For the cases where PNG(t)>0, the set-point P Ch, PV-BASED

FACILITYBESS(h)>0, and PLOADPV-BASED FACILITY(t)>0 are present, the procedure

described above is further explained in the following equations: in this case, the BESS is managed

to charge as described by (19), and the SoC is updated in accordance with this (22). Power is

reportedly traded both inside the PV-based plant and with the grid, as shown in references (20) and

(21), respectively (21).

PCh, PV-BASED FACILITYBESS(t)=min((SoCMAX−EBESS(t−1))*60, (PNG(t)−PLOADPV-

BASED FACILITY(t)), PCh, MAXBESS, PTGT, ChCER(h))

(17)

PNGPV-BASED FACILITY(t)=min((PNG(t)−PCh, PV-BASED FACILITYBESS(t)),PLOADPV-

BASED FACILITY(t))

(18)
 28

PNGGRID(t)=min((PNG(t)−PCh, PV-BASED FACILITYBESS(t)−PNGPV-BASED

FACILITY(t)),0)

(19)

EBESS(t)=EBESS(t−1)+PCh, PV-BASED FACILITYBESS(t)60

(20)

MACRO-AND OPERATIVE SCENARIOS APPROACHES

In order to better understand the effect of BESS use on PV-based facility revenues, a set of

three distinct scenarios have been proposed to be analyzed:

 • Baseline: In this case, the PV-based facility consists solely of loads and a PV generator; no

management is used. This is the bare minimum configuration needed to operate a PV-based

facility.

 • BESS, no MILP: In this situation, the prosumer-owned and PV system-installed BESS is

used in the PV-BASED FACILITY. Nothing except the basic opportunity charging with the

BESS charging whenever PNG>0, and discharging whenever PNL>0, PLOADPV-BASED

FACILITY>0, or both, are used. Neither BESS management nor generation and loads for

PV-based facilities are used.

 • BESS, MILP: In this scenario, all three parts of the previously described three-step process

are used, including load and generation forecasts based on photovoltaic systems, MILP

optimization, and real-time BESS management.

The potential PV-BASED FACILITY configuration that might be found in a real-world setup

will be accounted for by evaluating five distinct PV-BASED FACILITIES using the permutation of

the prosumer within the set of available residential loads. This evaluation will take place in order to

account for the potential PV-BASED FACILITY configuration that might be found in a real-world

setup. The 120-day loads and generation database, in addition to the corresponding foPV-based

facilityasts, had all of these permutations applied to them, and the results were analyzed. In each of
 29

the BESS-based scenarios, ten different values of BESS capacity and ten different values of rated

BESS power will be investigated in order to get a better understanding of the impact that these

factors have on the PV-based facility operations and revenues. For the purpose of calculating

revenues, the following net present value (NPV) calculation will be used, with the discount rate

(DR) set at 5% and the lifetime set at 20 years:

NPV=−CAPEX+∑i=120(revenuesMILP, BESSi−revenuesBASELINEi)−costsi(1+DR)i

(21)

It is important to highlight that the NPV calculation takes into account just the share of

revenues that were made possible by the deployment of the BESS. Traditionally, these revenues are

allotted to the prosumer since in this work, they are considered to be the owner of the BESS. When

the cumulative use of the BESS exceeded its maximum lifespan capacity, as calculated by, the

expenses connected with BESS CAPEX were assigned to the specific year in the overall cash flow.

This occurred anytime the cumulative utilization of the BESS (22).

BESSMAXcapacity=2*cycle*SoCMAX (22)

RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

One way to significantly increase the usefulness of a solar-powered system is to equip it

with a photovoltaic (PV) system that is connected to the grid and that also contains a local

battery. PV systems are advantageous in this regard since they are able to fulfill the peak-hour

load need. It is critical to have a thorough grasp of when the battery should be charged and

when it should be drained in order to ensure the success of photovoltaic (PV) systems that are

linked to the grid and include a battery. The control of major parameters including charging and

discharging cycles, as well as output, is the responsibility of battery management systems,

sometimes known as BMS for short. Included in a battery management system is a safety device
 30

with the purpose of ensuring that the charge level of the battery does not exceed the parameters

that were determined by the manufacturer in line with the material. They are also protecting the

battery from excessive current and overcharging, which prevents the battery from being harmed

in any way.

Figure 1:Battery storage system for a Grid connected PV system

Figure 1 presents an overview of the system's overall design, which was taken into account for

this research endeavor. The quantity of power that is used by a residence is what we refer to as

the load. The load might be powered by the solar array, the public power grid, or both of these

sources together. It utilizes a method of energy storage that has the potential to eliminate or at

the very least greatly reduce the imbalance that exists between the quantity of power produced

and the amount of power that is needed. The methods of energy storage include a battery

module that, depending on the amount of charge already present in the battery, may be charged

from either the Grid or the PV array. When the SOC is less than 40 percent, the system begins to

draw power from the grid. When the load power is less than the power produced by the PV

array, the system begins to draw power directly from the PV array. The battery module and the

Grid work together to provide power to the load device whenever the SOC of the load device is
 31

more than 80 percent. The battery module is comprised of three components: the load devices, a

battery bank, and a DC-bus. These three elements work together to form the module. The DC-

bus is the medium via which power is transmitted to and from the power source. Controlling the

charging and discharging processes, respectively, is the responsibility of a DC– DC converter, a

DC–AC inverter, and a charger.

ANALYSIS OF BATTERY CHARGING AND DISCHARGING

We are provided with the tools necessary to work on testing or applications of this sort by

MATLAB Simulink. When it comes to the design of battery-powered systems, battery models

have evolved into an essential component of the toolkit. Battery characterisation, estimate of

state-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-health (SOH), algorithm creation, system-level optimization,

and real-time simulation are only some of the applications that may be made of these tools in

the design of management systems for batteries.

Figure 2: Simulation of the charging/discharging of a battery connected to the load and the grid

Design of MATLAB Function

Figure 2 reveals that the MATLAB function block has an algorithm that controls the charge and

discharge states of the grid connections and the battery.

function [ChargingOn,DischargingOn,GridOn] = btm(SOC)

 32

persistent Charging_On

persistent Discharging_On;

persistent Grid_On;

if isempty(Charging_On)

Charging_On=0;

end

if isempty(Discharging_On)

Discharging_On=1;

end

if2 isempty(Grid_On)

Grid_On=0;

end

if SOC<40

Grid_On=1;

Charging_On=1;

end

if SOC>80

Grid_On=0;

Charging_On=0;

Discharging_On=1;

end

GridOn=Grid_On; ChargingOn=Charging_On;

DischargingOn=Discharging_On;

Simulation of system with different initial SOC

 33

Figure 2 shows simulation result with the initial value of SOC being 80%, hence it is clearly

observed that the battery is discharging until it reaches 40% then it starts to charge again.

Figure 2: Simulation of the discharging of a battery at SOC 80%

Figure 3 shows simulation result with the initial value of SOC being 35%, hence it is clearly

observed that the battery is charging until it reaches 80% then it starts to discharge again.
 34

Figure 3: Simulation of the charging of a battery at SOC 35%

Simulation of system under different load

Figure 4 shows simulation result with the value of load resistance being 100ohms, it is observed

that the battery is discharged from 80% to 40% in 41 seconds.

Figure 4: Simulation result with load resistance of 100ohms

Figure 5 shows simulation result with the value of load resistance being 1kohms, hence it is

observed that the battery is discharged from 80% to 40% in 28 seconds.

 35

Figure 4: Simulation result with load resistance of 1kohms

POWER MANAGEMENT OF SOLAR PV AND BATTERY STORAGE FOR THE

RESIDENTIAL LOAD

Figure 5 shows a home energy management system switching between grid power and

distributed power sources.

Figure 1 : Block diagram of Energy management system

This is a MATLAB model is now analysed under different scenarios given below:

SCENARIO 1

First scenario is this, initially, the battery is not connected to the system, and the two loads are

not yet enabled. The power generated by the PV array is almost constant at rated 5 kW by

MPPT control and is sent to the power grid.

 36

Figure 2 : First scenario when both loads are zero

Figure 3 : Battery is disabled

As we can see from the figures above for first scenario both load and battery is I at zero level by

moving graph to make it zero. And the output results are given below.
 37

Figure 4 : Output results for scenario

SCENARIO 2

Load 1 (3kw) has been activated, and it is now sucking up more than half of the electricity that

is being produced by the solar system. The remaining power is being sent back into the

electrical grid. For this case, we can see the function below for load 1, which indicates that it is

on for a certain amount of time, namely four seconds. Additionally, given that we needed load 2

to be in an off state, it is evident that load 2 is off while we do this test.

 38

Figure 5 : Illustrates load 1 & 2 states

Figure 6 : State of battery during this test

As we can see that, load 1 is on and load 2 is off for this test battery is also off for this test as

directed in lab Sheet. If we check the output results we can see easily that there is no power

across load 2 but across load 1 we have consuming power for a specified period of time.
 39

Figure 7 : Output results for test with specified conditions

SCENARIO 3

Load 2 is turned ON for a total of 6 kW of consumed power. The PV system does not supply

sufficient power, therefore complementary power is provided by the grid. Rules for this test are

defined below as we can see that load 1 and load 2 both are on for a fixed time period of time in

sec.

Figure 8 : State of load 1 & 2

 40

Figure 9 : Output results for this test

Figure above shows PV power doesn’t provide sufficient power to the loads and hence rest of

the power is transferred from the grid. This a power management system.

SCENARIO 4

Loads 1 and 2 are then disconnected and the Battery is connected to the system. Loads 1 and 2

are then reconnected in the same sequence as in previous test. It can be observed that the

management system can now disconnect the power grid since the combination of solar power

and Battery power is sufficient to supply the total load.

Figure 10 : States of load

 41

This graph illustrates the load 1 and 2 disconnected and reconnected back to the system after a

fixed period of time.

Figure 11 : State of battery for this test

Figure 15 displays battery was initially disconnected and reconnected back to the system.

Figure 12 : Results for this test on scope

 42

Figure above shows battery provides sufficient power to the loads and main power grid and PV

panel doesn’t provide any power to the loads

DESIGN FOR THE POWER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

In this last part of the report there is a proposed design developed with the help and study of

other designs. System block diagram is given below and Simulink is also given.

Figure 13 :battery storage management

Figure 14 : Battery Storage management

 43

Figure 15 : Battery storage power management

Figure above shows complete power management system which can provide the same

functionality as the original management system.

SUMMARY

PV power production has a lot of potential, but it is not yet particularly successful at

addressing the imbalance between the demand for and supply of energy. Grid-connected

photovoltaic (PV) systems that also include a battery have a good chance of resolving the

mismatch, provided that the battery management is sufficiently developed to guarantee that the

charge and discharge policies are appropriate. During the course of this practical exercise, we

were able to create a battery management system and effectively simulate it by utilizing Matlab

Simulink.

CONCLUSION

In the context of this report, the MATLAB/Simulink environment has been used to carry

out a number of simulations of the combined PV-BESS system. The design of the model PV

system is comprised of the photovoltaic array, a boost-type DC/DC converter that is equipped

with a Maximum Power Point Tracking algorithm that is based on incremental conductance and
 44

integral regulator technique, a three-phase VSC-type DC/AC inverter, and its coupling

transformer for connecting to a load point and a point of common coupling of an equivalent

power grid. The BESS model design is comprised of the battery pack, a Cuk-type bidirectional

DC/DC converter, a VSC-type DC/AC inverter, and a coupling transformer, with the secondary

winding of the transformer serving as the common coupling point.

The primary objective of the research that was conducted and presented in this thesis

was to investigate whether or not it is possible to construct an integrated PV-BESS system that

is able to supply a load point with power that is reasonably constant, despite the fact that

external factors such as irradiance and temperature are subject to change. During the stage of

development, it was discovered that connecting the BESS in parallel with the PV system

significantly reduced the complexity of the modeling process. This was in comparison to the

option of connecting the two DC/DC converters to the DC bus of a single DC/AC inverter.

PV-BESS system model is assessed in a number of different environmental conditions in

order to show the effect that these conditions have on the total output power. The findings

indicate that the BESS system compensates for the defaulted power by discharging the

appropriate amount of power to ensure a steady power supply to the load whenever the output

power of the PV system varies or supplies less power than that which is required by the load.

This is demonstrated by the fact that the BESS system discharges the appropriate amount of

power in order to ensure that a steady power supply is maintained. When the output of the PV

system generates more electricity than is required, the BESS system will draw in the excess

energy to recharge its batteries so that it will be prepared to make up for any power shortages

that may occur in the future.

FUTURE WORK AND RECCOMENDATION

The primary focus of the research presented in the thesis is on the problem of providing

active power compensation for fluctuations in PV output power. Any further research that is
 45

prompted by this thesis need to take into consideration potential situations in which the load

point's requirements for active and reactive power change. Future research should add

environmental factors that are more representative of the actual world, such as solar radiation

and temperature on the PV panel, as well as a recorded daily demand curve at the point of

common connection, which is where the load point is located.

The control parameters of the BESS were fine-tuned via a process of trial and error

testing. It is possible to improve the quality of the BESS's response in terms of accuracy and

time response by using proper optimization methodologies to optimize the control parameters of

the BESS. This will allow the BESS to better monitor the changes in output power caused by the

PV system. It is important to analyze the performance of the compound PV-BESS system when

there are problems in the DC circuits as well as the AC circuits. Because MATLAB's

capabilities are always being expanded, any newly available blocks that may reduce the amount

of time needed for simulations and make the simulation process easier should be included into

the system that has been constructed in order to ensure the system's continued viability.
 46

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