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    E91 (3) Assembly Language

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    Alekso Gjakovski
    The example program initializes the stack pointer, stops the watchdog timer, and enters an infinite loop that toggles the state of an output pin and inserts a delay. It demonstrates basic assembly language instructions like MOV, BIS, XOR, JMP as well as addressing modes including immediate, absolute, register, and symbolic addressing to manipulate registers and memory locations.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    E91 (3) Assembly Language

    Uploaded by

    Alekso Gjakovski
    47 views16 pages
    The example program initializes the stack pointer, stops the watchdog timer, and enters an infinite loop that toggles the state of an output pin and inserts a delay. It demonstrates basic assembly language instructions like MOV, BIS, XOR, JMP as well as addressing modes including immediate, absolute, register, and symbolic addressing to manipulate registers and memory locations.

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    E91(3)Assembly Language

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    The example program initializes the stack pointer, stops the watchdog timer, and enters an infinite loop that toggles the state of an output pin and inserts a delay. It demonstrates basic assembly language instructions like MOV, BIS, XOR, JMP as well as addressing modes including immediate, absolute, register, and symbolic addressing to manipulate registers and memory locations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    47 views16 pages

    E91 (3) Assembly Language

    Uploaded by

    Alekso Gjakovski
    The example program initializes the stack pointer, stops the watchdog timer, and enters an infinite loop that toggles the state of an output pin and inserts a delay. It demonstrates basic assembly language instructions like MOV, BIS, XOR, JMP as well as addressing modes including immediate, absolute, register, and symbolic addressing to manipulate registers and memory locations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 16

    E91

    Assembly Language
    The basics
    Anatomy of a simple program
    Anything after “;” is comment Make PROGSTART available to linker.

    Share header file with “C” ;********************************************************************


    Note: not in column 1. ; MSP-FET430F2013 Demo - Software Toggle P1.0
    ;********************************************************************
    “.text” predefined to be start .cdecls C,LIST, "msp430x20x3.h"
    of FLASH (0xf800 in 430F2013) .global PROGSTART
    ;
    ;--------------------------------------------------------------------
    “PROGSTART” is label (starts in .text ; Progam Start
    column 1) ;--------------------------------------------------------------------
    PROGSTART mov.w #0280h,SP ; Initialize stackpointer
    “mov” instruction, format: mov.w #WDTPW+WDTHOLD,&WDTCTL ; Stop WDT
    mov src, dst bis.b #001h,&P1DIR
    , ; P1.0 output
    p
    “.w”=word (default), “.b” =byte ;
    Mainloop xor.b #001h,&P1OUT ; Toggle P1.0
    “bis” (bit set): bis src, dst mov.w #050000,R15 ; Delay to R15
    L1 dec.w R15 ; Decrement R15
    “MainLoop” and “L1” are labels jnz L1 ; Delay over?

    “xor”: xor src, dst jmp Mainloop ; Again

    R15 is a “register” ;--------------------------------------------------------------------


    ; Interrupt Vectors
    “d ” (decrement):
    “dec” (d t) dec
    d dst
    d t ;--------------------------------------------------------------------
    .sect ".reset" ; RESET Vector
    Check to see if last math result .short PROGSTART ;
    was 0. Jump if Not Zero: .end
    jnz label
    JuMP back to main loop:
    T ll assembler
    Tell bl this
    hi is
    i the
    h end
    d
    jmp label

    “.reset” is defined in header file


    Address of “PROGSTART” is
    placed here
    Registers
    g

    PC, SP, SR, and R15 
    used in our program
    Status Register

    Recall Memory Addresses
    P1IN :  0x20
    P1OUT:  0x21
    P1DIR: 0x22

    DEMO…
    Instruction Set
    Dual Operand Instructions
    Instruction Set
    Single Operand Instructions
    Instruction Set
    Jumps

    Note, there are 8 possible jump instructions.  This will come up later.
    Sources & Destinations
    Addressing Modes Introduction (1)
    What are some of the things we can use for sources and destinations?
    The Source Operand
    • “Immediate” – the value of the source operand is stored immediately after the 
    instruction  (i.e., the source operand is a constant).  The immediate value is 
    prefixed with “#” :
    fi d i h “#”
    0xF81C: 403F 123A MOV.W #0x123a,R15

    • “Register” – the source operand is in a register:
    0xF81E: 4F0E MOV.W R15,R14

    • “Absolute” – the address of the source operand is stored immediately after the 
    instruction. The absolute value (address) is prefixed by “&”:
    instruction.  The absolute value (address) is prefixed by  & :
    0xF820: 425F 0020 MOV.B &P1IN,R15

    • “Symbolic” , Similar to “Absolute” but uses offset from Program Counter.

    • Also … “Indexed”, “Indirect Register”, “Indirect  Autoincrement” … we’ll do these 
    next week.
    Destinations
    Addressing Modes Introduction (2)
    The Destination Operand
    • “Register” – the destination operand is in a register:
    0xF81E: 4F0E MOV.W R15,R14

    • “Absolute”
    Absolute  – the address of the destination operand is stored immediately after 
    the address of the destination operand is stored immediately after
    the instruction:
    0xF822: 40F2 00F3 0021 MOV.B #0x00f3,&P1OUT

    • “Symbolic”
    Symbolic  , Similar to 
    Similar to “Absolute”
    Absolute  but uses offset from Program Counter. 
    but uses offset from Program Counter

    • It makes no sense to have an “Immediate” mode for the destination (you can’t 
    change a constant value) – so this address mode isn’t available.

    •Also … “Symbolic” , “Indexed”, are available for destination… we’ll do these next 
    week.

    • “Indirect Register”, “Indirect  Autoincrement” are not available for destination.
    Addressing Mode Examples
    Pertinent section of code
    PROGSTART mov.w #0280h,SP ; Initialize stackpointer
    mov.w #WDTPW+WDTHOLD,&WDTCTL ; Stop WDT

    mov.w &myWord,myWordVar1 Data in flash accessed either by 


    mov.w &myWord,&myWordVar1
    mov.w &myWord,&myWordVar2 “Absolute” (& prefix) or Symbolic

    mov.b #33h, &myByteVar1 Data in RAM accessed either by 


    mov.b #33h, &myByteVar2 “ b l ” (&
    “Absolute” (& prefix) or Symbolic
    f ) b l
    mov.b #33h, &myByteVar3
    mov.b #33h, &myByteVar4 Immediate  Operands
    (Source only)
    mov.w myWord, myBytes

    ; Define data in flash (immediately after code) Register  Operands


    myBytes .byte 05ah, 03ch
    myWord .word 0f2h

    ; Define (unintialized) data in RAM at 0200h. (.bss symbol, size, alignment)


    .bss myWordVar1,2,2 ;location 0200h
    .bss myWordVar2,2,2;location 0202h
    .bss %
    myByteVar1,1,1;location 0204h
    .bss myByteVar2,1,1;location 0205h
    .bss myByteVar3,1,1;location 0206h
    .bss myByteVar4,1,2;location 0208h
    Addressing Mode Examples
    Details Immediate Absolute Symbolic
    y

    Code Detail
    0xF80A: 4290 F83C 09F2 MOV.W &myWord,myWordVar1
    mov.w &myWord, myWordVar1 0xF810: 4292 F83C 0200 MOV.W &myWord,&myWordVar1
    mov w &myWord, &myWordVar1
    mov.w 0xF816: 4292 F83C 0202 MOV.W
    MOV W &myWord
    &myWord,&myWordVar2
    &myWordVar2
    mov.w &myWord, &myWordVar2
    0xF81C: 40F2 0033 0204 MOV.B #0x0033,&myByteVar1
    mov.b #33h, &myByteVar1 0xF822: 40F2 0033 0205 MOV.B #0x0033,&myByteVar2
    mov.b #33h, &myByteVar2 0xF828: 40F2 0033 0206 MOV.B #0x0033,&myByteVar3
    mov.b #33h, &myByteVar3 0xF82E: 40F2 0033 0208 MOV.B #0x0033,&myByteVar4
    y y
    mov.b #33h, &myByteVar4
    0xF834: 4090 0006 0002 MOV.W myWord,myBytes
    mov.w myWord, myBytes
    Ruh‐Roh!
    ; Define data in flash (after code)
    myBytes
    B t .byte
    b t 05ah,
    05 h 03ch
    03 h myBytes:
    B t
    myWord .word 0f2h 0xF83A: 3C5A JMP (0xf8f0)
    myWord:
    0xF83C: 00F2 .word 0x00F2

    ; Define data in RAM at 0200h.


    .bss myWordVar1,2,2 ;location 0200h
    .bss myWordVar2,2,2 ;location 0202h
    .bss myByteVar1,1,1 ;location 0204h
    .bss myByteVar2,1,1 ;location 0205h
    .bss myByteVar3,1,1 ;location 0206h
    .bss myByteVar4,1,2 ;location 0208h
    Aside (1): Machine Code
    Linked code (w/ addresses)
    .text,
    , _text,
    , PROGSTART,, $
    $../asmonly.asm:8:22$:
    / y $
    0xF800: 4031 0280 MOV.W #0x0280,SP
    0xF804: 40B2 5A80 0120 MOV.W #0x5a80,&Watchdog_Timer_WDTCTL
    0xF80A: D3D2 0022 BIS.B #1,&Port_1_2_P1DIR
    Mainloop:
    0xF80E: E3D2 0021 XOR.B #1,&Port_1_2_P1OUT
    0xF812: 403F 5000 MOV.W #0x5000,R15
    L1:
    0xF816: 831F DEC.W R15
    0xF818: 23FE JNE (L1)
    0xF81A: 3FF9 JMP (Mainloop)

    Note: Some instructions are longer than others (these will be slower)

    Let’s see how we get the machine code from the assembly language.
    Aside (2): Machine Code

    Let’s look at JNE
    ASIDE (3): Machine Code
    Things to know:

    .text, _text, PROGSTART, $../asmonly.asm:8:22$:


    0xF800: 4031 0280 MOV.W #0x0280,SP
    0xF804: 40B2 5A80 0120 MOV.W #0x5a80,&Watchdog_Timer_WDTCTL
    0xF80A: D3D2 0022 BIS.B #1,&Port
    #1,&Port_1_2_P1DIR
    1 2 P1DIR
    Mainloop:
    0xF80E: E3D2 0021 XOR.B #1,&Port_1_2_P1OUT
    0xF812: 403F 5000 MOV.W #0x5000,R15
    L1:
    0xF816: 831F DEC.W R15
    0xF818: 23FE JNE (L1)
    0xF81A: 3FF9 JMP (Mainloop)
    ASIDE (4): Machine Code
    L1:
    0xF816: 831F DEC.W R15
    0xF818: 23FE JNE (L1)

    Opcode C OFFSET
    0x23FE= 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

    Offset = 11 1111 1110binary = ‐2decimal.

    PCnew = PC
    PCold + 2 
    2 + PC
    PCoffsetx2 
    x2 = 0xf818 
    0xf818 + 2 
    2 + ((‐2)x2
    2)x2
    = 0xf818‐2 = 0xf816

    We could do the same for 0xF81A:


    We could do the same for     3FF9 JMP (Mainloop)

    What if we need to jump farther than allowed with a 10 bit offset?

    An “emulated” instruction Branch to destination BR dst mov dst,PC


    Resources Used
    • http://focus.ti.com/lit/ug/slau144e/slau144e.pdf (MSP430X2XX Family User’s Guide)
    • http://www ti com/lit/zip/slac080 (Example code MSP430X2XX)
    http://www.ti.com/lit/zip/slac080
    • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TI_MSP430 (Good description of assembly language at hardware level)
    • http://focus.ti.com/lit/ug/slau131e/slau131e.pdf (MSP430 Assembly Language Tools User's Guide)

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