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• Together with wood & clay, are the basic

building material of man. The history of
architecture until as late as 1900 was largely
the history of stone in architecture. Stone was
the structural, exterior & interior material,
flooring and in many cases the roofing material.

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• ROCK RELIEFS • TOMBS

Panorama of Naqsh-e Rustam. Tombs above, Reliefs below.

The tombs, from left to right, belong to: Darius II, Artaxerxes I,
Darius I , Xerxes I

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• RUBBLE STONE
- Stone delivered from the quarries rough and
irregular in shape

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• DIMENSION STONE • DIMENSION STONE

- Stone cut into specific size, squared into specific - Stone cut into specific size, squared into specific
size, squared to dimensions, and to a specific size, squared to dimensions, and to a specific
thickness thickness

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• DIMENSION STONE • DIMENSION STONE

- Stone cut into specific size, squared into specific - Stone cut into specific size, squared into specific
size, squared to dimensions, and to a specific size, squared to dimensions, and to a specific
thickness thickness

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• DIMENSION STONE • DIMENSION STONE

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• DIMENSION STONE •IGNEOUS

•METAMORPHIC

•SEDIMENTARY

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• Ignis – meaning fire • PLUTONIC

• Forms through the cooling of magma & lava - Intrusive rocks resulted from slowly cooling of
• This magma can be derived from partial melts magma and crystallizes slowly within the earth’s
of pre-existing rocks in either crust
a planet's mantle or crust.

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• VOLCANIC
- Extrusive rocks resulted from cooling of lava

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• are formed at the earth's surface by the

accumulation and cementation of fragments of
earlier rocks, minerals, and organisms or as
chemical precipitates and organic growths in
water

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• Sedimentary rocks form under the influence of • Are formed by subjecting any rock type –
gravity and typically are deposited in sedimentary or igneous – to different
horizontal or near horizontal layers temperature and pressure conditions that causes
or strata and may be referred to as stratified it to change in terms of physical properties and
rocks chemistry of stone.
• PROTOLITH – original rock which recrystallized
to transform into other mineral types

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• Are formed by subjecting any rock type – • GRANITE

sedimentary or igneous – to different • MARBLE
temperature and pressure conditions that causes • TRAVERTINE
it to change in terms of physical properties and
chemistry of stone. • LIMESTONE
• PROTOLITH – original rock which recrystallized • SANDSTONE
to transform into other mineral types • SLATE

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• is a coarse-grained, light-colored igneous rock • is a coarse-grained, light-colored igneous rock

composed mainly of feldspars and quartz with composed mainly of feldspars and quartz with
minor amounts of mica and amphibole minerals. minor amounts of mica and amphibole minerals.

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• From Latin word – granum – grain • Granite is the best-known igneous rock. Many
• Granite is a crystalline igneous rock that consists people recognize granite because it is the most
largely of feldspar and quartz common igneous rock found at Earth's surface
and because granite is used to make many
objects that we encounter in daily life.

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• Granite is hard enough to resist most abrasion,

strong enough to bear significant weight, inert
enough to resist weathering, and it accepts a
brilliant polish. These characteristics make it a
very desirable and useful dimension stone.
• These include counter tops, floor tiles, paving
stone, curbing, stair treads, building veneer, and
cemetery monuments. Granite is used all around
us - especially if you live in a city.

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MOUNT RUSHMORE

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• Marble is a metamorphic rock that forms • Marble is a metamorphic rock that forms
when limestone is subjected to the heat and when limestone is subjected to the heat and
pressure of metamorphism. pressure of metamorphism.

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• Marble occurs in large deposits that can be

hundreds of feet thick and geographically
extensive. This allows it to be economically
mined on a large scale, with some mines and
quarries producing millions of tons per year.

MARBLE QUARRY

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• After being sanded with progressively finer

abrasives, marble can be polished to a high
luster. This allows attractive pieces of marble to
be cut, polished, and used as floor tiles,
architectural panels, facing stone, window sills,
stair treads, columns, and many other pieces of
decorative stone.

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• is a form of limestone deposited by mineral • The key difference between Travertine and
springs, especially hot springs. other natural stones lies in the formation of the
rock, the hardness of the stone and the
appearance. Travertine is formed in hot springs
and/or limestone caves.

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• Some of the most popular colors are Ivory,

Beige, Walnut colors (light, medium, dark),
Noche (Dark brown), Silver and Gold.
Combinations of these colors are also possible.

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• Key characteristics of Travertine stone are the

holes within the stone which are caused by
carbon dioxide evasion.

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• The grade of travertine is most of the time

determined based on the holes within the stone.
Holes within Travertine stone are part of the
stones nature and criteria. Within the travertine
industry today, the rule of the thumb is ...the
less holes there are within travertine stone,
the higher the quality.

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• Travertine Tiles are used for indoor

projects such as floors and walls while
Travertine pavers are primarily used
for outdoors such as driveways, pool decks,
patio areas and walk ways. Travertine tiles are
0.5'' thick while the standard thickness for
Travertine pavers is 1 1/4''.

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• Medallion is a floor center piece or wall

decoration piece crafted out of Travertine
stone. Most Medallions are build using
travertine mosaic pieces and broken travertine
stones.

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• Pool Decks
• Pool Steps
• Driveways
• Patios
• Walk-ways
• Outdoor Fireplaces
• House Walls
• Outside Stairs

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• is a sedimentary rock composed largely of

the minerals - calcite and aragonite
• makes up about 10% of the total volume of all
sedimentary rocks

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• It most commonly forms in clear, warm, shallow

marine waters. It is usually an organic
sedimentary rock that forms from the
accumulation of shell, coral, algal, and fecal
debris. It can also be a chemical sedimentary
rock formed by the precipitation of calcium
carbonate from lake or ocean water.

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• Most limestone is made into crushed stone and

used as a construction material. It is used as a
crushed stone for road base and railroad
ballast. It is used as an aggregate in concrete.

• It is fired in a kiln with crushed shale to make

cement.

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• sometimes known as arenite

• is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly
of sand-sized minerals or rock grains
• The cement that binds the clasts can vary from
clay minerals to calcite, silica or iron oxides
• sandstone may be any color, but the most
common colors are tan, brown, yellow, red,
grey, pink, white, and black.

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• sometimes known as arenite • The cement that binds the clasts can vary from
• is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly clay minerals to calcite, silica or iron oxides
of sand-sized minerals or rock grains

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• sandstone may be any color, but the most • is a metamorphic fine-grained rock that can be
common colors are tan, brown, yellow, red, split into slabs
grey, pink, white, and black. • It is the finest grained foliated metamorphic
rock
• is a compacted and metamorphosed mudstone
or shale

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• slate was formed in low heat and pressure,

compared to a number of other metamorphic
rock, some fossils can be found in slate

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