Introduction

BASIC DESIGN 2
Chapter one:
INTRODUCTION
T. EL-Motasim Osman Abumoota

-Two dimensions are LENGTH & BREADTH
They co-establish a planar surface with a flat visible displaying.
Has no depth. THE TWO-DIMENTIONAL WORLD
A human creation (drawing, painting, printing, writing….etc.)
- A camera transforms every thing in front of its lens into a flat picture, and
television transmits moving images to a defined surface.
- We live in 3 dimensional world, what we see in front of us is not a flat picture.
look back, left, right, front…..up and down (what you will see?)
If we picked up an object, turned around in our hands Q: (what you will
notice?)
THE THREE-DIMENTIONAL WORLD
Answer: each movement of the object displays a different shape. Q: (why?)
Answer: because the relationship between the object and our eyes has
changed.
Have to view it from different angles and distance to be understood.

Establishing visual harmony and order, or to generate visual
excitement.
THE THREE-DIMENTIONAL DESIGN
Similarto 2 d im
T H E TWenOs-iDonIMalENdeTsIOigNnAbLuDt
EcSoInGcNernedwiththe3 dimensional world.
 it is more complicated because variousviews must be
considered from different angles
 it is less complicated because it deals with real forms and
materials in actual space.
Accordingly, the problems of 3 dimensional design is representing
it on paper.
V
- Vertical direction: goes up & down

H
- Horizontal direction: goes right & left
-Transverse direction: goes forward & backward.
T
Foreachdirection,wecaninstituteaflatplane, accordingly,
V we can have:
T
H - A vertical plane
THE T H R E E P R I M A R Y DIRECTIONS
- A h or izo n t al pl an e
- A transverse plane.
By doubling such planes:

- Vertical plane becomes: front & rear Planes
- Horizontal plane becomes: top & bottom planes
- Transverse plane becomes: left & right planes
Any 3 dimensional form can be placed inside a cube. This
leads to establishing the 3 basics views
By projecting the form we can get:
A plane view: view of the form as

seen from the top;
THE THREE BASIC VIEWS

a front view: view of the form as
seen from front;
a side view: view of the form as seen

from side.
Same like two dimensional design:
a. Conceptual elements: (point, line, plane and volume.
b. Visual elements: shape, size, color and texture.
c. Relational elements: position, direction, space and gravity.
ELEMENTS OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL DESIGN
Add to three dimensional design, the forth element which:

d. Constructional element: vertex, edge and face.
a. CONCEPTIONAL ELEMENTS:
1. Point: has no length, breadth or depth.
It marks:
-the 2 ends of a line,
-the single place where lines intersect,
-the meeting of lines at a corner of a plane, and
-the angle of a solid form.
2. Line:
-Created as a movement of a point. Its path becomes a line.
-A conceptual line has no breadth or depth. It has position and direction.
It marks:
-The border of a plane,
- the place where 2 planes join or intersect each other.
3. Plane:
-Created as a movement of a line in a directional movement.
-A conceptual plane has length and breadth, but no depth.
It defines the external limits of a volume.
4. Volume:
-Created as a movement of a plane in a directional movement.
-A conceptual volume has length, breadth and depth. But no weight.
It defines the amount of space contained or displaced by the volume.

b. VISUAL ELEMENTS:
1. Shape:
- It is the outward appearance of a design.
- The main identification of its type.
2. Size:
- It is the greatness or smallness which can be established the
way of comparison.
- Can be measured on any 3 dimensional form in term of (length,
breadth and depth) or (height, width and thickness).
Accordingly, its volume can be calculated.
b. VISUAL ELEMENTS:
3. Color:
- It is light or dark value, which we can distinguish the
form from its surrounded environment.
- Can be natural (the original color of the material is
represented) or artificial (the original color of the
material is covered by a coat of paint, or transformed
by treating with some other method).
4. Texture:
- Refers to the surface characteristics of the
material used in design.
- It may be natural or treated.
- It may by smooth, rough, matt or glossy as
determined by the designer.
C. RELATIONAL ELEMENTS:
In3dimensionaldesign,wecanuseimaginary relationships. cubetoestablishthe
1. Position:
Must be ascertained by more than one of the 3 basic
views.
To be able to do that
We have to know how a point is related to the front/rear,
top/bottom and side planes of the imaginary cube.
2. Direction:
Also must be ascertained by more than one of the 3
basic views.
Because
A line could be parallel to the front/rear planes but
oblique to all other planes of the imaginary cube.
C. RELATIONAL ELEMENTS:
3. Space:
Itcanbeseenaspositively unoccupied, occupied,
or internally hollowed
4. Gravity:
It has an effect on the stability of the design. We can
not have forms in mid air without hanging or
anchoring them in some way.
Moreover, some materials are heavy and some are
light, the material used determines the weight
oftheformaswellasitscapacitytobear
gravitational loads of other forms on top of it.
Accordingly
All 3 dimensional structures are subject to the laws
of gravity
d. CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS:
It is used to indicate the geometric components of 3 dimensional design 1.

Vertex:
- When several planes come to one conceptual point, we can have a vertex.
- It can be projected outward or inward.
2. Edge:
-When 2nonparallelplanesarejoinedtogetheralongone
conceptual line, an edge is produced.
-It can be projected outward or inward.
3. Face:
- A conceptual planes of the 3 dimensional forms is a faces.
- Faces are external surfaces which enclose a volume.
Constructionalelementscanhelptopreciselydefinevolumetricforms.For example, a cube

has 8 vertex, 12 edges, and 6 faces.
a. CONCEPTIONAL ELEMENTS b. VISUAL ELEMENTS
PointLinePlaneVolume ShapeSizeColorTexture
ELEMENTS OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL DESIGN
C. RELATIONAL ELEMENTS d. CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS
PositionDirectionSpace Gravity Vertex Edge Face

………………..…………FORM ………………………………..
Different between FORM and SHAPE:

- Shape is one aspect of form.
-When form is rotated in space, each step of rotation reveals a slightly
different shape because different aspect is seen by our eyes.
-Then, form is a total visual appearance of a design, shape is its main
identifying.
We also identify f o rm b
F O R My sAizNeD, coSlTorRaUndCTteUxtRurEe.
………………..…………STRUCTURE ………………………………..
Structure governs the way a form is built, or the way a number of form are
put together.
The external appearance of a form can be complex, while its structure is
relatively simple.
Sometimes, the internal structure of a form may not be immediately
perceived. Once this is discovered, the form can be better understood.
- Smaller forms which are repeated with or without variation to produce a larger
form are referred to as unit forms.
A unit form may be made of smaller components, which can be called sub-
unit form.
A larger unit may be made of two or more unit forms, they are called super-
unit form.
REPETITION AND GRADATION
UNIT FORM
-Repetition means that the unit forms are identical in shape, size, color and
texture.
-Shape is the most important visual element of unit forms, so that we can have
unit forms repeated in shape but not in size.
Gradation is required a sequential arrangement to be recognized.
We can have gradation in shape, with the shape changing slightly from one
unit to the next. We can also get a gradation in size with a repeated units in
shape.

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BASIC DESIGN 2

T. EL-Motasim Osman Abumoota

They co-establish a planar surface with a ﬂat visible displaying.

Has no depth. THE TWO-DIMENTIONAL WORLD

A human creation (drawing, painting, printing, writing….etc.)

Have to view it from different angles and distance to be understood.

- Vertical direction: goes up & down

By doubling such planes:

A plane view: view of the form as

THE THREE BASIC VIEWS

a side view: view of the form as seen

Add to three dimensional design, the forth element which:

1. Point: has no length, breadth or depth.

It deﬁnes the external limits of a volume.

It deﬁnes the amount of space contained or displaced by the volume.

In3dimensionaldesign,wecanuseimaginary relationships. cubetoestablishthe

It is used to indicate the geometric components of 3 dimensional design 1.

Constructionalelementscanhelptopreciselydeﬁnevolumetricforms.For example, a cube

ELEMENTS OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL DESIGN

C. RELATIONAL ELEMENTS d. CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS

PositionDirectionSpace Gravity Vertex Edge Face

Different between FORM and SHAPE:

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