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Skin effect in rectangular conductors

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1976 J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 9 669

(http://iopscience.iop.org/0305-4470/9/4/023)

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 A; Math. Gen.. Vol. 9. No. 4. 1976. Printed in Great Britain. @ 1976
J. ByS.

skin effectin rectangular conductors

Kazimierz Jakubiuk and Pawel Zimny
Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University, 80-952 Gdansk, ul.
Majakowskiego 11/12, Poland

Received 25 July 1975, in final form 24 October 1975

Abstract. By means of the conformal representation method the distribution of surface

current density is found in a conductor treated as a superconductor. The current density
distribution is determined in a rectangular conductor for an arbitrary current shape. The
possibility of accepting a one-dimensional model has been demonstrated.

Notation

Unit Physical parameter

v s m-' vectorial magnetic potential
v s rn-' magnetic flux density
conductors shape coefficients
m conductor cross-sectional dimensions
coefficients of a series
complete elliptic integrals of the first and second kind
respectively
elliptic integrals of the fist and second kind respec-
tively
d steepness of current rise
Ec current
dimensionless current dehsity
reference current densit?
current density
surface current density
area edge
normal vector
m differential of length
S time
m Cartesian coordinates
- dimensionless coordinates
- complex variables
rad angle
coefficient
Dirac's function
electric conductivity of the conductor
magnetic permeability of free space
complex magnetic potential
dimensionless time
pulsation

669
670 K Jakubiuk and P Zimny

1. Introduction
Many authors have investigated the current density distribution in a rectangular
conductor (Dwight 1918, Forbes and Gorman 1933, Kennelly et aZ1915, smtt192,)
However, they have not given a completesolution of the problem. The increased
rectangular conductors, especially in such impulse systems as explosionof conductors,
makes it necessary to determine the distribution of the current density in order to stud,,
the physical phenomena that occur in such cases. If the dimensions of the conductoI
cross section fulfil the following condition:
2b/2h >> 1 (1)
we will call the conductor a foil. The current density distribution in a foil h a been
determined by Zimny (1970). If the dimensions of the conductor do not fulfil he
condition (1) or if the duration of the current impulse is comparable with the expression
pooh2,then a two-dimensional conductor model is taken into consideration in deter-
mining the current density distribution.
In this paper the current density distribution in a rectangular conductor is deter-
mined for a rectangular surge. Further, using Duhamel's theorem, a solution is found
for an arbitrary forcing current and in particular for a linear rising surge and for
harmonic current. This is done in two stages.
In the first stage the current density distribution is determined for a rectangular
surge. Then using this solution and Duhamel's theorem, in the second stage the current
density distribution is determined for a current surge of any shape. This procedure
eliminates the basic difficulty, namely, that of solving the skin effect of the surge and
simultaneously determining the magnetic field in the inner and outer regions of the
conductor.
In the case of a rectangular surge of current flow through the conductor it is possible
to ascertain that the magnetic field does not penetrate into the conductorregion at he
initial moment, to be called 0, henceforth. This is justified by the fact that arectangula
shock may be considered as a sinusoidal excitation with a frequency a p p r o a c ~ ~ g
infinity, and it is known that for very high frequencies the conductor behaves like a
conductor placed in an electrostaticfield (Kelvin 1890) or as a superconductor (Landau
and Lifshitz 1960). We take advantage of this and first find the magnetic field
distribution around the superconductor, in which direct current flows. If we know*at
distribution we can then determine the surface current density and formulatetheinitid
conditionsfor a rectangular shaped surge. Then, using Maxwell's equationswe find the
time distribution of the current density for a rectangular surge.

2. current density distribution in superconductors

. field
It is a characteristic feature of a current-carrying superconductor that mapeoc
nulling occurs in the superconductingregion (Landau and Lifshitz 1960)Whichm"
the current flow in a surface layer of thickness about lod7m. In order to simp1@the
problem we assume that the current flows on the surface and we introducethe
surface current density.
The vectorial magnetic potential on the outer side of a long rectangular suprcon-
ductor, which carries current, satisfies the following equation:
(2)
V2A = 0.
 Skin effect in rectangular conductors 671

lo acco~dmCe with the coordinate system assumed (figure 1) the vectorial magnetic
eoa bas only an A, component which we will call A. The magnetic field nulling
Po’
oondtionin the superconducting region requires that the normal component of the

I
‘ I

Fwe 1. Coordinate system assumed for the conductor.

magnetic induction vector B is neutralized on the surface of the superconductor.

Taking the dependence B = V X A into consideration we have
.
n (V X A ) = aA/as. (3)
’Ibismeansthe surface of the superconductormay be considered as an equipotentialfor
thevector potential, i.e.
A =constant J x , y E L . (4)
%e constant is determined from the normalizing condition

jpds = I.

‘kdhibution of the surface current density follows from Ampere’s law and from the
a t i o n that the magnetic field is neutralized in the superconducting re@on and is
determined by the dependence
n x (V x A ) = cLojplx,Y e k (6)
baditions (4)-(6) give boundary conditions for the component A of the magnetic
Wential.
In the me under investigation the most effective method of solving equation (2)
conditions (4)-(6) is the conformal representation method in which the external
‘Ron of the conductor is mapped into the region outside a unit circle; thus the
“pleXmagnetic potential is given by

we introduce dimensionless coordinates

x=XJh
Y = Y/h. (9)
lfwe Proceed in the Same way as Cockcroft(1928)we transform the external redon
*the “cfangleinto an external region of a unit circle in two stages. We use the
 672 K Jakubiuk and P Zimny

symmetry of the field about the x axis and make a cut along that axis;in &e hirst
the upper half-plane v is represented on the upper half-plane with a cut-out stase
A’B’C‘CBA (figure 2( a ) ) using the Christoffel-Schwarz equation
du v2-1 1/2

-dv= D 2,( - yl / k) . (10)

B A

Figure 2. Conformal mapping: ( a ) first stage; ( b )second stage.

Because of the symmetry of the figure A’B’C‘CBA about the y axis, the following
relations have been assumed between various points on the U and tl planes:

U U

0 0
c 1
B Ilk
A CO

D
-(E(k1)-k2F(k1))= 1
k ill)
D
-(E(k)- ktF(k))=U
k
where
(12)
k:=l -k2
(13)
a = b/h.
upper
In the second stage the external region of the unit circle is representedonthe*wskrs
half-plane o with a segment cut out, [ - l / k , l / k ] (figure2(b)),bymeansofZuk
formula:
(14
 skin effect in rectangular conductors 673

we know the complex magnetic potential, we can determine the surface

noreat de& using

Using
d@ d@dwdv
du d w d v d u
andequations (10) and (14) we have

ne variables x and y as functions of parameter U, which varies within the closed

btenal[-l/k, l/k], have been determined from equation (10); namely
D for y = 1 and v E[O, 11
r=-(E(k, sin-’ v ) - kTF(k, sin-’ U)) (18)
k
and

for x = a and v E [l, l l k ] . (19)

Equations (17)-(19) determine the surface current density in a rectangular conduc-
tor made of a superconducting material.

3, h e n t density distribution in a conductor for a rectangular surge

wfitheaid of quasistationary approximations of Maxwell’sequations, an equation for

hdiffusion of current into the conductor region can be obtained. We start with the
quation
V‘j = pouaj/at. (20)
Weintroduce the dimensionless variables
r = t/p,-,ah2

i=j/J
ahere
674 K Jakubiuk and P Zimny
The initial condition for equation (24), considering equation (17), is
6( - 1+ y)+ S(1+ y) for x E [ - a, a]
iLO+ ~(--~+X)+S(U+X) fory~[-i,i].
The solution of equation (24), with condition (2.51, gives the current densib
distribution in a rectangular conductor for a rectangular surge in the followingform:

m+n#0

A formula for the coefficients in equation (27) is obtained from equations (251,(26)
and (17)-(19):

c,, = p[ (- 1)" 0
sin-'k

[
cos m-
zf( ( E k, sin-' -
sin a) - k : ~ ( / csin-'
k
, I)? da

+(- 1)" jd2 cos[ q ( E ( kl, sin -)cos a -1

sin-'k k,
- k 2 F ( k l ,sin-' I)-
cos CY
kl da}
where
for m + n # 1
form+n=l.
In figure 3 we show the distribution of dimensionless current density for time 7=OL
and in figure 4we show the distribution of current in time in a rectangularconductor for
a = 1 and a = 10, calculated by computer.
 Skin effectin rectangular conductors 675

XD-’ n I

X X

F i e 4. Time distributions of dimensionless current density: ( a )for a = 1; ( b )for a = 10.

7 = 0 . 5 ; c u r v e D , ~ =1.0;curveE,7= 100.0.
CurveA,~=0.05;curveB,~=O.l;curveC,

1. h e n t density distribution for a surge of arbitrary shape

Thedistribution of dimensionless current density for arbitrarily changing current surge

Yt) follows from Duhamel’s theorem:

For a linearly increasing surge,

Z(t) = dt (30)
$dimensionless current density distribution is
676 K Jakubiuk and P Zimny

5. Conclusions

From equations (27), (28) and (29) we can determine the distribution ofcmentde"sity
in a rectangular conductor for an arbitrary shape of forcing current. ne that
appear in the formulae converge slowly and require large numbers of terms, e s p a lY
for time values less than pouh2/r2.Thus fast computers are necessary for such
calculations.
me diffvsion of current into the region of a conductor with moss section different
from a square, i.e. a # 1,proceeds in accordance with the combination of two different
t h e constants, namely poub2/lr2and pouhz/r2.From equation (27), for h e
of about 5 p 0 u h 2 / r 2 the
, conductor may be considered in practice to be one dimen.
siond, i.e. the diffusion of current takes place along the side b, as in the me of afo2,
Thus, in this case, we can use the model proposed by Zimny (1970).

References
Cockcroft J D 1928 Proc. R. Soc. 122 5 3 3 4 2
Dwight H B 1918 Trans. AZEE 37 1379-400
Forbes H C and G o m a n L J 1933 Elect. Engng 52 6 3 6 9
Kelvin T W 1890 Math. Phys. Pap. 5 491
Kennelly A E, Laws F A and Pierce P H 1915 Proc. AZEE 34 1953-2021
Landau L and Lifshitz E 1960 Electrodynamics of Conn'nua (Warsaw: Paristwowe Wydawnictwo Naukme)
(in Polish)
Strutt M J D 1927 Ann. Phys., Lpz 83 979-1000
Zimny P 1970 Rozpr. Elektrotech. 16481-8 (in Polish)