Synergistic Effect of Latex Powder and Rubber On T
Synergistic Effect of Latex Powder and Rubber On T
Synergistic Effect of Latex Powder and Rubber On T
Research Article
Synergistic Effect of Latex Powder and Rubber on the Properties of
Oil Well Cement-Based Composites
Jianjian Song ,1 Mingbiao Xu ,1,2 Weihong Liu,1,2 Xiaoliang Wang,2 and Yumeng Wu1
1
Petroleum Engineering College, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China
2
Hubei Cooperative Innovation Center of Unconventional Oil and Gas, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China
Copyright © 2018 Jianjian Song et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The brittleness and the poor resistance to external load of oil well cement impede the development of oil and gas wells. To
overcome these deficiencies, latex powder or rubber and their hybrid combinations were used to modify the oil well cement. The
conventional properties, mechanical properties, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the modified cement were
analyzed. In comparison with latex powder-incorporated cement and rubber-incorporated cement, a significant improvement of
fluid loss, flexural strength, impact strength, and elasticity of the cement slurry was observed when using the hybrid combinations
of 3 wt.% latex powder and 2 wt.% rubber, although this synergistic effect was not remarkable on the compressive strength and the
thickening time. These evidences arose from the synergism between latex powder and rubber leading to the formation of a three-
dimensional network structure and a flexible structure which subsequently improved the elasticity and toughness of cement stone.
The improved elastic matrix has a buffering effect on external impact when the cement stone is subjected to an external load.
(i) It can improve the antichanneling ability of cement sample. The retarder was a mixture of tartaric acid and
slurry borate, and it was added aimed at adjusting the thick-
(ii) It can decrease the permeability of cement stone ening time of cement slurry. Rubber was obtained from
Guangzhou Best New Materials Co., Ltd. (China), and it
(iii) It is used in cement slurry to demonstrate good
was granular polymer material. Rubber was hydrophically
flexural strength and impact strength necessary to
modified by 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane be-
reduce probability of cement stone damaged during
fore its use in this work. In all experiments, tap water was
subsequent operations
used as the aqueous solution.
(iv) It has been used to provide sufficient elasticity
necessary to guarantee the integrity of the internal
structure of cement stone 2.2. Sample Preparation. Preparation and curing of oil well
(v) Simultaneously, it can improve the cementing cement were conducted according to the Chinese standard
quality in the first and second interface test protocol GB/T 19139-2012. According to the specific
compositions of cement slurry shown in Table 1, cement,
Rubber is an elastic material with smaller size particles, filtrate reducer, dispersant, enhancer, latex powder, and
distributed uniformly and used to fill any void within the rubber were first mixed as dry powder. Second, a certain
cement particles in the slurry. Moreover, the transfer me- amount of tap water was taken and the retarder and
dium of impact reflected by the formation of skeleton with defoamer were dissolved in water to form a mixed water
numerous particles and gels stacking within the cement solution. Then, the mixed water solution was poured into
stone occurs [14–16]. Additionally, after transferring the the mixing cup and was stirred using the constant speed
force to flexible rubber used in cement particle filling, the agitator (TG-3060A, Shenyang Taige Petroleum Instrument
elastic flexible rubber produces a buffering effect which & Equipment Co., Ltd.) at a speed of 4000 ± 200 r/min, and
absorbs part of the energy. Hence, it improves the ability of the mixed dry powder was added into mixed water so-
resisting external force damage [17, 18]. The application of lution at this speed within 15 s. Consecutively, the cement
flexible rubber in cement slurry can improve the internal slurry was stirred for 35 s ± 1 s at the speed of 12000 ±
deficiencies of cement paste, restrain the generation and 500 r/min. Then, the cement sample was prepared for the
expansion of microfractures, and form the structural center experiment.
of energy absorption [19, 20].
In order to enhance the performance of oil well cement,
many research studies based on using a single flexible 2.3. Testing Procedures. Oil well cement slurries were tested
material have been well evidenced, but reports on the according to the Chinese standard test protocol GB/T
application of a hybrid combination of polymer flexible 19139-2012. A constant speed agitator was used for the
materials in cement slurry are not well documented to date. preparation of cement slurry. After curing for 20 min at
In an attempt to develop excellent cement slurry for the 90°C and 0.1 MPa, the rheological properties of cement
cementing process, a hybrid combination of flexible ma- slurry were tested using a rheometer (OFITE900, OFITE,
terials composed of latex powder-rubber was used in the USA). A pressurized consistometer (TG-8040DA, She-
cement slurry. The synergistic effect related to their rep- nyang Taige Oil Equipment CO., Ltd, China) was used to
resentative functions was studied. The research results measure the thickening time at 90°C and 45 MPa. HTHP
provide reference for developing a flexible cement slurry fluid losses were taken using a HPHT Filter Press (TG-71,
system. Shenyang Taige Oil Equipment CO., Ltd, China) at 90°C
and 6.9 MPa for 30 min.
2. Materials and Methods In order to examine the mechanical properties of
the slurry, all the samples were cured at 90°C and 21 MPa.
2.1. Materials. The cementing materials obtained from The cured samples (50.8 mm × 50.8 mm × 50.8 mm) were
Gezhouba Special Cement Co., Ltd, China, were of con- used to examine their compressive strength at a constant
ventional class G oil well cement. Latex powder and ma- loading rate of 72 kN/min. The cured rectangular stone
terials including filtration reducer, dispersant, and (40 mm × 40 mm × 160 mm) was used to measure flex-
defoamer were procured from Jingzhou Jiahua Technology ural strength (3-point bending). Pendulum impact tester
Co., Ltd, China. The enhancer and retarder were produced (XJJY-50, Chengdeshi Shipeng Detection Equipment Co.,
in the laboratory. The average particle size of the latex Ltd., China) was used to assess the impact strength of
powder was about 160 μm. The filtration reducer was an samples (10 mm × 15 mm × 120 mm). Regarding the Chi-
anionic polymer and made from acrylamide and its de- nese standard test protocol GB/T 50266-2013, the uniaxial
rivatives, which was used to reduce the water loss of cement stress-strain curves were determined using a universal
slurry. The dispersant was sulfonated acetone-formaldehyde testing machine (HY-20080, Shanghai Hengyi Precision
condensate, and its function was to improve the fluidity of Instrument Co., Ltd., China) at a constant loading rate of
cement paste. The defoamer was incorporated in order to 2 kN/min after curing for 28 days.
eliminate foam in cement slurry and it was mainly composed The microstructure of cement stone was observed using
of emulsified silicone oil. The enhancer was made up of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) (SU 8010, HITACHI,
microsilica, and it could enhance the strength of cement Japan).
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 3
60 36 10 2.0
12
40 2 1.2
6
35 0 0 1.0
0 1 2 3 4
30 Latex powder content (%)
25 Compressive strength (MPa)
Flexural strength (MPa)
20 Impact strength (KJ/m2)
0 1 2 3 4
Latex powder content (%) Figure 3: Dependence of latex powder content on mechanical
Fluid loss properties of cement slurry.
180
3.2. Effect of Rubber Content on the Properties of Cement Slurry 0 1 2 3 4
Rubber content (%)
3.2.1. Effect of Rubber Content on Conventional Properties. Thickening time
The dependence of rubber content ranging from 0 to 4 wt.%
on the rheological properties, thickening time, and fluid loss Figure 4: Dependence of rubber content on thickening time of
cement slurry.
of cement slurry was examined, and the results are presented
in Table 3 and Figures 4 and 5. As observed in Table 3, the
rheology of cement paste is strongly dependent on the approximately by 5 min. However, this does not significantly
content of rubber. With increasing the rubber content up to affect the safety of the construction. The incorporated rubber-
3 wt.%, the Φ300 readings significantly increase to more than cement slurry demonstrates an appreciable retention of fluid.
300. Hence, the rubber content should not only be con- This is reflected by a roughly two-fold control (24 mL) at
trolled, but addition of an appropriate amount of dispersant 4 wt.% in comparison with the free rubber-cement slurry
into the slurry is also necessary. (55 mL) as seen in Figure 5. This observation arose from the
Represented in Figure 4 is the dependence of rubber fact that the polymeric rubber reduced the motion of water
content on the thickening time. It is noticed that, increased into the cake pores by filling the pore spaces leading to
the rubber content up to 4 wt.%, reduces the thickening time prevent the cement slurry from losing water.
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 5
60 36 10 2.0
45 4 0.8
12
40 8 2 0.4
4
35 0 0 0.0
0 1 2 3 4
30 Rubber content (%)
60
3.3. Synergistic Effect of Latex Powder and Rubber on the 30
Performances of Cement Slurry
0
3.3.1. Synergistic Effect of Latex Powder and Rubber on the P L3 R2 LR2
Sample number
Conventional Performances of Cement Slurry. Latex powder
and rubber have an obvious effect on the conventional Thickening time
properties of cement slurry. The performance of in- Figure 7: Dependence of rubber and latex on thickening time of
corporated 3 wt.% latex powder + 2 wt.% rubber-cement cement slurry.
slurry (LR1 and LR2), incorporated 3 wt.% latex powder-
cement slurry (L3), and incorporated 2 wt.% rubber-cement
slurry (R2) were evaluated in comparison with the pure cement slurry by about 36% in comparison with the pure
cement slurry (P), and the results are shown in Table 4 and cement slurry.
Figures 7 and 8. It was noticed that the rheology values of the
Φ300 reading of LR1 (the content of dispersant is 0.5 wt.%)
was recorded to be more than 300 as indicated in Table 4. 3.3.2. Synergistic Effect of Latex Powder and Rubber on the
After adding an appropriate amount of dispersant, the Mechanical Performances of Cement Slurry. In this section,
rheological property of LR2 (the content of dispersant the mechanical performance of incorporated 3 wt.% latex
is 0.8 wt.%) meets field requirements. With reference to powder + 2 wt.% rubber-cement slurry (LR2) was evaluated
Figure 7, thickening time variation of LR2 is not remarkable. in comparison with incorporated 3 wt.% latex powder-
Hence, it cannot impede the safety of construction. More- cement slurry (L3), incorporated 2 wt.% rubber-cement
over, as seen in Figure 8, the synergistic effect of latex slurry (R2), and pure cement slurry (P), all kept in a stan-
powder and rubber obviously reduces the fluid loss of dard curing molds at 90°C with 100% relative humidity for 1,
6 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering
60 50
50 45
40
30
35
20
30
10
25
0
P L3 R2 LR2
Sample number 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Cured time (d)
Fluid loss
P R2
Figure 8: Dependence of rubber and latex on fluid loss of cement L3 LR2
slurry.
Figure 9: Compressive strength of cement slurry with curing time.
1.6 50
1.4 40
1.2
Strees (MPa)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 30
Cured time (d)
P R2 20
L3 LR2
Figure 11: Impact strength of cement slurry with curing time.
10
Data Availability
The data used to support the findings of this study are
available from the corresponding author upon request.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Authors’ Contributions
Jianjian Song designed and performed the experiments.
Mingbiao Xu supervised the whole process. Weihong Liu
and Xiaoliang Wang gave some advice about the article.
Yumeng Wu had a hand in part of the experimental tests.
Materials Science and Engineering A, vol. 487, no. 1-2, Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering, vol. 28, no. 3-4,
pp. 52–57, 2008. pp. 451–455, 2000.
[10] Z. Lu, X. Kong, C. Zhang et al., “Effect of surface modification [26] A. M. Diab, H. E. Elyamany, and A. H. Ali, “The participation
of colloidal particles in polymer latexes on cement hydration,” ratios of cement matrix and latex network in latex cement co-
Construction and Building Materials, vol. 155, pp. 1147–1157, matrix strength,” Alexandria Engineering Journal, vol. 53,
2017. no. 2, pp. 309–317, 2014.
[11] Z. Lu, X. Kong, Q. Zhang et al., “Influences of styrene- [27] L. He, Y. Ma, Q. Liu, and Y. Mu, “Surface modification of
acrylate latexes on cement hydration in oil well cement crumb rubber and its influence on the mechanical properties
system at different temperatures,” Colloids and Surfaces A: of rubber-cement concrete,” Construction and Building Ma-
Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, vol. 507, pp. 46–57, terials, vol. 120, pp. 403–407, 2016.
2016.
[12] C. Ren, Y. He, D. Zeng, and T. Shi, “Research into sulfide
resistant polymer latex cement for sour well applications,”
Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, vol. 60, no. 5,
pp. 245–250, 2013.
[13] L. B. Jiao, D. J. Chen, D. Y. Feng, X.-M. Wang, and J. Zhang,
“Potential for significantly improving performances of oil-
well cement by soap-free emulsions,” Materials and Struc-
tures, vol. 49, no. 1-2, pp. 279–288, 2016.
[14] X. Cheng, H. Sheng, X. Guo, and D. Wenhui, “Crumb waste
tire rubber surface modification by plasma polymerization of
ethanol and its application on oil-well cement,” Applied
Surface Science, vol. 409, pp. 325–342, 2017.
[15] K. Bisht and P. V. Ramana, “Evaluation of mechanical and
durability properties of crumb rubber concrete,” Construction
and Building Materials, vol. 155, pp. 811–817, 2017.
[16] K. Jafari and V. Toufigh, “Experimental and analytical eval-
uation of rubberized polymer concrete,” Construction and
Building Materials, vol. 155, pp. 495–510, 2017.
[17] A. S. M. Mendis, S. Al Deen, and M. Ashraf, “Effect of rubber
particles on the flexural behaviour of reinforced crumbed
rubber concrete beams,” Construction and Building Materials,
vol. 154, pp. 644–657, 2017.
[18] E. Ganjian, M. Khorami, and A. A. Maghsoudi, “Scrap-tyre-
rubber replacement for aggregate and filler in concrete,”
Construction and Building Materials, vol. 23, no. 5,
pp. 1828–1836, 2009.
[19] N. Segre, C. Ostertag, P. J. M. Monteiro et al., “Effect of tire
rubber particles on crack propagation in cement paste,”
Materials Research, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 311–320, 2006.
[20] S. Guo, Q. Dai, R. Si, X. Sun, and C. Lu, “Evaluation of
properties and performance of rubber-modified concrete for
recycling of waste scrap tire,” Journal of Cleaner Production,
vol. 148, pp. 681–689, 2017.
[21] C. Vipulanandan and A. Mohammed, “Rheological properties
of piezoresistive smart cement slurry modified with iron-
oxide nanoparticles for oil-well applications,” Journal of
Testing and Evaluation, vol. 45, no. 6, pp. 1–11, 2017.
[22] M. Choolaei, A. M. Rashidi, M. Ardjmand, A. Yadegari, and
H. Soltanian, “The effect of nanosilica on the physical
properties of oil well cement,” Materials Science and Engi-
neering: A, vol. 538, pp. 288–294, 2012.
[23] C. Vipulanandan and A. Mohammed, “Smart cement mod-
ified with iron oxide nanoparticles to enhance the piezor-
esistive behavior and compressive strength for oil well
applications,” Smart Materials and Structures, vol. 24, no. 12,
article 125020, 2015.
[24] J. Esmaeili and A. R. Mohammadjafari, “Increasing flexural
strength and toughness of cement mortar using multi-walled
carbon nanotubes,” International Journal of Nano Dimension,
vol. 5, pp. 399–407, 2014.
[25] G. Lewis and S. Mladsi, “Relationship between fracture
toughness and impact strength of acrylic bone cement,”
Nanomaterial
Nanomaterials
Journal of
Advances in Advances in
Chemistry
Hindawi
Physical Chemistry
Hindawi
www.hindawi.com Volume 2018 www.hindawi.com Volume 2018
Engineering
Journal of
Journal of International Journal of Advances in Journal of
Chemistry
Hindawi
Biomaterials
Hindawi
High Energy Physics
Hindawi Hindawi
Nanotechnology
Hindawi
www.hindawi.com Volume 2018 www.hindawi.com Volume 2018 www.hindawi.com Volume 2018 www.hindawi.com Volume 2018 www.hindawi.com Volume 2018