REVIEWER IN PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION What happens if people visit another speech

Lesson 1: THE NATURE OF LANGUAGE community that is different from their own?
What is Language?
- Together with the creation of human life is the Americans and British speak English. However, they
creation ofwonderful and dynamic human spell English differently. They pronounce words
capacity – language. Animals aresaid to be able differently. They have different ways of expressing the
to communicate with each other. The sounds sane concepts. have exactly the same set of rules for
theyproduce often reflect the state of their their language
emotions. While it may betrue that animals
communicate, only human beings are truly Language Contact
capable of producing language. - occurs when two or more languages or varieties
What exactly Language is? interact. The study of language contact is called
- Linguists agree that a language can only be linguistic.
called a language if it has: Language Change
 A system of rules (grammar) - All languages change in various ways, and any
 A sound system (phonology) language is in a constant, slow, not always
 A vocabulary (lexicon) steady process of alteration.
- Therefore, animals may be able to signal to its
partner that it’s sharing food, they can produce Language is indeed a complex human capacity. It is,
sounds & gestures but will not be able to therefore, important to be aware of its features and
organize the sounds into a meaningful system behaviour to be able to use the language more
with rules. effectively
- Humans on the other hand are able to
communicate their desire to share food through Lesson 2: TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
several ways that are understandable to other
human beings. What is Communication?
Speech Community Communication is generally defined as the exchange of
- a group of people who share similar ideas, uses thoughts, ideas, concepts, and views between or among
and norms of language. two or more people.
Language Acquisition Context
- the process of attaining a specific variant of - is the circumstance or environment in which
human language. communication takes place.
- The process of learning a native or a second Each communication type is governed by a particular
language. circumstance. Thus, it is essential to pay attention to the
Mother tongues interplay of factors surrounding the context of
- language that a person has grown up speaking communication which may be physical, cultural, social
from early childhood. and psychological in nature.
- A native language or may also be referred to as Communication may then be classified according to:
first languages. 1. Communication mode
Second languages 2. Context
- language usually learned at a later stage after a 3. Purpose and style
mother tongue, a non- native language and
non-native tongue. TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO MODE
Language learning 1. Verbal
- occurs in a more formal way. Grammar, 2. Non-verbal
vocabulary & language are taught explicitly. 3. Visual
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO Horizontal Communication – is lateral in approach as it
CONTEXT: takes place among people belonging to the same level
but coming from different departments or units to
1. Intrapersonal facilitate performance of tasks through proper
- the Latin prefix intra – means within or inside. coordination.
Communicating to oneself: inner talk, inner Crosswise Communication – crosswise approach is
monologue or inner dialogue. diagonal in nature as employees from different units or
2. Interpersonal departments working at various levels communicate
- the Latin prefix inter means between, among with each other.
and together. Each of these communication approaches has its own
- A communication situation is interpersonal if it advantages and disadvantages. Note that these
is meant to establish or deepen one’s structures are usually presented in the company’s
relationship with others. However, organizational chart and policy manuals.
- if the objective is to achieve something at the 2. Informal Communication
end of the conversation, it becomes - comes from unofficial channels of flow which is also
transactional. (talks aim to accomplish or known as ‘grapevine.’ This occurs due to the
resolve something at the end of the dissatisfaction of some employees accompanied by
conversation) uncertainty, such as superiors playing favorites and
3. Extended Communication unfavorable or unacceptable company rules &
- involves the use of electronic media such as regulations. Some employees even resort to baseless
tele, audio, or phone conferencing; skype calls; gossips and rumors which they spread like wild fire.
and other technological means. TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
4. Organizational Communication AND STYLE
focus is on the role that communication plays in Formal & Informal = According to communication
organizational contexts. Organizations comprise setting & modes of delivery.
individual who work for the company. Formal communication employs formal language
delivered orally or in written form. Lectures, public
Two types of Organizational Structure: talks/speeches, research & project, reports and
business letters.
Formal Informal communication involves personal & ordinary
- Formal structure allows communication to take place conversations with friends, family members or
via designated channels of message flow between acquantances about
positions in the organization. This may make use of four anything under the sun.
approaches: Lesson 3: COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES & ETHICS
1. Downward communication
2. Upward communication GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
3. Horizontal communication Since communication is a two- way process, it is
4. Crosswise communication important that you know the principles to be observed
5. to make it effective.
Downward Communication – is the type that flows For both oral & written communication, you should be
from upper to lower positions i.e., president to a able to apply the following:
manager or supervisor; a manager 1. Know your purpose in communicating.
to an ordinary staff. 2. Know your audience.
Upward Communication – it is bottom-up in which 3. Know your topic.
subordinates send communication to their superior or 4. Adjust your speech or writing to the context of
bosses bearing their views/feedback on organizational the situation.
policies, issues related to their jobs 5. Work on the feedback given to you.
and the like.
PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE ORAL COMMUNICATION LESSON 4. COMMUNICATION
Be clear with your purpose. - Communication is a process
- You should know by heart your objective in - Communication occurs between two or more
communicating. people
Be complete with the message you deliver. - Communication can be expresses through
- Make sure your claims are supported by facts & written or spoken words, actions (nonverbal), or
essential information. both spoken words and nonverbal actions at the
Be concise. same time
- You do not need to be verbose or wordy with Nature of Communication
your statements. Brevity in speech is a must. - Systemic
Be natural with your delivery. - Irreversible
- Punctuate important words with the - Proactive
appropriate gestures & movements. Exude a - Symbolic
certain degree of confidence even if you do not - Dynamic
feel confidence even if you do not feel - Involves communicators
confident enough. - Meanings are formed by the participants
Be specific & timely with your feedback. Elements of Communication
- Inputs are more helpful when provided on time. 1. Source - imagines, creates, and sends the message
PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE WRITTEN 2. Message - is the stimulus or meaning produced by
COMMUNICATION: the source for the receiver or audience
THE 7C’S 3. Channel - is the way in which a message or messages
1. Be clear – Be clear about your message. Always travel between source and receiver.
be guided by your purpose in communicating. 4. Receiver - receives the message from the source,
2. Be concise – Always stick to the point and do and interpreting the message in ways both intended
not beat or run around the bush. Be brief by and unintended by the source.
focusing on your main point. 5. Feedback - is composed of messages the receiver
3. Be concrete – Support your claims with enough sends back to the source
facts. Your readers easily know if you are 6. Environment - is the atmosphere, physical and
bluffing or deceiving them because there is psychological, where you send and receive message
nothing to substantiate your claims. 7. Context - involves the setting, scene, andexpectations
4. Be correct. – It is important that you observe of the individuals involved.
grammatical correctness in your writing. Always 8. Interference - anything that blocks or changes the
have time to revise and edit your work. Even source’s intended meaning of the message.
simple spelling errors may easily distract your Models of Communication
readers. 1. THE SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL OF
5. Be coherent. – Your writing becomes coherent COMMUNICATION (MOTHER OF ALL
only when you convey a logical message. The COMMUNICATION MODELS)
ideas should be connected to each other and 2. TRANSACTIONAL MODEL
should be related to the topic. 3. SCHRAMM COMMUNICATION MODEL
6. Be complete. – Include all necessary & relevant 4. JACKOBSON’S MODEL
information so that the audience will not be left 5. BERLOS’S SMCR MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
wanting of any information.
7. Be courteous. – The tone of your writing should
be friendly.
The 4 Macro Skills in Communication LESSON 5. LANGUAGE VARIETIES AND REGISTERS
1. Listening - The process of using the sense ofhearing, - Speech variety, a concept of domain, is
in order for the person to know what is happening important as it signifies the class of situation
around him. It may be the passive, active, and within which a certain speech variety is used. A
competitive. domain is also referred to as “social situation as
 PASSIVE - happens when a person listens to the the implementation of the rights and duties of a
speaker without any response at it particular role relationship.
 ACTIVE - happens when a person listens to the
speaker while also acknowledging the DIFFERENT KINDS OF LANGUAGE VARIETIES
information given by the speaker 1. Pidgin – develops in situations where speakers of
 COMPETITIVE - happens when a person listens different languages need to communicate but don’t
to the speaker in order for them to give their share a common language. EXAMPLE: “ Conyo “
own opinion to the speaker, he also promotes 2. Creole – is a distinct language which has taken most
his/ her own ideas as if they are arguing each of its vocabulary from another language, but it has its
2. Speaking - The process of conveying a message to a own grammatical rules. EXAMPLE: Gullah, Jamaican
receiver verbally, or a process where the listener applies Creole, (patois or patwa) Spanish Creole (Chavacano)
to him/herself the information he/she have heard. 3. Regional Dialect – is not a distinct language but a
3. Reading - It is the process of analyzing symbols for variety of language spoken in a particular area of a
you to understand the message conveyed by the country.
sender. It is the process of analyzing symbols for you to 4. Minority Dialect – a particular minority ethnic group
understand the message conveyed by the sender. have their own variety which they use as a marker of
4. Writing - Writing takes time and practice for you to identity, usually alongside a standard variety.
master the said skill. Writing can be practiced by 5. Indigenized variety – are spoken mainly second
knowing the strokes of each letter in the alphabet. languages in ex- colonies with multilingual populations.
Writing is also sa process in which a person can share This standard variety may be linked to English
his thoughts and feelings through symbols. Writing can proficiency or may be part of a range of varieties used
also be a tool to develop and strengthen human to express identity. EXAMPLE: Singlish (spoken in
connections and the society. Singapore) a variety came from Standard English.
Misconceptions About Human Communication
“What we need is more communication.” Language Registers
- Quality is better than quantity, is also correct in 1. Static Register/ Frozen Register - This style of
communication process. Knowing the limits of communications RARELY or NEVER changes. It is
communication will make us maximize its “frozen” in time and content.
effectiveness. 2. Formal Register - This language is used in formal
“Speakers is the only responsible for effective settings and is one-way in nature. This use of language
communication.” usually follows a commonly accepted format. It is
- Obviously not. As same as the speaker, the usually impersonal and formal.
receiver also have an equal responsibility in 3. Consultative Register - This is a standard form of
decoding and encoding the message to communications. Users engage in a mutually accepted
complete the process (effective) structure of communications. It is formal and societal
communication. expectations accompany the users of this speech. It is
“Communication is only consists of words.” professional discourse.
- Non verbal communication is also important. 4. Casual Register - This is informal language used by
Verbal and nonverbal communication goes peers and friends. Slang, vulgarities and colloquialisms
hand in hand to produce an effective are normal. This is “group” language. One must be
communication. member to engage in this register.
“Meanings are in words.” 5. Intimate Register - his communications is private. It is
- We cannot recreate a context, which means, we reserved for close family members or intimate people.
actively assign meaning to words.
 LANGUAGE
Multimodal - poor translation may cause embarrassment and
- is a dynamic convergence of two or more misinterpretations, the use of appropriate
communication modes within the same text. language must be given importance.

What is a multimodal text? Technology Based Communicating tools

- Combines two or more semiotic systems like - is the backbone of social interaction
picture book which textual and visual elements  Email
are arranged or live performance in which  Texting
gesture, music and space are main the main  Instant messaging
elements.  Social networking
It can be delivered via different media and technologies  Tweeting
such as:  Blogs / blogging
Paper  Video conferencing
- books, comics, posters
digital
- slide presentations, e- books, blogs, e- posters,
web pages and social media
live
- performance or an event
trans media
- media platforms, such as: book, comic,
magazine, film web series, and video game
Five Semiotic Systems
1. Written or linguistic meaning
- vocabulary, generic structure, and grammar
2. Audio Meaning
- music, sound effects, noises, ambient noise, and
silence
3. Visual meaning
- still and moving images, use of color, saliency, page
layouts, vectors, viewpoint, screen formats, visual
symbols; shot framing, subject distance and angle,
camera movement , subject movement
4. Gestural meaning
- body movements, hands and eyes , facial expression
5. Spatial Meaning
- environmental and architectural spaces and use of
proximity direction, layout, position of an organization
of objects in space

Cultural Sensitivity in Multimodal Text

CULTURE
- comes in many shapes and sizes. It includes
areas such as politics, history, mentality,
behavior and lifestyle. Insensitivity in
multimodal text may affect the products the
company is promoting, might offend people and
will lead to miscommunication.