Column Design

Reinforced Concrete Column Design (2015 Code)
A reinforced concrete column is a structural member designed to carry compression loads.

Classification of Columns:
a. Short Columns
The load of short columns depends on the dimension and the strength of the material of
which it is made.
b. Long Columns
If the length of the column is increased, the chances that it will fail by lateral buckling will
be increased.
Types of Columns
a. Tied Columns- column which longitudinal bars are braced with a series of closed ties
b. Spiral Columns- column in which the longitudinal bars and concrete core are wrapped
with a closely spaced helix or spiral.
c. Composite Columns- These columns may contain a structural steel shape surrounded
by longitudinal bars with ties or spirals or it may consist of high strength steel tubing filled
with concrete.
Axial Load Capacity of Columns:
𝑃𝑃𝑛𝑛 = 0.85𝑓𝑓′𝑐𝑐(𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 − 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ) + 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑃𝑃𝑛𝑛 = 0.85𝑓𝑓′𝑐𝑐(𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 ) + 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
where;
Ag= gross concrete area
Ast= area of steel reinforcement
TIED COLUMN SPIRAL COLUMN

Axial Load Capacity: Axial Load Capacity:
Ø𝑃𝑃𝑛𝑛 = Ø 0.80�0.85𝑓𝑓′𝑐𝑐(𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 − 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ) + 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 )� Ø𝑃𝑃𝑛𝑛 = Ø 0.85�0.85𝑓𝑓′𝑐𝑐(𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 − 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ) + 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 )�
where; where;
Ø = 0.65 Ø = 0.75
Limits of Reinforcement: Limits of Reinforcement:

1. Ast shall not be less than 0.01Ag and 3. Ast shall not be less than 0.01Ag and
Ast shall not be more than 0.008Ag Ast shall not be more than 0.008Ag
2. The minimum number of longitudinal 4. The minimum number of longitudinal
bars: bars:
a. 4 for bars with rectangular ties a. 6 longitudinal bars
b. 3 for bars with triangular ties
Sizes and Spacing of Main Bars and Ties Sizes and Spacing of Main Bars and Ties
1. Clear distance between longitudinal 1. For cast-in-place construction, size of
bars shall not be less than 1.5 spirals shall not be less than 10mm
longitudinal bar diameter nor 40mm. diameter.
2. Use 10-mm diameter ties for 32-mm 2. Clear spacing between spirals shall
bars or smaller and atleast 12 m in not exceed 75mm, nor less than
size for 36mm, 42mm, 58mm and 25mm
bundled longitudinal bars. 3. Anchorage of spiral reinforcement
3. Vertical Spacing of ties shall not 1
shall be provided by 1 extra turns of
2
exceed:
spiral bar
a. 16 x longitudinal bar diameter
b. 48 x tie diameter
c. Least dimension of column
Percentage of Spiral steel, 𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠
𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑢𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙

𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠 =
𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑎𝑎 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝ℎ, 𝑠𝑠
4 𝑎𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝐷𝐷𝑐𝑐 − 𝑑𝑑𝑠𝑠 )

𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠 =
𝑠𝑠 𝐷𝐷𝑐𝑐 2
Where:
as is the cross-sectional area of spiral bar
Dc is diameter of the core out to out of the
spiral
Ds is the spiral bar diameter
Minimum spiral percentage:
𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 𝑓𝑓′𝑐𝑐
𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.45 � − 1�
𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦ℎ
Where;
fyh is the specified yield strength of spiral
reinforcement but not more than 415MPa
Problem 1:
Design a square tied column of smallest cross-section to carry an axial dead load of 655kN and
an axial live load of 540kN. Assume f’c = 20.7MPa and fy= 276MPa. Use 22mm main bars.
Solution:
For the section to be smallest, use 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 0.06𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 (the maximum value)
𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 = 1.2 (655) + 1.6 (640) = 1,650𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

Thus;
𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 = Ø𝑃𝑃𝑛𝑛 = Ø 0.80�0.85𝑓𝑓′𝑐𝑐(𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 − 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ) + 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 )�
1,650,000𝑁𝑁 = 0.65(0.80)�0.85(20.7)(𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 − 0.06𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 ) + 276(0.06𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 )�
𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 = 95,986𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
Solve for column dimensions,
𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 = 𝑏𝑏 2 = 95,986𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝑏𝑏 = 309.6𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ≈ 310𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
Solve for number of column main reinforcements,

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 0.06𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 0.06(310)2 = 5,766𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
Number of 22-mm bars:

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 5,766
𝑁𝑁 = = = 15.17 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 16 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
𝐴𝐴𝑏𝑏 𝜋𝜋(22)2
4
∴ 𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 310𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 310𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ 16 − 22𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
Problem 2:
Design a square tied column to carry the following loads:
Axial Loads: Shear parallel to one side:
Dead load= 800kN Dead load= 80kN
Live load= 650kN Live load= 90kN
Concrete strength f’c= 21MPa. Use 25-mm diameter longitudinal bars (fy= 415MPa) and 10-mm
diameter ties (fyh= 275MPa). Clear protective covering is 30mm. Use 2.5% steel ratio.
Solution:
Main Reinforcement:
𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 = 1.2 (800) + 1.6 (650) = 2,000𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

Thus;
2,000,000𝑁𝑁 = 0.65(0.80)�0.85(21)(𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 − 0.025𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 ) + 275(0.025𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 )�
𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 = 138,457 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
Solve for column dimensions,
𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 = 𝑏𝑏 2 = 138,457 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝑏𝑏 = 372 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ≈ 375𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
Solve for number of column main reinforcements,

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 0.025𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 0.025(375)2 = 3,516 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

4
∴ 𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒙𝒙 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 𝟖𝟖 − 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃
Ties:
b= 375mm
1
d = 375 − 30 − 10 − (25) = 322.5𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2
Solve for design shear, Vu:

𝑽𝑽𝒏𝒏 = 𝑽𝑽𝒄𝒄 + 𝑽𝑽𝒔𝒔 Or 𝑽𝑽𝒖𝒖 = Ø (𝑽𝑽𝒄𝒄 + 𝑽𝑽𝒔𝒔 )
𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 = 1.2𝑉𝑉𝐷𝐷 + 1.6 𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿 = 1.2(80) + 1.6(90) = 240𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Solve for shear provided by concrete, Vc:

𝑁𝑁𝑢𝑢
𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = 0.17(1 + )𝜆𝜆�𝑓𝑓′𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏 𝑑𝑑
14𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔
Quantity “Nu/Ag” shall be expressed in MPa or N/mm2.

Nu= factored axial load normal to cross section = Pu= 2,000kN
(+) for compression
𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 = 𝑏𝑏 2 = 3752 = 140,625 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
Thus,
𝑁𝑁𝑢𝑢
𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = 0.17(1 + )𝜆𝜆�𝑓𝑓′𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏 𝑑𝑑
14𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔
2,000,000
𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = 0.17 �1 + � 1.0√21 (375)(322.5) = 189.93𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
14(140,625)
𝑽𝑽𝒖𝒖 = Ø (𝑽𝑽𝒄𝒄 + 𝑽𝑽𝒔𝒔 )
240𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = 0.75 (189.93𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 + 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 )
𝑽𝑽𝒔𝒔= 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
Compare actual Vs to Vsmax:
𝑉𝑉 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 0.66 �𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏 𝑑𝑑 = 0.66 √21 (375)(322.5) = 365.78𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Vs < 𝑉𝑉 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ,
𝜋𝜋𝑑𝑑 2 𝜋𝜋(10)2
𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 = 2𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑥 = 157.08mm2
4 4
𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑 157.08(275)(322.5)

𝑠𝑠 = = = 107mm √
𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 130,075
Solve for 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 0.33 �𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏 𝑑𝑑 = 0.33 √21 (375)(322.5) = 184.74𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Since Vs actual < Vs limit, Code’s limiting spacing:
s1= d/2 = 322.5/4= 164mm X
Maximum spacing of ties shall not exceed:

a. 16 x longitudinal bar diameter= 16(25mm) = 400mm X
b. 48 x tie diameter= 48(10mm)= 480mm X
c. Least dimension of column= 375mm X
Use 10mm Ø stirrups @ 107mm on centers.
Problem 3:
Design a round spiral column to support an axial dead load of 900kN and an axial live load of
1300kN. Assume that 3% longitudinal steel is desired, f’c = 27.6 MPa, and fy= 414MPa. Use 25-
mm main reinforcement. Determine also the minimum spacing of 10mm spiral (fyh= 275MPa)
with 30mm steel covering.
Solution:
𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 = 1.2 (900) + 1.6 (1300) = 3,160𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Thus;
3,160,000𝑁𝑁 = 0.75(0.85)�0.85(27.6)(𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 − 0.03𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 ) + 414(0.03𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 )�
𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 = 140,915 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝜋𝜋𝐷𝐷2
𝐴𝐴 =
4
𝜋𝜋𝐷𝐷2
140,915 = ; 𝐷𝐷 = 423.6𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 425𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
4
𝜋𝜋(425)2
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 0.03 = 4,256 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
4
4
Minimum spiral:
Core diameter, Dc= D- 2x cover= 425- 2(30)= 365mm
𝜋𝜋(365)2
Area of concrete area, Ac= = 104,635 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
4
𝜋𝜋(425)2
Gross concrete Area, 𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 = = 141,863 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
4
𝜋𝜋(10)2
Area of spiral bar, as = = 78.54 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
4
Minimum spiral ratio:

𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 𝑓𝑓′𝑐𝑐 141,863 27.6
𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.45 � − 1� = 0.45 � − 1� = 0.01607
𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦ℎ 104,635 275
pitch, s
Solve for Spacing of spiral:

4 𝑎𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝐷𝐷𝑐𝑐 − 𝑑𝑑𝑠𝑠 ) 4 (78.54) (365 − 10)
𝑠𝑠 = 2 = = 52.1𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 < 75𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂)
𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠 𝐷𝐷𝑐𝑐 (0.01607) (365)2
𝑠𝑠𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 𝑠𝑠 − 𝑑𝑑𝑠𝑠 = 50𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 − 10𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 40𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 > 25𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂)

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Reinforced Concrete Column Design (2015 Code)

A reinforced concrete column is a structural member designed to carry compression loads.

𝑃𝑃𝑛𝑛 = 0.85𝑓𝑓′𝑐𝑐(𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 ) + 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

TIED COLUMN SPIRAL COLUMN

Limits of Reinforcement: Limits of Reinforcement:

𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑢𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙

4 𝑎𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝐷𝐷𝑐𝑐 − 𝑑𝑑𝑠𝑠 )

𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 = 1.2 (655) + 1.6 (640) = 1,650𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 = Ø𝑃𝑃𝑛𝑛 = Ø 0.80�0.85𝑓𝑓′𝑐𝑐(𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 − 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ) + 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 )�

1,650,000𝑁𝑁 = 0.65(0.80)�0.85(20.7)(𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 − 0.06𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 ) + 276(0.06𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 )�

Solve for column dimensions,

Solve for number of column main reinforcements,

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 0.06(310)2 = 5,766𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

Number of 22-mm bars:

∴ 𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 310𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 310𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ 16 − 22𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏

𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 = 1.2 (800) + 1.6 (650) = 2,000𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 = Ø𝑃𝑃𝑛𝑛 = Ø 0.80�0.85𝑓𝑓′𝑐𝑐(𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 − 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ) + 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 )�

2,000,000𝑁𝑁 = 0.65(0.80)�0.85(21)(𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 − 0.025𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 ) + 275(0.025𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 )�

𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 = 138,457 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

Solve for column dimensions,

𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 = 𝑏𝑏 2 = 138,457 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

𝑏𝑏 = 372 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ≈ 375𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Solve for number of column main reinforcements,

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 0.025(375)2 = 3,516 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

Solve for design shear, Vu:

𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 = 1.2𝑉𝑉𝐷𝐷 + 1.6 𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿 = 1.2(80) + 1.6(90) = 240𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

Solve for shear provided by concrete, Vc:

Quantity “Nu/Ag” shall be expressed in MPa or N/mm2.

𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 = 𝑏𝑏 2 = 3752 = 140,625 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

Compare actual Vs to Vsmax:

𝑉𝑉 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 0.66 �𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏 𝑑𝑑 = 0.66 √21 (375)(322.5) = 365.78𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑 157.08(275)(322.5)

Since Vs actual < Vs limit, Code’s limiting spacing:

s1= d/2 = 322.5/4= 164mm X

Maximum spacing of ties shall not exceed:

Use 10mm Ø stirrups @ 107mm on centers.

𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 = Ø𝑃𝑃𝑛𝑛 = Ø 0.85�0.85𝑓𝑓′𝑐𝑐(𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 − 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ) + 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 )�

3,160,000𝑁𝑁 = 0.75(0.85)�0.85(27.6)(𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 − 0.03𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 ) + 414(0.03𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 )�

𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 = 140,915 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

Number of 25-mm bars:

Minimum spiral ratio:

Solve for Spacing of spiral:

𝑠𝑠𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 𝑠𝑠 − 𝑑𝑑𝑠𝑠 = 50𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 − 10𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 40𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 > 25𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂)

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