Margin
Margin
Margin
Sarmiento
BSCE-4A
CE12-Geotechnical Engineering (Soil Mechanics)
CHAPTER 1
Introduction to Soil Mechanics
PRE-TEST (Questions)
a. William Shakespeare
b. Charles – Augustin de Coulomb
c. William Rankine
d. Charles - William de Augustin
a. Chemical Weathering
b. Mechanical Weathering
c. Soil Weathering
d. Weathering
a. Soil Mechanics
b. Soil
c. Land Mass
d. Soil Mass
4. Refers to the breakdown and composition of rocks, soils and minerals into smaller
pieces through contact with the atmosphere, biota and waters.
a. Chemical Weathering
b. Mechanical Weathering
c. Soil Weathering
d. Weathering
a. Wind
b. Water
c. Land
d. Soil
7. Discuss briefly the process of one field test for fine grained soil.
Gedrick G. Sarmiento
BSCE-4A
CE12-Geotechnical Engineering (Soil Mechanics)
CHAPTER 1
Introduction to Soil Mechanics
SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTION:
Exercise 1.1
a. William Shakespeare
b. Charles – Augustin de Coulomb
c. William Rankine
d. Charles - William de Augustin
a. 1857
b. 1758
c. 1773
d. 1587
a. Soil Mechanics
b. Soil
c. Land Mass
d. Soil Mass
a. the degree to which a soil will conduct a flow of water Internal friction Cohesion
b. the ability of soil to re-expand after being compressed
c. the resistance of a soil mass to sliding Compressibility Elasticity
d. the degree to which water is drawn upward from the
normal water table Permeability Capillarity
e. the degree to which soil be able to support greater loads
f. molecular attraction between soil particle
EXERCISE 1.2
I. Write TRUE if the statement is correct, otherwise find the incorrect word and
write the correct answer.
1. Transported soils are soils which were formed from rock weathering at one
site and are now found at another site.
II. Explain in your own words the formation of each kind of rocks.
Gedrick G. Sarmiento
BSCE-4A
CE12-Geotechnical Engineering (Soil Mechanics)
CHAPTER 1
LESSON 3-Site Investigation and Subsurface Exploration
EXERCISE 1.3
EXERCISE 1.4
1. Discuss briefly the process of one field test for fine grained soil.
2. Discuss briefly the process of one field test for fine grained soil.
POST-TEST
a. 1857
b. 1758
c. 1773
d. 1587
2 The physical disintegration of the original rock mass into smaller particles without any
change in the chemical composition.
a. Chemical Weathering
b. Mechanical Weathering
c. Soil Weathering
d. Weathering
3 Soils formed from rock weathering on one site and now found on other location.
a. Transported soil
b. Soil Deposit
c. Travelling soil
d. Soil Mass
a. Igneous Rock
b. Sedimentary Rock
c. Metamorphic Rock
d. Hard Rock
a. Alluvial Soil
b. Lacustrine Soil
c. Lake Soil
d. Glacial Soil
7. Discuss briefly the process of one field test for fine grained soil.
Gedrick G. Sarmiento
BSCE-4A
CE12-Geotechnical Engineering (Soil Mechanics)
CHAPTER 2
Fundamentals of Geotechnics
PRE-TEST
a. William Shakespeare
b. Charles – Augustin de Coulomb
c. William Rankine
d. Charles - William de Augustin
a. Chemical Weathering
b. Mechanical Weathering
c. Soil Weathering
d. Weathering
a. Soil Mechanics
b. Soil
c. Land Mass
d. Soil Mass
4. Refers to the breakdown and composition of rocks, soils and minerals into smaller pieces
through contact with the atmosphere, biota and waters
a. Chemical Weathering
b. Mechanical Weathering
c. Soil Weathering
d. Weathering
a. Wind
b. Water
c. Land
d. Soil
7. Discuss briefly the process of one field test for fine grained soil.
Gedrick G. Sarmiento
BSCE-4A
CE12-Geotechnical Engineering (Soil Mechanics)
CHAPTER 2
Fundamentals of Geotechnics
SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTION:
EXERCISE 1.1
3. Plastic and cohesive are not used as synonyms bearing in mind that all
plastic soils are not cohesive and cohesive soils are not plastic.
5. The nature of some properties is the same for coarse- and fine-grained
soils.
II. Identification.
Sample Problems:
PROBLEM 1:
Assume that a compaction mold having a volume of 1/30 ft3 was filled with moist soil. The total weight of the soil in
the mold was found to be 4.10 lb. The soil was oven dried and its weight after drying was 3.53 lb. The specific
gravity of solids was known to be 2.70. Water content, void ratio, porosity, degree of saturation, total unit weight,
and dry unit weight must be determined.
Given Quantities:
Total Weight (W) = 4.10 lbs.
Dry Weight or Weight of Solids (Ws) = 3.53lb
Specific Gravity (Gs) = 2.70
PROBLEM 2:
A soil sample has a volume of 2.5 liters (2.5 x 10^ (–3) m3) and a total mass of 4.85 kg. A water content test
indicates the water content is 28%. Assuming that the specific gravity of solids is 2.72. It is desired to determine the total
density, total unit weight, dry density, dry unit weight, void ratio, porosity, and degree of saturation.
Given Quantities:
Total Volume (V) = 2.5 L = 0.0025 m3
Total Mass (M) = 4.85 kg
Water Content (w) = 28%
Specific Gravity (Gs) = 2.72
Exercise 1.2
Problem 1
A soil sample has a volume of 1/30 ft3 and a total mass of 5.84 lb. A water content test indicates the water content
is 23%. Assuming that the specific gravity of solids is 2.70.
Sample Problem:
1. The following properties were determined for two soils X and Y:
Property X Y
Liquid Limit 0.62 0.34
Plastic Limit 0.26 0.19
Water Content 38% 25%
Specific Gravity of Solids 2.72 2.67
Degree of Saturation 1.00 1.00
Solution:
1.
Solving for PI of each soil
I. For soil X, PI = LL – PL
For soil X, PI = 0.62 – 0.26
For soil X, PI = 0.36
2.
Solving for wet density of each soil sample
I. Soil X:
Given quantities: Equations:
Water content (w) = 38% = 0.38
Specific Gravity (Gs) = 2.72
Saturation (S) = 100% = 1.0
From:
S * e = Gs * w
e = (Gs * w)/S
e = (2.72 * 0.38) / 1.0
e = 1.0336
II. Soil X:
Given quantities: Equations:
Water content (w) = 25% = 0.25
Specific Gravity (Gs) = 2.67
Saturation (S) = 100% = 1.0
From:
S * e = Gs * w
e = (Gs * w)/S
e = (2.67 * 0.25) / 1.0
e = 0.6675
Computing for wet density;
ρ = (2.67+1.0 (0.6675))/(1+0.6675)(1000) = 2001.50 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
Therefore, SOIL Y HAS GREATER WET DENSITY
3.
Solving for dry density of each soil sample
I. Soil X:
Given quantities: Equations:
Water content (w) = 38% = 0.38
Wet Density (ρ) = 1845.79 kg/m3
Computing for wet density;
𝜌𝑑 = (1845.79)/(1+0.38)= 1337.53 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
II. Soil X:
Given quantities: Equations:
Water content (w) = 25% = 0.25
Wet Density (ρ) = 2001.50 kg/m 3
EXERCISE 1.3
Problem. The following properties were determined for two soils X and Y:
Property X Y
Liquid Limit 0.67 0.32
Plastic Limit 0.23 0.21
Water Content 35% 27%
Specific Gravity of Solids 2.67 2.70
Degree of Saturation 0.89 0.99
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. Classify the soil shown by the solid curve in Fig. 15.1. Assume the soil is non-plastic.
EXERCISE 1.4
1. Classify the soil represented by the dashed curve in Fig. 15.1. The liquid limit and plastic limit are found to be 30
and 20, respectively.
2. Classify the soil shown by the solid curve in Fig. 15.1. Assume the soil is non-plastic.
The following data are obtained:
Percent passing No. 4 sieve: 95%
Percent passing No. 10 sieve: 75%
Percent passing No. 40 sieve: 28%
Percent passing No. 200 sieve: 3%
D60 size: 1.50 mm
D30 size: 0.60 mm
D10 size: 0.20 mm
Gedrick G. Sarmiento
BSCE-4A
CE12-Geotechnical Engineering (Soil Mechanics)
CHAPTER 2
LESSON 6- Soil Compaction Field Test
EXERCISE 1.6
1. The Proctor test was invented in the 1930s by ________, a field engineer for the
Bureau of Waterworks and Supply, in Los Angeles, California.
2. The standard Proctor test includes a 0.95-liter volume cylindrical mold in which the
soil mass is placed and compacted in _____ layers.
EXERCISE 1.7
IDENTIFICATION. Fill in the correct word to make the statement correct.
2. ______ are acid soils with organic colloid layer complexed with iron and aluminum
leached from a layer above.
3. ______ are dry soils forming under desert conditions which have fewer than 90
consecutive days of moisture during the growing season and are nonbleached.
4. ______ are soft, deep, dark fertile soil formed in grasslands and some hardwood
forests with very thick A horizons. They are 7% of soils worldwide.
5. ______ are recently formed soils that lack well-developed horizons. Commonly found
on unconsolidated river and beach sediments of sand and clay or volcanic ash, some
have an A horizon on top of bedrock. They are 18% of soils worldwide.
7. ______ are permafrost soils with permafrost within two meters of the surface or gelic
materials and permafrost within one meter. They constitute 9% of soils worldwide.
8. ______ are organic soils, formerly called bog soils, are 1% of soils worldwide.
9. ______ are young soils. They have subsurface horizon formation but show little
eluviation and illuviation. They constitute 15% of soils worldwide.
10. ______ are heavily weathered, are rich in iron and aluminum oxides (sesquioxides) or
kaolin but low in silica. They have only trace nutrients due to heavy tropical rainfall
and high temperatures and low CEC of the remaining clays. They are 8% of soils
worldwide.
Gedrick G. Sarmiento
BSCE-4A
CE12-Geotechnical Engineering (Soil Mechanics)
CHAPTER 2
Fundamentals of Geotechnics
POST-TEST
a. 1857
b. 1758
c. 1773
d. 1587
2 The physical disintegration of the original rock mass into smaller particles without any
change in the chemical composition.
a. Chemical Weathering
b. Mechanical Weathering
c. Soil Weathering
d. Weathering
3 Soils formed from rock weathering on one site and now found on other location.
a. Transported soil
b. Soil Deposit
c. Travelling soil
d. Soil Mass
11. Formed if a rock is subjected to increase in temperature, pressure, or both, to such degree
that a new texture or possibly a new mineral composition is produced.
a. Igneous Rock
b. Sedimentary Rock
c. Metamorphic Rock
d. Hard Rock
a. Alluvial Soil
b. Lacustrine Soil
c. Lake Soil
d. Glacial Soil
14. Discuss briefly the process of one field test for fine grained soil.
Gedrick G. Sarmiento
BSCE-4A
CE12-Geotechnical Engineering (Soil Mechanics)
LECTURE 1 (SOIL COMPOSITION)
1.
2.
Gedrick G. Sarmiento
BSCE-4A
CE12-Geotechnical Engineering (Soil Mechanics)
LECTURE 1 (SOIL COMPOSITION)
Gedrick G. Sarmiento
BSCE-4A
CE12-Geotechnical Engineering (Soil Mechanics)
LECTURE 2 (CHARACTERISTICS OF SOILS)
SOLUTION
Gedrick G. Sarmiento
BSCE-4A
CE12-Geotechnical Engineering (Soil Mechanics)
LECTURE 2 (CHARACTERISTICS OF SOILS)
Problem Set 2
#2. PROBLEM
A soil sample having a liquidity index of 0.87, a plasticity index of 16 and a plastic limit of 12. The soil sample has a
sp.gr. of 2.72 and a void ratio of 0.75
1. Compute the water content of the soil.
2. Compute the degree of saturation
3. Compute the air void ratio
#3. PROBLEM
A soil sample was determined in the laboratory to have a liquid limit of 41% and a plastic limit of 21.1%. If the water
content is 30%, determine the ff.
1. Plasticity Index
2. Liquidity Index
3. What is the characteristic of soil?
i. liquid
ii.Plastic
iii.Dense
iv.Brittle solid
#4. PROBLEM
Laboratory test results for a sample of clay soil for the purpose of evaluating the potential for volume change
(swelling, expansion) are as shown
Liquid limit = 68%
Plastic Limit = 24%
Particles smaller than 0.002 mm = 44%
1. Compute the plasticity Index
2. Indicate the activity classification for this clay
3. The rate of volume change potential
i. very high
ii.medium
iii.low
iv.normal
Note:
LL > 60 and P.I.> 35 Very high
60 < LL > 50 and 25 < P.I. < 35 Medium
LL < 50 and P.I. < 25 Low
#5. PROBLEM
In a liquid limit test using Fall cone apparatus, the following readings were recorded.
#6. PROBLEM
In a liquid limit test using cup apparatus, the following data were taken:
#7. PROBLEM
From the results of a shrinkage limit test, the following data were taken:
Compacted fill
#9. PROBLEM
In a specific gravity test the following data were recorded:
Gedrick G. Sarmiento
BSCE-4A
CE12-Geotechnical Engineering (Soil Mechanics)
LECTURE 2 (CHARACTERISTICS OF SOILS)
PRACTICE PROBLEM 2
The weight of moist soil as excavated from a hole is 895 grams with a volume of 426 cu.cm. After drying its weight
was only 779 grams. Of the dried soil only 400 grams was poured into a vessel in a very loose state, and its volume
was subsequently determined to be 276 cu.cm. That same 400 grams dried soil was then vibrated and tamped to a
volume of 212 cu.cm.
PRACTICE PROBLEM 2
The laboratory compaction test of a certain type of soil gives a maximum dry density of 1.486 Mg/ m 3 with an
optimum moisture content of 12.5%. The following are the results of a field unit weight determination test using
sand cone method.
Volume of soil excavated from the hole = 0.001337 m 3
Weight of soil from the hole when wet = 2220 g
Weight of soil when dry = 1890 g.
9. Determine the relative compaction, is it within the allowable range for relative compaction of 95 ± 0.20?
a. 95.10%, yes b. 96.17%, no c. 95.01%, yes d. 95.39%, no
PRACTICE PROBLEM 3
Sand cone equipment is used to perform a field density test on a compacted earth fill.
Soil sample dug from test hole = 20.60 N
Dry weight of soil sample = 17.92 N
Ottawa sand used to fill the hole weighs 16.05 N and is known to have a density of 15.74 KN/m 3
12. Compute the percentage of compaction if the dry unit weight at optimum water content is 18.10 KN/m 3
a. 98.64% b. 97.07% c. 85.45% d. 89.20%
PRACTICE PROBLEM 4
In a liquid limit, using a cone penetrometer, the following readings were recorded and tabulated as shown
PRACTICE PROBLEM 5
The following data shows the result of the liquid limit and plastic test
Test Number
Liquid Limit
1 2 3 4
No. of blows 39 23 20 13
Weight of wet
22.24g 21.19g 21.27g 26.12g
soil + container
Weight of dry
19.44g 18.78g 18.75g 22.10g
soil + container
Weight of
12.74g 13.24g 13.06g 13.27g
container
18.Compute the liquid limit. The following data shows the result of the liquid limit and plastic test
a. 43.3% b. 44.50% c. 41.79% d. 44.28%
PRACTICE PROBLEM 6
Test Number
PLASTIC LIMIT
1 3
Weight of wet soil +
22.12g 21.84g
container
Weight of dry soil + 20.42g 20.19g
container
Weight of container 13.07g 13.18g
PRACTICE PROBLEM 5
From the result of sieve analysis and the grain size curves for soil A and B
%Passing %Passing
Sieve No. Diameter
Soil A Soil B
4 4.760 100 90
8 2.380 99 64
10 2.000 98 58
20 0.850 92 35
40 0.425 70 22
60 0.250 46 15
100 0.150 25 10
200 0.074 0 4
PRACTICE PROBLEM 7
A saturated soil has the following characteristics
initial volume = 25 cu cm
Final volume = 16 cu cm
mass of wet soil= 45 gms
mass of dry soil = 31 gms
PRACTICE PROBLEM 8
A sand cone test has been performed in a compacted fill performed on a soil sample. The test results were as
follows
Initial mass of sand cone apparatus with sand = 5.912 kg
Final mass of sand cone apparatus with sand = 2.378 kg
Mass of soil recovered from hole = 2.883 kg
Density of sand = 1300 kg/cum
Volume of cone below valve = 1.114x10 -3m3
Find the dry unit weight if the moisture content of soil from hole is 7% in kN/cum
a. 14.65 b. 13.68 c. 16.5 d. 17.25