CHAPTER FIVE

Network Programming
 Outline
Introduction
Connecting to a server
Implementing Servers in Java
Sockets, ports, URIs

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 Introduction
Internet and WWW have emerged as global media for
communication everywhere and changed the way we conduct
science, engineering, and commerce.
They are also changing the way we learn, live, enjoy ,
communicate, interact, engage, etc.
The Internet is all about connecting machines together.
One of the most exciting aspects of Java is that it incorporates an
easy-to-use, cross-platform model for network communications
that makes it possible to learn network programming without
years of study.

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 What Is a Network?
A network is a collection of devices that share a common
communication protocol and a common communication medium
(such as network cables, dial-up connections, and wireless links).
The term Network programming refers to writing programs
that execute across multiple devices (computers) in which the
devices are all connected to each other using a network.

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 Client-Server Computing
At a basic level, network-based systems consist of a server ,
client , and a media for communication as shown in next slide
figure.
A computer running a program that makes a request for services
is called client machine.
A computer running a program that offers requested services
from one or more clients is called server machine.
The media for communication can be wired or wireless network.

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 Java Networking Terminology
IP address: It is a unique number assigned to a node of a network
e.g. 192.168.0.1 . It is composed of octets that range from 0 to 255. It
is a logical address that can be changed.
Protocol :It is a set of rules basically that is followed for
communication. For example: TCP, FTP, Telnet, SMTP, POP etc.
Port Number: It is used to uniquely identify different applications.
It acts as a communication endpoint between applications.
The port number is associated with the IP address for communication
between two applications.
MAC (Media Access Control):- Address is a unique identifier of
NIC (Network Interface Controller). A network node can have
multiple NIC but each with unique MAC.

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 …Java Networking Terminology
) Connection-oriented and connection-less protocol
In connection-oriented protocol, acknowledgement is sent by the
receiver. So it is reliable but slow. The example of connection-oriented
protocol is TCP.
But, in connection-less protocol, acknowledgement is not sent by the
receiver. So it is not reliable but fast. The example of connection-less
protocol is UDP.
Socket: It is an endpoint between two way communication.

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 Socket Programming with TCP
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
A connection-oriented protocol.
Allows reliable communication between two applications.
Usually used over the Internet with IP as TCP/IP
Resembles making a telephone call
• The person placing the telephone call – client
• The person waiting for a call – server
The java.net.ServerSocket and java.net.Socket classes are the
only two classes you will probably ever need to create a TCP/IP
connection between two computers.

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 …with TCP
For a secure connection, SSLServerSocket and SSLSocket
classes in the javax.net.ssl package are used.
Guarantees that data sent from one end of the connection
actually gets to the other end and in the same order it was sent.
Otherwise, an error is reported.
The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol
(FTP), and Telnet are all examples of applications that require a
reliable communication channel.

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 Sockets and Java Socket Classes
A program can read from a socket or write to a socket as simply
as reading from a file or writing to a file.
A socket is bound to a port number so that the TCP layer can
identify the application that data destined to be sent.
Java’s .net package provides two classes:
Socket – for implementing a client
ServerSocket – for implementing a server

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 Socket Communication
A server (program) runs on a specific computer and has a socket
that is bound to a specific port.
The server waits and listens to the socket for a client to make a
connection request.

Fig. Client making connection request to server

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 …Socket Communication

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 Socket Operations
There are four fundamental operations a socket performs. These are:
 Connect to a remote machine
Send data
Receive data
Close the connection
The java.net.Socket class allows you to perform all four fundamental
socket operations
Socket class represents the socket that both the client and server use
to communicate with each other.
Connection is accomplished through the constructors.
Each Socket object is associated with exactly one remote host.
To connect to a different host, you must create a new Socket object.
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 Socket constructors
o Socket(String host, int port) throws UnknownHostException, IOException
o Socket(InetAddress address, int port) throws IOException
oSocket(String host, int port, InetAddress localAddress, int localPort)
throws IOException
oSocket(InetAddress address, int port, InetAddress localAddress, int
localPort) throws IOException
 Sending and receiving data is accomplished with output and input streams.
o InputStream getInputStream() throws IOException :
Returns the input stream of the socket.
The input stream is connected to the output stream of the remote socket.
oOutputStream getOutputStream() throws IOException:
 Returns the output stream of the socket.
The output stream is connected to the input stream of the remote socket
 There's a method to close a socket.
void close() throws IOException

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 Socket methods
There are methods to return information about the socket:
 InetAddress getInetAddress()
InetAddress getLocalAddress()
int getPort() //Returns the port the socket is bound to on the remote
machine.
int getLocalPort() //Returns the port the socket is bound to on the local
machine.
public void connect(SocketAddress host, int timeout)
String toString()

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 ServerSocket methods
1. public int getLocalPort(): Returns the port that the server
socket is listening on.
This method is useful if you passed in 0 as the port number in a
constructor and let the server find a port for you.
2. public Socket accept() throws IOException: Waits for an
incoming client.
This method blocks until either a client connects to the server on
the specified port or the socket times out, assuming that the time-out
value has been set using the setSoTimeout() method. Otherwise, this
method blocks indefinitely

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 … methods
3. public void setSoTimeout(int timeout) Sets the time-out value
for how long the server socket waits for a client during the
accept().
4. public void bind(SocketAddress host, int backlog): Binds the
socket to the specified server and port in the SocketAddress object.
Use this method if you instantiated the ServerSocket using the no-
argument constructor.

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Establishing a Simple Server Using Stream Sockets
 Five steps to create a simple stream server in Java:
1. Open the Server Socket: Each client connection handled with a Socket object.
Server blocks until client connects.
ServerSocket server = new ServerSocket( PORT );
2. Wait for the Client Request.
Socket client = server.accept();
3. Create I/O streams for communicating to the client
DataInputStream is = new DataInputStream(client.getInputStream());
DataOutputStream os = new DataOutputStream(client.getOutputStream());
4. Perform communication with client Receive from client:
String line = is.readLine();
Send to client: os.writeBytes(“Hello\n”);
5. Close socket:
 client.close();

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Establishing a Simple Client Using Stream Sockets
Four steps to create a simple stream client in Java:
1. Create a Socket Object: Obtains Socket’s InputStream and
OutputStream.
Socket client = new Socket(server, port_id);
2. Create I/O streams for communicating with the server.
 is = new DataInputStream(client.getInputStream());
 os = new DataOutputStream(client.getOutputStream());
3. Perform I/O or communication with the server:
Receive data from the server: String line = is.readLine();
Send data to the server: os.writeBytes(“Hello\n”);
4. Close the socket when done:
client.close();

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 Example of Java Socket Programming (Read-
Write both side)
File: MyServer.java File: MyClient.java

1. import java.net.*; 1. import java.net.*;

2. import java.io.*; 2. import java.io.*;
3. class MyServer{ 3. class MyClient{
4. public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{ 4. public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
5. ServerSocket ss=new ServerSocket(3333); 5. Socket s=new Socket("localhost",3333);
6. Socket s=ss.accept(); 6. DataInputStream din=new DataInputStream(s.getInputStream());
7. DataInputStream din=new DataInputStream(s.getInputStream()); 7. DataOutputStream dout=new DataOutputStream(s.getOutputStream());
8. DataOutputStream dout=new DataOutputStream(s.getOutputStream()); 8. BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
9. BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in)); 9.
10. 10. String str="",str2="";
11. String str="",str2=""; 11. while(!str.equals("stop")){
12. while(!str.equals("stop")){ 12. str=br.readLine();
13. str=din.readUTF();
13. dout.writeUTF(str);
14. System.out.println("client says: "+str);
14. dout.flush();
15. str2=br.readLine();
16. dout.writeUTF(str2); 15. str2=din.readUTF();
17. dout.flush(); 16. System.out.println("Server says: "+str2);
18. } 17. }
19. din.close(); 18.
20. s.close(); 19. dout.close();
21. ss.close(); 20. s.close();
22. }} 21. }}
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 Socket Programming with UDP
UDP (User Datagram Protocol): A connectionless protocol.
because the packets have no relationship to each other and because
there is no state maintained.
Allows packets of data (datagram) to be transmitted between
applications.
Resembles mailing someone a letter
• The datagram packet is like a letter, where a client sends a
datagram to a server without actually connecting to the
server.
• This makes UDP an unreliable protocol.

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 …with UDP
 UDP does not guarantee that packets will be received in the order
they were sent or that they will even be delivered at all.
The java.net.DatagramPacket class –to send datagram packets
The java.net.DatagramSocket class – to receive datagram packets
Sender does not wait for acknowledgements
Arrival order is not guaranteed
Arrival is not guaranteed.
So why use UDP if it unreliable? Two reasons: speed and overhead.
USED when speed is essential, even in cost of reliability
e.g. Streaming Media, Games, Internet Telephony, etc.

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 …with UDP
Datagram sockets transmit individual packets of information.
This is typically not appropriate for use by everyday
programmers because the transmission protocol is UDP (User
Datagram Protocol).
With UDP, packets can be lost or duplicated.
Significant extra programming is required on the programmer’s
part to deal with these problems.
UDP is most appropriate for network applications that do not
require the error checking and reliability of TCP.

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 …with UDP
Under UDP there is no “connection” between the server and the
client.
There is no “handshaking”.
The sender explicitly attaches the IP address and port of the
destination to each packet.
The server must extract the IP address and port of the sender
from the received packet.
From an application viewpoint, UDP provides unreliable
transfer of groups of bytes (“datagrams”) between client and
server.

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 Steps to Receive a Datagram packet - UDP
1. Create an array of bytes large enough to hold the data of the incoming packet.
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
2. A DatagramPacket object is instantiated using the array of bytes.
DatagramPacket packet =new DatagramPacket(buffer, buffer.length);
3. A DatagramSocket is instantiated, and it is specified which port (and specific localhost
address, if necessary) on the localhost the socket will bind to.
int port = 1234;
DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(port);
4. The receive() method of the DatagramSocket class is invoked, passing in the
DatagramPacket object. This causes the thread to block until a datagram packet is
received or a time out occurs.
// Block on receive()
socket.receive(packet);
// Find out where packet came from so we can reply to the same host/port
InetAddress remoteHost = packet.getAddress();
int remotePort = packet.getPort();
// Extract the packet data
byte[] data = packet.getData();
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 Steps to Send a Datagram packet - UDP
1. Create an array of bytes large enough to hold the data of the packet to be
sent, and fill the array with the data.
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
2. Create a new DatagramPacket object that contains the array of bytes, as
well as the server name and port number of the recipient.
int port = 1234;
InetAddress host =InetAddress.getByName(“www.mysite.com");
DatagramPacket packet =new DatagramPacket(buffer, buffer.length, host,
port);
3. A DatagramSocket is instantiated, and it is specified which port (and
specific localhost address, if necessary) on the localhost the socket will bind
to.
DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket();
4. The send() method of the DatagramSocket class is invoked, passing in the
DatagramPacket object. Compiled by Getachew B. 26
 Example: Java server using UDP
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
class UDPServer {
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception
{
//Create datagram socket on port 9876
DatagramSocket serverSocket = new DatagramSocket(9876);

byte[] sendData = new byte[1024];

byte[] receiveData = new byte[1024];

while (true)
{
//create space for the received datagram
DatagramPacket receivePacket = new
DatagramPacket(receiveData,
receiveData.length);
//receive the datagram
serverSocket.receive(receivePacket);

String sentence = new String(receivePacket.getData());

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 …Example: Java server using UDP

//get IP address and port number of sender

InetAddress IPAddress = receivePacket.getAddress();
int port = receivePacket.getPort();
String capitalizedSentence =sentence.toUpperCase();
sendData = capitalizedSentence.getBytes();
//create datagram to send to client
DatagramPacket sendPacket = new
DatagramPacket(sendData, sendData.length, IPAddress, port);
//write out the datagram to the socket
serverSocket.send(sendPacket);
} //end while loop
}
}

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 Example: Java client using UDP
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;

class UDPClient {
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception
{
//Create input stream
BufferedReader inFromUser = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));
//Create client socket
DatagramSocket clientSocket = new DatagramSocket();
//Translate hostname to IP address using DNS
InetAddress IPAddress = InetAddress.getByName("localhost");

byte[] sendData = new byte[1024];

byte[] receiveData = new byte[1024];

String sentence = inFromUser.readLine();

sendData = sentence.getBytes();

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 …Example: Java client using UDP
DatagramPacket sendPacket = new DatagramPacket(sendData,
sendData.length, IPAddress, 9876);
clientSocket.send(sendPacket);

DatagramPacket receivePacket = new DatagramPacket(receiveData,

receiveData.length);

clientSocket.receive(receivePacket);

String modifiedSentence = new String(receivePacket.getData());

System.out.println("FROM SERVER: " + modifiedSentence);

clientSocket.close();
}
}

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 Start UDP server
executing

Start UDP client

executing

Client sends a
message
(datagram) to the
server
Server responds by
returning the
datagram to the
client in all capital
letters

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Compiled by Getachew B. 32