Mathematics – Grade 9

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Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Parallelograms and Triangle Similarity
First Edition, 2020
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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Authors: Jude Carlo M. Pilapil

Jaycee R. Oco
Jeffriel G. Sison
Leah Mae T. Ortiz
Robert P. Manlapig
Marlon V. Baquillos
Joselito A. Viray

Editors: Ma. Theresa C. Dinong

Emma D. Tejuco
Glaiza M. Batas

Illustrator: Jayson P. Delechos

Reviewer: Marilyn B. Soriano (Division Mathematics Coordinator)

Management Team: Malcolm S. Garma. Director IV

Genia V. Santos, CLMD Chief
Dennis M. Mendoza, Regional EPS In-Charge of LRMS
Micah S. Pacheco, Regional ADM Coordinator
Filmore R. Caballero, CID Chief
Jean A. Tropel, Division EPS In-Charge of LRMS
Jean A. Tropel, Division ADM Coordinator

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 Module
Lesson Conditions which Guarantee that a
81 Quadrilateral is a Parallelogram

In this lesson, you will learn how to determine if the given quadrilateral is a parallelogram
using the properties that will be discussed and presented as you go along with the module. You will
also learn how to solve for the value of the unknown variable in terms of angles, sides and other
quantities related to parallelograms.

In addition this module will equip you with the necessary skills on determining the conditions
that make a quadrilateral a parallelogram, M9GE – IIIa – 2, and using the properties to find the
measures of angles, sides and other quantities involving parallelograms, M9GE – IIIb – 1.

The Polo National High School – Mathematics Club organized a contest called The Math
Trail. It is a timed group contest designed to answer questions in every station as fast as they can. Two
groups have come to same station and given a question, “Given Quadrilateral ABCD, ̅̅̅̅ 𝐴𝐵 || ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐷 and
̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 ≅ 𝐶𝐷 is it a Parallelogram?”
Group A claimed that it is a parallelogram since the conditions
are enough to say that it is a parallelogram.

On the other hand, Group B answered that it is not a

parallelogram because of insufficient data.

If you are the official of the game which between the two groups
will get the point? When can you say that a quadrilateral is a
parallelogram?

These are the conditions which guarantee that a quadrilateral is a parallelogram.

Condition 1: A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if both pairs of opposite sides are congruent.

Prove that this condition of having both pairs of opposite sides are congruent will make the
given quadrilateral ABCD a parallelogram.
̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐶𝐷
Given: 𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅, 𝐴𝐷
̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐵𝐶
̅̅̅̅
Prove: ABCD is a parallelogram.

Statements Reasons
1. 𝐴𝐵 ≅ 𝐶𝐷 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ 𝐴𝐷 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶 1. Given
̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐵𝐷
2. 𝐵𝐷 ̅̅̅̅ 2. Reflexive Property
3. ∆𝐴𝐷𝐵 ≅ ∆𝐶𝐵𝐷 3. SSS Triangle Congruence
4. ∠𝐴𝐷𝐵 ≅ ∠𝐶𝐵𝐷 4. Corresponding Parts of
∠𝐴𝐵𝐷 ≅ ∠𝐶𝐷𝐵 Congruent Triangle are Congruent
5. 𝐴𝐵 || ̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅ 𝐶𝐷 5. Converse of Alternate Interior
̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐷 || ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶 Angles Theorem
6. ABCD is a parallelogram. 6. Definition of a Parallelogram ■

Condition 2: A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if both pairs of opposite angles are congruent.

Condition 3: A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if both pairs of consecutive angles are

Page
supplementary (the sum of the angles is 180 0
). 3 of 44
 Condition 4: A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if a pair of opposite sides are parallel and
congruent.

Condition 5: A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if diagonals bisect each other.

Condition 6: A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if each diagonal form two congruent triangles.

Going back to the problem, the Polo National High School – Mathematics Club organized a
contest called The Math Trail. It is a timed group contest designed to answer questions in every
station as fast as they can. Two groups have come to same station and given a question, “Given
Quadrilateral ABCD, 𝐴𝐵̅̅̅̅ || 𝐶𝐷
̅̅̅̅ and 𝐴𝐵
̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐶𝐷
̅̅̅̅ is it a Parallelogram?”

The given quadrilateral is a parallelogram since it satisfies the condition of having a pair of
opposite sides that are parallel and congruent. Thus, Group A will merit the score.

Finding the value of the unknown variable, sides, angles and other quantities of a Parallelogram

Example 1: Find the value of x to make quadrilateral EFGH a parallelogram. 𝐸𝐻 = 7𝑥 – 5 and

𝐹𝐺 = 2𝑥 + 15.
Since the quadrilateral has parallel sides 𝐸𝐻 ̅̅̅̅ , we also
̅̅̅̅ || 𝐹𝐺
̅̅̅̅ is equal to the length
need to make sure that the length of 𝐸𝐻
̅̅̅̅
of 𝐹𝐺 . Thus,
𝐸𝐻 = 𝐹𝐺
7𝑥 – 5 = 2𝑥 + 15 By Substitution
7𝑥 – 2𝑥 = 15 + 5 Combinesimilar terms.
5𝑥 = 20 Divide both sides by 5.
𝑥 = 4

If 4 is substituted to the expressions 𝐸𝐻 = 7𝑥 – 5 and 𝐹𝐺 = 2𝑥 + 15, they will both have

a length of 23 units. Hence, we can say that EFGH is a parallelogram since it satisfies the condition if
a quadrilateral is a parallelogram if it has a pair of opposite sides that are parallel and congruent.

Example 2: Given quadrilateral ROSE, 𝑅𝑂 = 5𝑥, 𝐸𝑆 = 3𝑥 + 12, 𝑅𝐸 = 𝑦 + 5 and 𝑂𝑆 = 4𝑦 − 10.

Find: (a) x and y to make the quadrilateral a
parallelogram,
(b) the length of each side, and
(c) the perimeter of the quadrilateral.
Since both pairs of opposite sides are given, we need
to make sure that ̅̅̅̅
𝑅𝑂 ≅ ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝑆𝐸 and 𝑅𝐸 𝑂𝑆 to make
the quadrilateral a parallelogram.
Solution for a.
Find x: 5𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 12 By Substitution
̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝑆𝐸
Since 𝑅𝑂 ̅̅̅̅ therefore we can say that their 5𝑥 – 3𝑥 = 12 Combine similar terms.
lengths are equal. 2𝑥 = 12 Divide both sides by 2.
𝑅𝑂 = 𝑆𝐸 𝒙 = 𝟔
Find y: 𝑅𝐸 = 𝑂𝑆
Since 𝑅𝐸 ̅̅̅̅ therefore we can say that their
̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝑂𝑆 𝑦 + 5 = 4𝑦 – 10 By Substitution
lengths are also equal. 10 + 5 = 4𝑦 – 𝑦 Combinesimilar terms.
15 = 3𝑦Divide both side by 3.
𝒚 = 𝟓

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Solution for b.
Find the length of each side. Find the length of each side.
Since 𝑅𝑂 = 5𝑥 , 𝐸𝑆 = 3𝑥 + 12 and x = 6, Since 𝑅𝐸 = 𝑦 + 5 , 𝑂𝑆 = 4𝑦 − 10 and y = 5,
𝑅𝑂 = 5𝑥 𝐸𝑆 = 3𝑥 + 12 𝑅𝐸 = 𝑦 + 5 𝑂𝑆 = 4𝑦 – 10
𝑅𝑂 = 5(6) 𝐸𝑆 = 3(6) + 12 𝑅𝐸 = 5 + 5 𝑂𝑆 = 4(5) – 10
𝑹𝑶 = 𝟑𝟎 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝑬𝑺 = 𝟑𝟎 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝑹𝑬 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝑶𝑺 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
Since both pairs of opposite sides of the given quadrilateral ROSE are congruent, we can say
that it is a parallelogram.
For the third question, to obtain the perimeter, just add all the lengths of the sides. Thus, the
perimeter of the parallelogram ROSE is 80 units.

I. Try These!
A. Complete the following statements to make the quadrilateral KIND a parallelogram and state the
condition it satisfies if necessary.
1. ̅̅̅̅
𝐾𝐷 ∥ ̅𝐼𝑁
̅̅̅ , ____ ≅ ____
̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐼𝑁
2. 𝐾𝐷 ̅̅̅̅ , ____ ≅ ____
3. ∠𝐾 ≅ ∠𝑁, ____ ≅ ____
4. ̅̅̅̅
𝐾𝑆 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝑆𝑁, ____ ≅ ____
5. ∠𝑁 and ∠𝐼 are supplementary.
∠𝑁 and ___ are supplementary.
6. ∆𝐾𝐼𝑁 ≅ _____
7. ∆𝐾𝐼𝐷 ≅ _____
8. If KS = 7 and SD = 11 then, SN = ____ and IS = ____
9. If KI = 10 and IN = 8 then, KD = ____ and DN = ____
10. What is its Perimeter?
II. Keep Trying!
A. Study the markings of each figure. Decide whether each quadrilateral is a parallelogram or not. If
the quadrilateral is a parallelogram, state the condition or definition that applies.
1. 2. 3.

4. 5.

B. Solve for the values of x and y in each item to make the given quadrilateral a parallelogram.
1. 2.

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3. 4.

5. ABCD is a quadrilateral with AB = 2x + 10, CD = 4x – 6, AD = 3y + 7 and BC = 6y – 8.

HINT: Draw the figure then solve for x and y.

Complete the following statements.

1. A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if both pairs of ________ sides are ___________.

2. A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if both pairs of ________ angles are ___________.
3. A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if a pair of _________ sides are _______ and _________.
4. A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if both pairs of consecutive angles are __________.
5. A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if diagonals ____________________.
6. A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if each diagonal _______________________.

Read the following problems carefully. Solve for what is needed in each item. Draw and label each
figure as much as possible.
1. DEFG is a quadrilateral with ∠𝐹 ≅ ∠𝐷. If ∠𝐸 = (3𝑥 + 11)0 and ∠𝐺 = (5𝑥 − 9)0 , what
should be the value of x and the measures of ∠𝐸 and ∠𝐺 to make DEFG a parallelogram?
2. PQRS is a quadrilateral with QP = RS = 10 units, 𝑃𝑆 = − 1 + 4𝑥 and 𝑄𝑅 = 3𝑥 + 3.
a. What is the value of x that will make the quadrilateral a parallelogram?
b. Find the length of PS.
c. Find Perimeter of the quadrilateral.
3. DEFG is a quadrilateral whose diagonals intersect at W. If WE has equal length with GW,
𝐹𝑊 = 3𝑥 − 5 and 𝑊𝐷 = 2𝑥 + 2.
a. What is the value of x that will make the quadrilateral a parallelogram?
b. What is the length of diagonal FD?
4. ABCD is a quadrilateral. AB = 3x – 5, BC = 2y – 7, CD = x + 7 and AD = y + 3 (in cm).
a. What are the values of x and y that will make the quadrilateral a parallelogram?
b. How long is AD? How about AB?
c. What is the perimeter of the parallelogram ABCD?
5. WISH is a quadrilateral. ∠𝑊 = (𝑥 + 15)0 and ∠𝐼 = (2𝑥 + 15)0 , what should be the value of
x and the measures of all the angles to make the quadrilateral a parallelogram?

Enrichment

A point E is chosen inside a rectangle ABCD. Its distances from A, B and C are 2cm, 3cm
and 4cm, respectively. How far is E from D?

Source: 2015 Metrobank – MTAP – DepEd Math Challenge Elimination Round Grade 9 item 36.

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 Module
Lesson
82 The Special Parallelograms
There are three types of Special Parallelograms namely rectangle, rhombus and square.
Rectangle is a parallelogram whose interior angles are all right angles. Rhombus is a parallelogram
with four equal sides. The combined characteristics of rectangle and rhombus produced a square,
meaning it has four right angles and four equal sides. The square is also known as the regular
quadrilateral.

Through this lesson you will appreciate and understand the shapes around you. The
measurement, design and shape that blends with harmony and coordination. Imagine things around
you without special parallelograms, does it make more advantages or disadvantages?

In this module, you will learn to prove theorems on the different kinds of parallelogram
(rectangle, rhombus, square),M9GE-IIIc-1.

What’s In

Figure 1.
Parallelogram and Special Parallelograms

Refer to figure 1, indicate with a (✓) mark in the table below the property that corresponds to
the given quadrilateral.

Property Parallelogram Rectangle Rhombus Square

1) All sides are congruent.
2) Opposite sides are parallel.
3) Opposite sides are congruent.
4) Opposite angles are congruent.
5) Opposite angles are supplementary.
6) Diagonals are congruent.
7) Diagonals bisect each other.
8) Diagonals bisect opposite angles.
9) Diagonals are perpendicular to each
other.
10) Diagonal divides a quadrilateral into
two congruent triangles

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 What’s New

A. Diagonals of a Rectangle are Congruent A B

Given: ABCD is a rectangle

Prove: AC≅BD D C
Proof:
Statements Reasons
1) 1) Given
2) AD≅BC 2)
3) DC≅DC 3)
4)∠ADC and∠BCD are right angles 4)
5) 5) All right angles are congruent
6) 6) SAS Congruence Postulate
7) AC≅BD 7)

Choose your answer inside the box.

- Opposite sides of a rectangle are congruent - CPCTC - Definition of Rectangle
- ADC≅ BCD - Reflexive Property
- ∠ADC≅∠BCD - ABCD is a rectangle

B. Diagonals of a Rhombus Bisect the Opposite Angles

Given: DICE is a rhombus

Prove: DC bisects ∠EDI and ∠ECI
Proof:
Statements Reasons D
1) 1) Given 12
2) The sides are congruent 2)
3) DC≅DC 3) I
E
4) 4) SSS Congruence Postulate
5) ∠1≅∠2 and ∠3≅∠4 5)
34
6)DC bisects ∠EDIand∠ECI 6)
Choose your answer inside the box. C
- Definition of a rhombus - Definition of Bisector
- CED≅ CID - Reflexive Property
- DICE is a rhombus - CPCTC

A S
What is It

Given FAST at the right, answer the following.

1) If FAST is a rectangle, then AS= 2x – 5 and FT = 17. E
1
Find the value of x. 2 T
F
Solution:
AS≅ AT Opposite sides of a rectangle are congruent
2x – 5 = 17 Substitution
2x = 22 APE
x = 11 DPE

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 2) If FAST is a rhombus and m∠1 = 42°, find m∠2.

Solution:
∠1≅ ∠2 Diagonals of a rhombus bisects the opposite angles
42° = ∠2 Substitution
∠2 = 42° Symmetric Property

3) If FAST is a square, then FS = 3x – 4 and AT = 11. Find the value of x.

Solution:
FS ≅ AT Diagonals of a square are congruent
3x – 4 = 11 Substitution
3x = 15 APE
x=5 DPE

What’s More A B
I. Try These!
Consider the figure at the right to prove the theorem on square.
Given: ABCD is a square
Prove: AC ≅BD
Proof: D C
Statements Reasons
1) ABCD is a square 1)
2) All sides of a square are congruent 2)
3) DC ≅DC 3)
4) ∠ADC and∠BCD are right angles 4)
5) ∠ADC ≅∠BCD 5)
6) ADC ≅BCD 6)
7) AC ≅BD 7)
II. Keep Trying!
Refer to the figure at the right and answer the following questions.
A D
1) If GLAD is a rhombus, find the measure of
AD when GD = 15. E

2) If GLAD is a rectangle, find m∠2 when m∠1 = 38° 1

L 2 G
3) If GLAD is a square and its perimeter is 72 m,
How long is segment LA?

4) If GLAD is a square, AG = 4x + 20 and LD = 10x + 8, find x.

5) If GLAD is a rectangle, m∠1 = (9x – 6) and m∠2 = (2x + 8), find x

What I Have Learned

List all the things that you have learned in the following special parallelograms.

1) Rectangle –

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 2) Rhombus –

3) Square –

A R
What I Can Do
A. Solve the following problems.

1) EARN is a square. If segment RA is 1 less than S

twelve times a number and NR = 35, Find the number.
E N
2) EARN is a rhombus. If m∠AEN = 5x – 6 and m∠ARN = 3x + 32, find m∠EAR.

3) EARN is a rectangle. If AS = 2x + 5 and NS = x + 8, then how long is ER?

B. Consider the figure at the right to prove the theorem on square. A B

Given: ABCD is a square O

Prove: AC ⊥BD
D C
Proof:
Statements Reasons
1) ABCD is a square 1)
2) All sides of a square are congruent 2)
3) ABD is an isosceles 3)
4) DO≅BO 4)
5)AC ⊥BD 5)

Module
Lesson Midline Theorem, Trapezoid and Kite
83

In this lesson, we will discuss the properties of 2 quadrilaterals, namely

trapezoid and kite. Then we will also deal with some of the basic concepts of midline
theorem in triangle and trapezoid and go over some examples of how it is used.

In this module, you will learn to prove theorem on prove the Midline
Theorem, M9GE-IIId-1 and prove theorems on trapezoids and kites, M9GE-IIId-2

What’s In
Activity: Paper Folding

Guides:
1) In a piece of paper, draw and cut a triangle.
2) Fold a triangle from one vertex going to the opposite side.
3) Using your ruler, measure the crease part and the side parallel to it.
4) Measure the segmented parts of the other two legs of a triangle

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 Questions:
1) What have you observed on the measures of the crease part and the side of the
triangle parallel to it?
2) How would you describe the segmented part of each leg of a triangle?

What’s New

Use the illustrations below to complete the table.

Triangle Trapezoid Kite

1) Name the pair of
parallel sides.
2) Name the midpoint/s.
3) Name the pairs of
congruent sides.

What is It

The Midline Theorem: The segment that joins the midpoints of the two sides of a triangle is
parallel to the third side and half as long.

Example:
Refer to the figure at the right to answer the following questions.
1) If TH = 7 cm, how long is IA?
Solution:
1
𝐻𝑇 = 2
𝐴𝐼 𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚
1
7= 2
𝐴𝐼 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
14 = 𝐴𝐼 𝑀𝑃𝐸
𝐴𝐼 = 14 𝑆𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦

2) If AI = 2x + 10, how long is HT?

Solution:
1
𝐻𝑇 = 𝐴𝐼 𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚
2
1
𝐻𝑇 = 2 (2𝑥 + 10) 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐻𝑇 = 𝑥 + 5 𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑦

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 B C
Theorem on Median of a Trapezoid
M S N
Given: Trapezoid ABCD with median MN
1
Prove: 𝑀𝑁 = 2
(𝐵𝐶 + 𝐴𝐷) A D
Proof:
Statements Reasons
1) 1) Given
2) Draw diagonal BD that intersect MN at S. 2)
1 3)
3) 𝑀𝑆 = 2 𝐴𝐷
4) 4) Triangle Midline Theorem
5) MN = MS + SN 5)
6) 6) Substitution
1 7)
7) 𝑀𝑁 = 2 (𝐵𝐶 + 𝐴𝐷)
Choose your answer inside the box.
1 1
- Factoring - Definition of Betweenness - 𝑀𝑁 = 𝐴𝐷 + 𝐵𝐶
2 2
- Triangle Midline Theorem - Trapezoid ABCD with median MN
1
- Two points can determine a line - 𝑆𝑁 = 𝐵𝐶
2

The Midsegment Theorem of Trapezoid: The segment joining the midpoints of the legs of
a trapezoid is called median.
The median of a trapezoid is parallel to each base and its length is one half the sum of the
lengths of the bases.

Example:
Refer to the figure at the right to answer the following questions.
1) If BE = 10 and RA = 14, how long is TS?
Solution:
1
𝑇𝑆 = 2 (𝐵𝐸 + 𝑅𝐴) 𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑧𝑜𝑖𝑑
1
𝑇𝑆 = 2
(10 + 14) 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
1
𝑇𝑆 = 2
(24) 𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑦
TS = 12

2) If TS = 20 and BE = 15, how long is RA?

Solution:
1
𝑇𝑆 = 2 (𝐵𝐸 + 𝑅𝐴) 𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑧𝑜𝑖𝑑
1
20 = 2 (15 + 𝑅𝐴) 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
40 = 15 + RA MPE
25 = RA APE

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 Theorems on Isosceles Trapezoid
An Isosceles Trapezoid is a quadrilateral with a pair of parallel sides and whose legs are in
equal length and therefore the base angles are also equal.
Theorems:
1) The base angles of an isosceles trapezoid are congruent.
2) Opposite Angles of an isosceles trapezoid are supplementary.
3) The diagonals of an isosceles trapezoid are congruent.
Example:
Refer to the figure at the right to answer the following questions.
1) If m∠APR= 120°, what is m∠PAT?
Solution:

m∠APR = m∠PAT 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑧𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑟𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡

120° = m∠PAT 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
m∠PAT = 120° 𝑆𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦

2) If m∠APR= 120°, what is m∠ATR?

Solution:

M∠APR + m∠ATR = 180° 𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑠

𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑧𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑦
120° + m∠ATR = 180° 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
m∠ATR = 60° 𝐴𝑃𝐸

3) If the diagonal PT = 15, how long is diagonal AR?

Solution:

𝑃𝑇 = 𝐴𝑅 𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛 𝐼𝑠𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑧𝑜𝑖𝑑

15 = 𝐴𝑅 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Theorems on Kite
A kite is defined as quadrilateral with two pairs of adjacent and congruent sides.
Theorems:
1) In a kite, the perpendicular bisector of at least one diagonal is the other diagonal.
2) The area of a kite is half the product of the lengths of its diagonals.
Example:
Refer to the figure at the right to answer the following questions.
1) If ES = 20, how long is IS?
Solution:
𝐸𝑆 = 𝐼𝑆 𝑂𝑛𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑘𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
20 = 𝐼𝑆 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐼𝑆 = 20 𝑆𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦

2) Find the area of the quadrilateral KITE if its diagonals KT and

EI measure 30 and 20 respectively.

Page 13 of 44
 Solution:
1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑘𝑖𝑡𝑒 = (𝐾𝑇)(𝐸𝐼) 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑘𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑠 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑠
2
1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑘𝑖𝑡𝑒 = (30)(20) 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑘𝑖𝑡𝑒 = 300 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑦

What’s More

I. Try These!
Consider the figure below and answer the given questions.

1) If YA = 13.5, how long is TR?

2) If PT = 40, how long is TY?
3) If TR = 50, how long is YA?
4) If GR = 16 and TN = 22, how long is SA?
5) If GR = 24 and SA = 30, how long is TN?
6) If m∠TGR = 110°, what is m∠GRN?
7) If m∠TGR = 135°, what is m∠RNT?
8) If ET = 17, how long is IT?
9) If EI = 21, how long is IS?
10) Find the area of quadrilateral KITE if EI = 25 and KT = 40.

II.Keep Trying!
Use the figure below to answer the following questions.

1) If YA = x + 2, how long is TR?

2) If YA = 3x – 2 and TR = 9x – 13, what is the value of x?
3) If PR = 4y – 12, how long is PA?
4) If m∠TGR = 100° and m∠GRN = 2x + 10, what is the value of x?
5) If GR = x + 5 and TN = 3x + 15, how long is SA?
6) If GN = 2x + 10 and RT = 4x – 6, what is the value of diagonal GN?
7) If m∠TGR = 140°, what is m∠GTN?
8) If EK = 12 and KI = 5x + 2, what is the value of x?
9) If EI = 6x + 4, how long is ES?
10) If diagonal EI = x – 5 and diagonal KT = x + 5, what is the area of quadrilateral KITE?

Page 14 of 44
 What I Have Learned

List the theorems of the following figures that you have learned in this lesson.

Midline Theorem in Triangle Trapezoid Kite

1) 1) 1)
2) 2)
3)
4)

What I Can Do

A. Consider the figure at the right to prove the theorem in trapezoid.

Given: Isosceles Trapezoid GRNT
Prove: GN ≅ RT
Proof:
Statements Reasons
1) 1) Given
2) GT ≅ RN 2)
3) ∠TGR≅ ∠NRG 3)
4) GR ≅ GR 4)
5) 5) SAS Congruence Postulate
6) GN ≅ RT 6)

B. Consider the figure at the right to prove the theorem in

Given:Kite TEKI
Prove: ∠KET≅∠KIT
Proof:
Statements Reasons
1) 1) Given
2) EK≅IK; ET≅IT 2)
3) 3) Reflexive Property
4) 4) SSS Congruence Postulate
5) ∠KET≅∠KIT 5)

Module
Lesson Problems Involving Parallelograms,
84 Trapezoids and Kites
Have you ever wondered how architects and civil engineers make structural designs? How
does an artist choose shapes in their art works? In this module you will try to find answers to these
questions. You will acquire knowledge and skills needed to solve problems involving parallelograms,
trapezoid, and the kite.

Page 15 of 44
 In the previous lessons, you have learned about the three types of quadrilaterals:
parallelogram, trapezoid, and the kite. You also learned the different properties for each type of
quadrilateral. It is important that you remember those properties since they are very useful in solving
problems involving parallelogram, trapezoid, and kites.

What’s In

Read each statement carefully. Determine if the following conditions satisfy a parallelogram,
trapezoid or a kite.

1. The opposite sides are congruent

2. The opposite angles are congruent
3. The non-opposite angles are supplementary angles
4. The diagonals bisect each other
5. Each diagonal divides a parallelogram into two congruent triangles
6. The base angles are congruent
7. The diagonals are congruent
8. The non-vertex angles are congruent
9. The segment connecting the two vertex angles bisects the two vertex angles
10. The diagonals are perpendicular

What is It
Example 1:

Given: Rectangle RSTU R S

𝑥−2 2𝑥+3 𝑥
𝑈𝑆 = + and 𝑅𝑇 = + 1. Find RT.
2 6 3

Solution:
U T
US = RT

𝑥 − 2 2𝑥 + 3 𝑥
+ = +1
2 6 3
𝑥−2 2𝑥+3 𝑥
6( 2
+ 6
) = 6 (3 + 1) The LCD is 6

3(𝑥 − 2) + (2𝑥 + 3) = 2𝑥 + 6

3𝑥 − 6 + 2𝑥 + 3 = 2𝑥 + 6

5𝑥 − 3 = 2𝑥 + 6

5𝑥 − 2𝑥 = 6 + 3

𝑥=3
3
𝑹𝑻 = 3 + 1 = 1 + 1 = 𝟐

Page 16 of 44
Example 2:

Given: ABCD is a rhombus. If m∠𝐶𝐴𝐷 = 35˚. Find the following: B C

a. m∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 b. m∠𝐵𝐶𝐷 c. m∠𝐴𝐵𝐶

Solution:
A D
a. By Theorem, m∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = m∠𝐶𝐴𝐷. Thus, m∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = 𝟑𝟓˚.
b. m∠𝐵𝐶𝐷 = m∠𝐵𝐴𝐷
= 𝑚∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 + m∠𝐶𝐴𝐷
= 35˚ + 35˚
= 𝟕𝟎˚
c. m∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 180˚ − m∠𝐵𝐶𝐷
= 180˚ − 70˚
= 𝟏𝟏𝟎˚
Example 3:
R U
Given: RUBY is trapezoid with median IJ.
I J
a. If RU = 18 and YB = 24, find IJ.

b. If RU = 3x – 9, IJ = 12, and YB = 4x + 12, find x. Y B

Solution:
1
a. Applying the formula for median of a trapezoid, 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 2 (𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 1 + 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 2)
1
𝐼𝐽 = 2 (𝑅𝑈 + 𝑌𝐵)
1
= (18 + 24) Replace RU by 18 and YB by 24
2
= 𝟐𝟏 Simplify
1
b. By Theorem, 𝐼𝐽 = 2 (𝑅𝑈 + 𝑌𝐵)
1
𝐼𝐽 = 2 (𝑅𝑈 + 𝑌𝐵)
1
12 = 2 (3𝑥 − 9 + 4𝑥 + 12) Substitute the given
24 = 7𝑥 + 3 Multiply each side by 2 and simplify
21 = 7𝑥 Subtract 3 from each side
𝒙=𝟑 Divide each side by 7
Example 4:

The perimeter of a kite is 64 cm. The length of one of its sides is 14 cm more than half the
length of another. Find the length of each side of kite.Hint: Perimeter of a kite is the sum of all its
sides.

Solution:
1
Let x be the length of one side of a kite, then, 2 𝑥 + 14 is the length of the other side.
Since consecutive sides of a kite are congruent,
1
Perimeter = 2𝑥 + 2 (2 𝑥 + 14) 𝑥
1
64 = 2𝑥 + 2 (2 𝑥 + 14)
1
𝑥 + 14
2

Page 17 of 44
 64 = 2𝑥 + 𝑥 + 28 Simplify
36 = 3𝑥 Subtract 28 from each side
𝑥 = 12 Divide each side by 3
1
𝑥 + 14 = 20
2
The length of the sides of the kite are 12 cm and 20 cm.

What’s More

I. Try These!

Determine whether each statement is always true, sometimes true, or never true.

1. A kite is a polygon.
2. Every square is a rhombus.
3. Every rhombus is a parallelogram.
4. Diagonals of trapezoid bisect each other.
5. The diagonals of a square are perpendicular.
6. The diagonals of a rhombus bisect the vertex angle.
7. A kite has two distinct pairs of congruent consecutive sides.
8. The opposite angles of an isosceles trapezoid are congruent.
9. The area of a kite is equal to the product of the length of its diagonals.
10. The diagonals of an isosceles trapezoid can never become perpendicular to each other.

II. Keep Trying!

A. Quadrilateral MLQU is a parallelogram.

If LM = 5𝑥 − 8 and UQ = 3𝑥 + 14, what is LM?

If LQ = 3(𝑥 − 3) and MU = 2𝑥 + 11, find LQ + MU.

B. ABCD is a trapezoid with median EF.

If DC = 2𝑥 + 10, AB = 3𝑥 + 20, and EF = 4𝑥, what is EF?

If AB = 4𝑥 − 6, EF = 3𝑥, and DC = 7(𝑥 − 2), what is DC?

C. The area of a kite is 54 square units. If the length of the shorter diagonal is 14 units, what
is the length of the longer diagonal?

What I Can Do

Read the statement carefully and answer the following problems.

Quadrilateral ABCD is a kite. AB = 5𝑥 − 𝑦, AD = 𝑦 + 2, BC = 3𝑥 + 𝑦, and CD = 4𝑦 − 3𝑥.

a. Find the value of x. D

b. Find the value of y. A C

c. Find the length of AB.

B
Page 18 of 44
 d. Find the length of BC.

e. Find the perimeter of kite ABCD.

Module
Lesson
85
Proportion
Ratios and proportions are used in business when dealing with money. For example, a
business might have a ratio for the amount of profit earned per sale of a certain product such as Php
120:1, which says that the business gains Php 120 for each sale. The business can use proportions to
figure out how much money they will earn if they sell more products. If the company sells ten
products, for example, the proportional ratio is Php 1200:10, which shows that for every ten products,
the business will earn Php 1200. These are proportional since both ratios divide into the same number:
120 1200
1
= 120 and 10
= 120, also. This is just one example of how we can use proportion in real life.

In this module, you will learn to define proportion, M9GE-IIIf-1 and apply the fundamental
theorems of proportionality to solve problems involving proportions, M9GE-IIIf-2.

What’s In
.
A ratio compares values. It says how much of one thing there is compared to another thing.
We could write ratios in different ways such as: using colon (:) to separate the values, using
the word to and writing it like a fraction.
Example we have the statement: There are 5 circles to 1 square. We could write the ratio as
5
5:1, 5 to 1 or 1
.
Exercises:
Use colon to express the following statements as a ratio.
1. A recipe for pancakes uses 3 cups of flour and 2 cups of milk. What is the ratio of cups of
flour to cups of milk?
2. There are 7 kittens, 5 are boys, and 2 are girls. What is the ratio of girls to boys?
3. There are 3 apples and 5 bananas, what is the ratio of bananas to apples?

What’s New

L O

L O B
A
E V E V
Use the given figure above to complete the table below. Use a ruler to find the indicated
measurements and record your data on the appropriate box.
Rectangle 𝐿𝐸 𝐿𝑂 𝐿𝐸
(inch) (inch) 𝐿𝑂
A
B

Page 19 of 44
 𝐿𝐸
Based on the data, what have you observed about 𝐿𝑂 ?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Since the ratio of the sides of the two rectangles are equal then we can form a
proportion.

What is It

Proportion is the equality of two ratios.

The properties on the next page show several ways of rewriting proportions that do not alter
the meaning of their values.
Fundamental Rule of Proportion
a c
If a:b=c:d, then = provided that b≠0; d≠0.
b d
PROPERTIES OF PROPORTION
𝑎 𝑐
Cross-multiplication Property If = , then 𝑎𝑑 = 𝑏𝑐; 𝑏 ≠ 0, 𝑑 ≠ 0.
𝑏 𝑑
Alternation Property 𝑎 𝑐 a b
If = , then = ; b≠0,c≠0, d≠0
𝑏 𝑑 c d
Inverse Property 𝑎 𝑐 𝑏 𝑑
If = , then = ; 𝑎 ≠ 0, 𝑏 ≠ 0, 𝑐 ≠ 0, 𝑑 ≠ 0
𝑏 𝑑 𝑎 𝑐
Addition Property 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎+𝑏 𝑐+𝑑
If = , then = ; 𝑏 ≠ 0, 𝑑 ≠ 0
𝑏 𝑑 𝑏 𝑑
Subtraction Property 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎−𝑏 𝑐−𝑑
If = , then = ; 𝑏 ≠ 0, 𝑑 ≠ 0
𝑏 𝑑 𝑏 𝑑
For us to test whether two ratios are equal and form a proportion, we need to use the cross-
multiplication property. Multiply the outer terms, called the extremes, and the middle terms, called the
means. If the products are the same, then the two ratios form a proportion.
Examples
Determine whether each pair of ratios form a proportion.
a. 9: 12 𝑎𝑛𝑑 6: 8 b. 10: 14 𝑎𝑛𝑑 7: 5
10 ? 7
9: 12 = 6: 8 Multiply the extremes 14
= 5 Apply the Cross- Multiplication
Property
72 50 ≠ 98
9: 12 = 6: 8 Multiply the means
Since the cross products are not equal,
72 hence, 10: 14 𝑎𝑛𝑑 7: 5 did not form a
Since the products are equal, proportion.
therefore 9: 12 𝑎𝑛𝑑 6: 8 form a proportion.
We can also use cross products to find a missing term in a proportion.
𝑥 9
c. Solve for x in the proportion 4 = 12
Solution:
𝑥 9
= Given
4 12
12𝑥 = 36 Cross-multiplication property
𝑥=3 Divide both sides by 12

Page 20 of 44
Solving Problems Involving Proportion

Example 1

Find the lengths of two segments whose sum is 60cm and whose ratio is 2:3.
Solution:
Let 𝑥 be the length of the shorter segment.
60 − 𝑥 be the length of the longer segment
2 𝑥
3
= 60−𝑥

120 − 2𝑥 = 3𝑥
120 = 3𝑥 + 2𝑥
120 = 5𝑥
24 = 𝑥
60 − 𝑥 60 − 24 = 36
Therefore, the lengths of the two segments are 24cm and 36cm.

Example 2
You have decided to make brownies for your family. The recipe calls for 3 cups of flour to
make 20 brownies. How much cup of flour is needed to make 80 brownies?
Solution:
𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑢𝑟 3 𝑥
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑠 20
= 80

240 = 20𝑥
12 = 𝑥
You needed 12 cups of flour to make 80 brownies.

What’s More

I. Try These!
a 4
A. If b = 7, which of the following must be true? Write T if it is true and write the property used to
justify your answer.
a+b 4+7
_______________1. 7a=4b _______________4. b
= 7
b 7 a b
_______________2. a = 4 _______________5. =
4 7
_______________3. ab=(7)(4)
A. Complete each proportion.

1. 2:5=________:20 6. 6: 33=________:55
2. 4:8= 14: ________ 7. 3: 10 = ________: 35
3. ________: 21 = 12: 28 8. 80: 55 = 48: _______
4. 10: ________ = 7: 35 9. ______: 58 = 42: 60
5. 8:10=20:_______ 10. 16: 6 = _______: 15

Page 21 of 44
II. Keep Trying!
Solve the value of the indicated variable in each proportion to guide you to the end of the
maze. You may use any coloring material to show the path going to the end of the maze. Show your
solution on a separate paper.

8 𝑥
= 4 1 21 𝑦 8 32
14 35 = 16 = 17 =
40 𝑥 17 27 18 12 𝑟

20 30 68 22 14
12 48

𝑦 + 3 48 7 10 15 45 ℎ−5 2
= 13 = 32 = =
2 6 14 𝑎 − 2 9
16 𝑚 ℎ+3 6

8 20 18 27 10
48 11

𝑥+2 9 5 𝑏 4 2𝑝 − 6 4
= = 25 = 21
𝑥 − 3 16 9 𝑏 2𝑝 + 3 5

What I Have Learned

Proportion is the __________________ of two ratios. It can be written in two ways: two
𝑎 𝑐
equal ________________, 𝑏 = 𝑑 or using a ______________ (:), 𝑎: 𝑏 = 𝑐: 𝑑. When two ratios are
equal, then the cross products of the ratios are _____________, 𝑎𝑑 = 𝑏𝑐 . To find the cross
products of a proportion, we multiply the outer terms, called the ______________, and the middle
terms, called the ______________. We can also use cross products to find a missing term in a
proportion.

Posttest
Directions: Read each statement carefully. Circle the letter of your answer.
Whatis,do
1. That foryou
the call a comparison of two quantities?
proportion
A. Percentage B. Ratio C. Radical D. Proportion
2. If two ratios are equal, then it is a ______________.
A. Percentage B. Ratio C. Radical D. Proportion
9
3. Find the equivalent ratio to 12.
15 12 6 12
A. B. 18 C. 18 D. 15
20

𝑤 𝑦
4. If = 𝑧 which of the following is NOT TRUE?
𝑥
A. 𝑤: 𝑥 = 𝑦: 𝑧 C. 𝑤𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦
𝑥 𝑧
B. 𝑤𝑥 = 𝑦𝑧 D. 𝑤 = 𝑦

Page 22 of 44
 5. Which of the following does not express the ratio of 8 to 12?
8
A. 8: 12 B. 12 C. 2: 3 D. none
6. Johan bought 20 candies and Ethan bought 25 candies. What is the ratio of the
number of candies Johan bought to the number of candies Ethan bought?
A. 2: 5 B. 5: 4 C. 4: 5 D. 5: 2
7. Which of the following pairs of ratios form a proportion?
12 6 16 12 9 21 42 10
A. 18 , 24 B. 20 , 15 C. 21 , 9 D. 21 , 20
8. If 10: 12 = 𝑦: 42, then 𝑦 = ____________.
A. 35 B. 30 C. 21 D. 20
9. In the proportion 𝑚: 𝑛 = 𝑜: 𝑝, what is the product of the extremes?
A. 𝑚𝑜 B. 𝑛𝑜 C. 𝑚𝑝 D. 𝑛𝑝
9 5𝑥
10. Solve for x in the proportion 6 = 2 .
5 3 9 10
A. 3 B. 5 C. 10 D. 9
11. In the class of 9- Obedient, there are boys and girls in the ratio of 3:5. If there are
18 boys, find the number of girls.
A. 30 B. 35 C. 40 D. 45
2𝑥−5 3
12. Which value of x will make 3𝑥+4 = 16 true?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
13. Haley ran 24 kilometers for 3 hours. At this rate, how long would it take her to run
40 kilometers?
A. 5 B. 6 C. 7 D. 8
14. If 30 cookies will serve 15 students, how many cookies are needed for 50
students?
A. 45 B. 80 C. 100 D. 120
15. Roselyn received Php 1500.00 allowance per week . At this rate, how much will
she received after two months?
A. Php 9, 000 B. Php 10, 000 C. Php 11, 000 D. Php 12, 000

*** If you got an honest score of 15 points (perfect score), you proceed to the next lesson but
if not, go back to the whole module.

Lesson
Module
8
Similarity of Figures
6
A long time ago, the Great Pyramid of Khufu was considered to be the tallest building in the
world, whose height is unknown to all. Thales, out of his curiosity, was able to measure the height of
the Great Pyramid of Khufu using the length of it shadow. This method was later known as the
“indirect measurement.”

In this module, you will learn to illustrate similarity of figures, M9GE-IIIg-1.

Page 23 of 44
 What’s New

Let us observe the two pictures below.

What have you observed on the two pictures? The two pictures look identical, except only for
their size. The big parrot is twice as large as the small parrot. This means that the height of the big
parrot is twice the height of the small parrot. Hence, the width of the large parrot is twice the width of
the small parrot as well. This means that the two pictures are similar.

What is It

The pictures we observed in “What’s New” are pictures that are said to be similar. Similar
figures, in geometry, are figures that have the same shape but not totally of the same size.
Let us consider the following figures:

We say that ∆𝑋𝑌𝑍 “is similar to” ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅, in symbol ∆𝑋𝑌𝑍~∆𝑃𝑄𝑅, if and only if
𝑋𝑌 𝑌𝑍 𝑋𝑍
∠𝑋 ≅ ∠𝑃, ∠𝑌 ≅ ∠𝑄, ∠𝑍 ≅ ∠𝑅 and 𝑃𝑄
= 𝑄𝑅 = 𝑃𝑅.

Definition
ZERO EXPONENT
A figure is similar to another figure if and only if the
𝑥 0 = 1, where 𝑥 ≠ 0
following conditions are satisfied:
Any number, except zero, raised to the zero power is equal to 1.
▪ all pairs of corresponding angles are congruent.
▪ all pairs of corresponding sides are proportional.

Example
Given that pentagon 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐸 is similar to pentagon 𝐹𝐺𝐻𝐼𝐽, identify the congruent angles and
the proportional sides.

Page 24 of 44
The congruent angles are:
a. ∠𝐹 ≅ ∠𝐴 b. ∠𝐺 ≅ ∠𝐵 c. ∠𝐻 ≅ ∠𝐶
d. ∠𝐼 ≅ ∠𝐷 e. ∠𝐽 ≅ ∠𝐸
and the proportional sides are:
𝐹𝐺 𝐺𝐻 𝐻𝐼 𝐽𝐼 𝐹𝐽
𝐴𝐵
= 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐶𝐷 = 𝐸𝐷 = 𝐴𝐸

Now, suppose parallelogram 𝑃𝑄𝑅𝑆 is similar to parallelogram 𝑇𝑈𝑉𝑊. Determine the values
of 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧.

Solution
Given: 𝑃𝑄 = 14 𝑄𝑅 = 10 𝑆𝑅 = 18 𝑃𝑆 = 12
𝑇𝑈 = 𝑦 𝑈𝑉 = 5 𝑊𝑉 = 𝑧 𝑇𝑊 = 𝑥

Since the corresponding sides are proportional, we have

𝑇𝑈 𝑈𝑉 𝑊𝑉 𝑇𝑊
= = =
𝑃𝑄 𝑄𝑅 𝑆𝑅 𝑃𝑆
and we can rewrite these equations as,
𝑇𝑈 𝑈𝑉 𝑈𝑉 𝑊𝑉 𝑊𝑉 𝑇𝑊
𝑃𝑄
= 𝑄𝑅 𝑄𝑅
= 𝑆𝑅 𝑆𝑅
= 𝑃𝑆
then substituting the given, we have
𝑦 5 5 𝑧 𝑧 𝑥
14
= 10 10
= 18 18
= 12
Now, using the first equation we can solve for the value of 𝑦 that is
𝑦 5
=
14 10
10𝑦 = 70 – getting the cross product
𝒚=𝟕 – dividing both sides by 10.
In the same manner, we can use the second equation to solve for the value of 𝑧 that is
5 𝑧
10
= 18
10𝑧 = 90 – getting the cross product
𝒛=𝟗 – dividing both sides by 10.
Lastly, using the third equation to solve for the value of 𝑥, we have
𝑧 𝑥
18
= 12
9 𝑥
18
= 12 – substituting the value of 𝑧 obtained in the previous step
18𝑥 = 108 – getting the cross product
𝒙=𝟔 – dividing both sides by 10.
Going back to the proportional sides having the values of 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧.
7 5 9 6
14
= 10 = 18 = 12
1
Here, we can see that the ratio of the corresponding sides can be simplified to 2. This value is what we
1
called as the scale factor. Specifically, 2 is the scale factor of quadrilateral 𝑇𝑈𝑉𝑊 to quadrilateral
𝑃𝑄𝑅𝑆. While the scale factor of quadrilateral 𝑃𝑄𝑅𝑆 to quadrilateral 𝑇𝑈𝑉𝑊 is 2.

Page 25 of 44
 Definition
ZERO EXPONENT
The scale factor is𝑥 0the
= ratio of the
1, where 𝑥 length
≠ 0 of one side of a
figure to the length of the corresponding side
Any number, except zero, raised to the zero power of the other figure.
is equal to 1. The
symbol used to represent the scale factor is 𝒌.

Example
Given that ∆𝐴𝑌𝐵 ~ ∆𝑋𝑌𝑍
Find: a. 𝐵𝑍, 𝑋𝑍, 𝑌𝑍
b. The scale factor of ∆𝑋𝑌𝑍 to ∆𝐴𝑌𝐵

Solution
Given: 𝐴𝑌 = 24 𝑌𝐵 = 18
𝐴𝐵 = 20 𝐴𝑋 = 36

The corresponding sides that are proportional, we have

𝐴𝑌 𝑌𝐵 𝐴𝐵
= =
𝑋𝑌 𝑌𝑍 𝑋𝑍
𝐴𝑌 𝑌𝐵 𝑌𝐵 𝐴𝐵
and we can rewrite these equations as, = =
𝑋𝑌 𝑌𝑍 𝑌𝑍 𝑋𝑍

24 18 18 20
then substituting the given, we have = =
𝑋𝑌 𝑌𝑍 𝑌𝑍 𝑋𝑍

Notice that in our given, we have the measure of 𝐴𝑋 but this segment is not included in the proportional sides.
Also, observe that 𝐴𝑋 is part of the segment 𝑋𝑌. Thus, by segment addition postulate,
𝑋𝑌 = 𝐴𝑋 + 𝐴𝑌
𝑋𝑌 = 36 + 24 – substituting the given
𝑋𝑌 = 60 – performing the operation
Hence, we have
24 18 18 20
= =
60 𝑌𝑍 𝑌𝑍 𝑋𝑍
Now, using the first equation we can solve for the measure of 𝑌𝑍 that is
24 18
=
60 𝑌𝑍
24(𝑌𝑍) = 1080 – getting the cross product
𝒀𝒁 = 𝟒𝟓 – dividing both sides by 24.
In the same manner, we can use the second equation to solve for the measure of 𝑋𝑍 that is
18 20
=
𝑌𝑍 𝑋𝑍
18 20
= – substituting the value of 𝑌𝑍 obtained in the previous step
45 𝑋𝑍
18(𝑋𝑍) = 900 – getting the cross product
𝑿𝒁 = 𝟓𝟎 – dividing both sides by 18.
Then, getting the measure of 𝐵𝑍 using the concept of segment addition postulate, we have
𝑌𝑍 = 𝑌𝐵 + 𝐵𝑍
45 = 18 + 𝐵𝑍 – substituting the values of 𝑌𝑍 and 𝑌𝐵
45 − 18 = 𝐵𝑍 – isolating 𝐵𝑍 on the right side of the equation
27 = 𝐵𝑍
Lastly, getting the scale factor of ∆𝑋𝑌𝑍 to ∆𝐴𝑌𝐵, we can use any of the following proportions
𝑋𝑌 𝑌𝑍 𝑋𝑍
𝑘= = =
𝐴𝑌 𝑌𝐵 𝐴𝐵
𝑋𝑌
𝑘=
𝐴𝑌

Page 26 of 44
 60 5
𝑘= 𝑜𝑟
24 2

What’s More

I. Try These!
A. Suppose hexagon 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐸𝐹 is similar to hexagon 𝑈𝑉𝑊𝑋𝑌𝑍. Complete the following statements.
𝐴𝐹 𝐹𝐸
1. 𝑈𝑍 = ?
6. ∠𝐴 ≅ ?
? 𝐴𝐹
2. ? ≅ ∠𝑋 7. =
𝑈𝑉 𝑈𝑍
𝑊𝑋 𝑉𝑊
3. = 8. ? ≅ ∠𝐸
? 𝐵𝐶
𝐶𝐷 𝐷𝐸
4. ∠𝑍 ≅ ? 9. ?
= 𝑌𝑋
𝐶𝐷 ?
5. 𝑋𝑊 = 𝑋𝑌 10. ∠𝑉 ≅ ?

B. Assume ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 ~ ∆𝑃𝑆𝑇. Complete the following statements.

𝑃𝑇 𝑃𝑆
1. 𝑃𝑅 = ?

2. ∠𝑃 ≅ ?
𝑎 8
3. =
? 18

4. ∠𝑇 ≅ ?
8 ?
5. 18 = 13

II. Keep Trying!

Given the similar figures below and their indicated lengths. Find the missing measures.
1. Given: ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 ~ ∆𝐷𝐹𝐸 3. Given: Polygon 𝑆𝑈𝐼𝑇 is similar to polygon 𝐵𝐸𝐴𝑅.
Find: 𝐷𝐸 and 𝐸𝐹 Find: 𝐼𝑇, 𝑆𝑇 and 𝐵𝐸

2. Given: Quadrilateral 𝑊𝑋𝑌𝑍 is similar to 4. Given: ∆𝑋𝑌𝑍 ~ ∆𝑈𝑌𝑉

quadrilateral 𝑆𝑋𝑇𝑈 Find: 𝑋𝑍, 𝑋𝑈, 𝑍𝑉, 𝑋𝑌 and 𝑌𝑍
Find: 𝑇𝑌, 𝑊𝑍, 𝑌𝑍 and 𝑋𝑌

Page 27 of 44
 Lesson
Module Proving Theorems for
8
7 Similarity of Triangles
What’s New
Let us observe the figure below and answer the following questions.
Given triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 including the measures of its angles and that segment 𝑋𝑌 is parallel to side
𝐴𝐶.

1. What is the measure of angle 𝑋? How about the measure of angle 𝑌?

2. Name the two triangles in the figure?
3. Does these two triangles similar? Why or Why not?

What is It
Similarity Theorems
Let us consider ∆𝑇𝑈𝑉 and ∆𝑋𝑌𝑍 below. In these figures, we can see that ∠𝑇 ≅ ∠𝑋, ∠𝑈 ≅ 𝑌
and ∠𝑉 ≅ ∠𝑍. Since the corresponding angles are congruent, we can say that ∆𝑇𝑈𝑉~∆𝑋𝑌𝑍 by the
𝐴𝐴𝐴 Similarity Postulate.

ZERO
AAA EXPONENT
Similarity Postulate
0
Two triangles are 𝑥similar
= 1,ifwhere 𝑥 ≠ if0 their corresponding
and only
Any number, except
angles are congruent. zero, raised to the zero power is equal to 1.

Remember that the sum of the measures of the interior angles of a triangle is equal to 180°.
With that said, we can determine the missing angle of the triangle if the two other angles are given.

ZERO
AA EXPONENT
Similarity Theorem
0
Two triangles are 𝑥similar
= 1,ifwhere
the two𝑥 ≠angles
0 of one triangle is
Any number,
congruent except
to the zero, raised
two angles to thetriangle.
of another zero power is equal to 1.

Page 28 of 44
Given: ∠𝐷 ≅ ∠𝐺, ∠𝐹 ≅ ∠𝐼

Prove: ∆𝐷𝐸𝐹~∆𝐺𝐻𝐼

Proof:
Statement Reason
1. ∠𝐷 ≅ ∠𝐺 1. Given
∠𝐹 ≅ ∠𝐼
2. 𝑚∠𝐷 = 𝑚∠𝐺 2. Definition of Congruent Angles.
𝑚∠𝐹 = 𝑚∠𝐼
3. 𝑚∠𝐷 + 𝑚∠𝐹 = 𝑚∠𝐺 + 𝑚∠𝐼 3. Addition Property of Equality
4. 𝑚∠𝐷 + 𝑚∠𝐹 + 𝑚∠𝐸 = 180° 4. The sum of the measures of the angles of a
𝑚∠𝐺 + 𝑚∠𝐼 + 𝑚∠𝐻 = 180° triangle is 180°.
5. 𝑚∠𝐷 + 𝑚∠𝐹 + 𝑚∠𝐸 = 𝑚∠𝐺 + 𝑚∠𝐼 + 𝑚∠𝐻 5. Transitive Property of Equality
6. 𝑚∠𝐸 = 𝑚∠𝐻 6. Addition Property of Equality
7. ∠𝐸 ≅ ∠𝐻 7. Definition of Congruent Angles
8. ∆𝐷𝐸𝐹~∆𝐺𝐻𝐼 8. 𝐴𝐴𝐴 Similarity Postulate
Example 1
Determine if the two triangles are similar. If so, identify the corresponding angles and write
the similarity statement.

Solution:
First, we solve for the missing angle in the two triangles, we have
for ∆𝑇𝑈𝑉 for ∆𝑋𝑌𝑍
∠𝑇 + ∠𝑈 + ∠𝑉 = 180° ∠𝑋 + ∠𝑌 + ∠𝑍 = 180°
30° + 102° + ∠𝑉 = 180° ∠𝑋 + 102° + 48° = 180°
132° + ∠𝑉 = 180° ∠𝑋 + 150° = 180°
∠𝑉 = 180° − 132° ∠𝑋 = 180° − 150°
∠𝑉 = 48° ∠𝑋 = 30°
Since the measures of the angles of ∆𝑇𝑈𝑉 and ∆𝑋𝑌𝑍 are congruent then we can say that the
two triangle are similar. Thus, the similarity statement is
∆𝑇𝑈𝑉 ~ ∆𝑋𝑌𝑍
and the corresponding angles are
∠𝑇 ≅ ∠𝑋, ∠𝑈 ≅ ∠𝑌 and ∠𝑉 ≅ ∠𝑍.

ZERO
SAS EXPONENT
Similarity Theorem
0
Two triangles are 𝑥similar
= 1,ifwhere 𝑥≠0
two pairs of corresponding sides
Any number, except zero, raised to the zero power is equal to 1.
are proportional and the included angles are congruent.

Page 29 of 44
 Figure after
construction
𝐴𝐵 𝐶𝐵
Given: = , ∠𝐵 ≅ ∠𝐸
𝐷𝐸 𝐹𝐸

Prove: ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶~∆𝐷𝐸𝐹

Proof:
Statement Reason
1. Let point 𝑋 be on 𝐷𝐸 and point 𝑌 be on 𝐹𝐸 1. A line segment congruent to a given
such that 𝑋𝐸 ̅̅̅̅ and 𝑌𝐸
̅̅̅̅ = 𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅ .
̅̅̅̅ = 𝐶𝐵 segment can be constructed.
2. Construct 𝑋𝑌. 2. Two distinct point determine a line.
3. ∠𝐵 ≅ ∠𝐸 3. Given
4. ∆𝑋𝐸𝑌 ≅ ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 4. 𝑆𝐴𝑆 Congruence Postulate
𝐴𝐵 𝐶𝐵 5. Given
5. =
𝐷𝐸 𝐹𝐸
𝑋𝐸 𝑌𝐸 6. Substitution
6. =
𝐷𝐸 𝐹𝐸
̅̅̅̅ ∥ 𝐷𝐹
7. 𝑋𝑌 ̅̅̅̅ 7. Converse of the Basic Proportionality
Theorem
8. ∠𝐸𝑋𝑌 ≅ ∠𝐸𝐷𝐹 8. Corresponding angles formed by two lines
are cut by a transversal are congruent.
9. ∠𝐸 ≅ ∠𝐸 9. Reflexive Property
10. ∆𝑋𝐸𝑌~∆𝐷𝐸𝐹 10. AA Similarity Theorem
11. ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶~∆𝐷𝐸𝐹 11. Transitive Property
Example 1
Determine if the two triangles are similar. If so, write the
similarity statement.
The given figure shows that ∠𝐸 and ∠𝐻 are right angles,
thus ∠𝐸 ≅ ∠𝐻.
Now, the shorter side of ∆𝐷𝐸𝐹 corresponds to the shorter
side of ∆𝐺𝐻𝐼. In the same manner, the longer side of ∆𝐷𝐸𝐹
corresponds to the longer side of ∆𝐺𝐻𝐼. Hence,
15 36 3 3
= → =
10 24 2 2
So, the corresponding sides are proportional. Therefore, ∆𝐷𝐸𝐹 ~ ∆𝐺𝐻𝐼.

ZERO
SSS EXPONENT
Similarity Theorem
𝑥 0 sides
If the corresponding = 1, where
of two𝑥triangles
≠ 0 are in proportion,
Anythe
then number, except zero,
two triangles raised to the zero power is equal to 1.
are similar.

Figure after construction

𝑀𝐼 𝐼𝐷 𝑀𝐷
Given: 𝑆𝐸 = 𝐸𝑇 = 𝑆𝑇

Prove: ∆𝑆𝐸𝑇~∆𝑀𝐼𝐷

Proof:
Statement Reason
1. Let point 𝐵 be on 𝑀𝐼 and point 𝐴 be on 𝑀𝐷 1. A line segment congruent to a given
𝑀𝐵 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
such that ̅̅̅̅̅ 𝑆𝐸 and ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑀𝐴 ≅ ̅𝑆𝑇
̅̅̅. segment can be constructed.
2. Construct 𝐴𝐵.̅̅̅̅ 2. Two distinct points determine a line.
3. 𝑀𝐵 ̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅̅ = 𝑆𝐸 3. Definition of congruent segments.

Page 30 of 44
 ̅̅̅̅̅ = 𝑆𝑇
𝑀𝐴 ̅̅̅̅
𝑀𝐼 𝐼𝐷 𝑀𝐷 4. Given
4. 𝑆𝐸 = 𝐸𝑇 = 𝑆𝑇
𝑀𝐼 𝑀𝐷 5. Substitution
5. 𝑀𝐵 = 𝑆𝑇
6. ∠𝑀 ≅ ∠𝑀 6. Reflexivity
7. ∆𝑀𝐼𝐷~∆𝑀𝐵𝐴 7. SAS Similarity Theorem
𝐴𝐵 𝑀𝐴 8. Definition of similar triangles.
8. 𝐼𝐷 = 𝑀𝐷
𝐴𝐵 𝑆𝑇 9. Substitution
9. 𝐼𝐷
= 𝑀𝐷
𝑆𝑇 10. Multiplication Property of Equality
10. 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐼𝐷 (𝑀𝐷)
𝑆𝑇
𝐸𝑇 = 𝐼𝐷 ( )
𝑀𝐷
̅̅̅̅ = 𝐸𝑇
11. 𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅ 11. Transitive Property
12. ∆𝑀𝐵𝐴 ≅ ∆𝑆𝐸𝑇 12. SSS Congruence Postulate
13. ∆𝑆𝐸𝑇~∆𝑀𝐼𝐷 13. Transitive Property
Example 1
Determine if the two triangles are similar. If so, write the similarity statement.

To show that the two triangles are similar by the SSS Similarity Theorem, we take the ratio of the
shortest side of the smaller triangle with the shortest side of the bigger triangle. Also, we take the ratio
of the shortest side of the smaller triangle with the shortest side of the bigger triangle as well as the
remaining side. To show this, we have
𝐿𝑀 10 5
Ratio of the Shortest Sides: 𝑃𝑄 = 14 = 7
𝐿𝑁 20 5
Ratio of the Longest Sides: 𝑃𝑅 = 28 = 7
𝑀𝑁 15 5
Ration of the Remaining Sides: = =
𝑄𝑅 21 7

Since the ratio of the sides of the two triangles are in proportion, therefore the two triangles are
similar. In symbol ∆𝐿𝑀𝑁 ~ ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅.
Right Triangle Similarity Theorem
In a right triangle, if the altitude is drawn from the right angle to the hypotenuse forming two
triangles, then the two triangles are similar to each other and to the original triangle.

Given: ∆𝑅𝑂𝐵 is a right triangle with ∠𝑅𝑂𝐵 as

the right angle and ̅̅̅̅
𝑅𝐵 as the hypotenuse
̅̅̅
𝑂𝐼 is an altitude to the hypothenuse of
∆𝑅𝑂𝐵
Prove: ∆𝑅𝑂𝐵 ≅ ∆𝑂𝐼𝑅 ≅ ∆𝑂𝐼𝐵
Proof:
Statement Reason
1. ∆𝑅𝑂𝐵 is a right triangle with ∠𝑅𝑂𝐵 as the 1. Given
right angle and ̅̅̅̅
𝑅𝐵 as the hypotenuse
̅̅̅ is an altitude to the hypothenuse of ∆𝑅𝑂𝐵
2. 𝑂𝐼 2. Given
3. ̅̅̅
𝑂𝐼 ⊥ ̅̅̅̅
𝑅𝐵 3. Definition of Altitude
4. ∠𝑂𝐼𝑅 and ∠𝑂𝐼𝐵 are right angles 4. Definition of Perpendicular Lines

Page 31 of 44
5. ∠𝑅𝑂𝐵 ≅ ∠𝑂𝐼𝑅 ≅ ∠𝑂𝐼𝐵 5. Definition of Right Angles
6. ∠𝑂𝑅𝐼 ≅ ∠𝑂𝑅𝐵 6. Reflexive Property
∠𝑂𝐵𝐼 ≅ ∠𝑂𝐵𝑅
7. ∆𝑅𝑂𝐵~∆𝑂𝐼𝑅 7. 𝐴𝐴 Similarity Theorem
∆𝑅𝑂𝐵~∆𝑂𝐼𝐵
8. ∆𝑅𝑂𝐵 ≅ ∆𝑂𝐼𝑅 ≅ ∆𝑂𝐼𝐵 8. Transitive Property

Special Properties of Right Triangles

ZERO EXPONENT
In a right triangle, when the altitude is drawn from the right angle to the hypotenuse;
a. the measure of the altitude is 𝑥 0the=geometric
1, where mean
𝑥 ≠ 0between the two segments of the
hypotenuse; and
Any number, except zero, raised to the zero power is equal to 1.
b. each leg is the geometric mean between the hypotenuse and the segment of the
hypotenuse adjacent to the leg.

Let us consider the figure below,

Separating the three right triangles, we have

Now, showing that the altitude 𝑥 is the geometric mean between segment 𝑦 and 𝑧 using the
concept of similar polygons in figure 2 and figure 3 we have,
𝑥 𝑧
=
𝑦 𝑥
𝑥 2 = 𝑦𝑧
𝑥 = √𝑦𝑧
Likewise, to show that leg 𝑎 is the geometric Moreover, to show that leg 𝑏 is the geometric
mean between 𝑐 and 𝑦 we use the definition of mean between 𝑐 and 𝑧 we use the definition of
similar polygons using figure 1 and figure 2 that similar polygons using figure 1 and figure 3 we
is, have,
𝑐 𝑎 𝑐 𝑏
= =
𝑎 𝑦 𝑏 𝑧
𝑎2 = 𝑐𝑦 𝑏 2 = 𝑐𝑧
𝑎 = √𝑐𝑦 𝑏 = √𝑐𝑧

Page 32 of 44
Example
Consider triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 with right at ∠𝐵 below. Find the value of 𝑠, 𝑚 𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝.
Solution
Solving for 𝑠 (Note: 𝑠 = 𝐴𝐶)
𝐴𝐶 = 𝐴𝐷 + 𝐷𝐶
𝑠 =4+5 – substitute
𝑠=9 – perform the indicated operation
Solving for 𝑚
𝑚 = √(𝐴𝐷̅̅̅̅ )(𝐷𝐶
̅̅̅̅ )
𝑚 = √(4)(5) – substitute
𝑚 = √20 – perform the indicated operation
𝑚 = 2√5
Solving for 𝑛 Solving for 𝑝
𝑚 = √(𝐴𝐶̅̅̅̅ )(𝐷𝐶
̅̅̅̅ ) ̅̅̅̅ )(𝐴𝐷
𝑝 = √(𝐴𝐶 ̅̅̅̅ )
𝑚 = √(9)(5) 𝑝 = √(4)(9)
𝑚 = √45 𝑝 = √36
𝑚 = 3√5 𝑝=6

What’s More
I. Try These!
A. Directions: Describe the illustrations using an if-then statement then identify the similarity
theorem applicable to the following illustrations.

1. 2.

If:___________________________ If:___________________________
Then:_________________________ Then:_________________________
Similarity Theorem:___________________ Similarity Theorem:___________________
3. 4.

If:___________________________ If:___________________________
Then:_________________________ Then:_________________________
Similarity Theorem:___________________ Similarity Theorem:___________________

B. Directions: Determine if the two triangles are similar. If so, write the similarity statement.

1. 2.

Page 33 of 44
II. Keep Trying!
A. Directions: Complete the table by identifying the indicated parts of the right triangle and solve for
the geometric mean of the hypotenuse and the legs of the right triangle.
1. The parts of the similar triangles.
Original New Larger New Smaller
Triangle Triangle Triangle
Hypotenuse
Longer Leg
Shorter Leg

2. Represent the geometric mean of 𝒏, 𝒎 and 𝒑.

Geometric Mean Proportion Answer
Altitude 𝑝
Shorter Leg 𝑛
Longer Leg 𝑚
B. Direction: Consider triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 with right at ∠𝐵 below. Find the value of 𝑠, 𝑚 𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝.

1. 2.

Lesson Pythagorean Theorem

8
What’s New
The Formal Proofs
Given: ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 with ̅̅̅̅ is the altitude of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶.
𝐶 a right angle and 𝐶𝐷

Figure:

𝒃
𝒂
𝑫 𝒄
Prove: 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
𝑩 𝑨
𝒙 𝒚
Proof: Supply the corresponding reason for each of the given statement.

Statements Reasons
1. 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑐 Definition of Betweenness
2. 𝑎2 = 𝑐𝑥 and 𝑏 2 = 𝑐𝑦 ?
3. 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐𝑦 Addition Property of Equality

Page 34 of 44
 4. 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑐(𝑥 + 𝑦) ?
5. 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑐(𝑐) Substitution
6. 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 Product Rule on Exponent
7. 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ?

What is It

Pythagorean Theorem
If in a triangle, the square of the length of one side is equal to the sum of the square of the lengths of
the other two sides, then the triangle is a right triangle, and the right angle is opposite the longest side.

Note: Hypotenuse – Longest

𝑩 side in a right triangle

𝒄
𝒂
𝒄𝟐

𝑪
𝒃 𝑨 𝒂𝟐

𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂: 𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐
𝒃𝟐 = 𝒄𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐

𝒂𝟐 = 𝒄𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐
The Pythagorean Theorem describes the relationship between the lengths of the legs and the
hypotenuse of any right triangle. You can use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the length of a side of
a right triangle when you know the other two sides.

To understand the above theorems, study the given examples how the theorems are used or applied in
solving problems involving right triangles.

Consider the problems below:

𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 -Pythagorean Theorem
Example 1: 𝒄𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐𝟐 + 𝟗𝟐 -Substitution
𝒄𝟐 = 𝟏𝟒𝟒 + 𝟖𝟏 -Evaluate 122 + 92
𝒄 =? 𝒄𝟐 = 𝟐𝟐𝟓 -Add 144 and 81
𝟏𝟐 𝒎 √𝒄𝟐 = ±√𝟐𝟐𝟓 -Taking square root of both
sides of the equation
𝒄 = 𝟏𝟓 𝒐𝒓 − 𝟏𝟓 -Simplify
𝟗𝒎 The equation has two solutions, 𝟏𝟓 𝒂𝒏𝒅 − 𝟏𝟓. However, the
length of a side must be positive.
So, the hypotenuse is 15 meters long.

Checking:

𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐
152 = 122 + 92
225 = 144 + 81
225 = 225

Page 35 of 44
 𝒃 =? (to the nearest tenth)
Example 2: 𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 - Pythagorean theorem
(𝟗. 𝟗)𝟐 = (𝟔. 𝟓)𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 -Substitution
𝟗𝟖. 𝟎𝟏 = 𝟒𝟐. 𝟐𝟓 + 𝒃𝟐 -Evaluate 262 𝑎𝑛𝑑 102
𝟔. 𝟓 𝒎 𝟗𝟖. 𝟎𝟏 − 𝟒𝟐. 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟒𝟐. 𝟐𝟓 − 𝟒𝟐. 𝟐𝟓 + 𝒃𝟐 -Subtracting 100 both
sides of the equation
𝟗. 𝟗 𝒎 𝟐
𝒃 = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟕𝟔 -Subtract 98.01 from
42.25
√𝒃𝟐 = ±√𝟓𝟓. 𝟕𝟔 -Taking square root of
both sides of the
equation
𝒃 ≈ 𝟕. 𝟓 -Simplify
The length of side 𝒃 is 7.5 𝒎eters.

Example 3: The measure of the three side of a triangle are 8 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠, 15 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 17 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠.
Determine if the three numbers are example of Pythagorean triple.

Note: Three numbers can be called a Pythagorean triple if 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 where 𝑎, 𝑏 and

𝑐 are positive numbers

𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 Pythagorean theorem
𝟏𝟕𝟐 = 𝟖𝟐 + 𝟏𝟓𝟐 Substitution
𝟐𝟖𝟗 = 𝟔𝟒 + 𝟐𝟐𝟓 Evaluate 172 , 82 𝑎𝑛𝑑 152
𝟐𝟖𝟗 = 𝟐𝟖𝟗 Simplify

Since both sides of the equation are equal, then the three
numbers are examples of Pythagorean triple.

Theorems in a Right triangle

One of the theorems in a right triangle is the 𝟑𝟎 – 𝟔𝟎 – 𝟗𝟎 𝑻𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒔.

Geometric proof of the 𝟑𝟎 – 𝟔𝟎 – 𝟗𝟎 𝑻𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒎

Given: Right ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 with 𝑚 𝐴 = 30, 𝑚 𝐵 = 60 and 𝑚 𝐶 = 90.
1
Prove: a. 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵 Figure:
2
𝑩
b. 𝐴𝐶 = √3𝐵𝐶
𝟔𝟎°
𝑷

𝟑𝟎°
𝑪 𝑨
Statements Reasons
1. Right ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 with 𝑚 𝐴 = 30, 𝑚 Given
𝐵 = 60 and 𝑚 𝐶 = 90.
2. Let 𝑃 be the midpoint of 𝐴𝐵 Every segment has exactly one midpoint.
3. Construct ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝑃 the median to the The Line Postulate / Definition of median of a

Page 36 of 44
 hypotenuse triangle
1 The Median Theorem
4. 𝐶𝑃 = 2 𝐴𝐵
5. 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝑃 + 𝐴𝑃 Definition of Betweenness
6. 𝐵𝑃 = 𝐴𝑃 Definition of median of a triangle
7. 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝑃 + 𝐴𝑃 Substitution (5 and 6)
8. 𝐴𝐵 = 2𝐴𝑃 Combining similar terms
1 Substitution (4 and 8)
9. 𝐶𝑃 = 2 (2𝐴𝑃)
10. 𝐶𝑃 = 𝐴𝑃 Multiplicative inverse
11. 𝐶𝑃 = 𝐵𝑃 Transitive property of equality (6 and 10)
̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐴𝑃
12. 𝐶𝑃 ̅̅̅̅ ; 𝐶𝑃
̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐵𝑃
̅̅̅̅ Definition of Congruent Segments
13. 𝐵 ≅ 𝐵𝐶𝑃 Isosceles Triangle Theorem
14. 𝑚 𝐵 = 𝑚 𝐵𝐶𝑃 Definition of Congruent Angles
15. 𝑚 𝐵𝐶𝑃 = 60 Transitive Property of Equality (1 and 14)
16. 𝑚 𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶𝑃 + 𝐵𝑃𝐶 = 180 The sum of the interior angles of a Triangle
17. 60 + 60 + 𝐵𝑃𝐶 = 180 Substitution (1 and 15)
18. 𝑚 𝐵𝑃𝐶 = 60 Addition Property of Equality
19. ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 is Equiangular and therefore Definition of Equiangular triangle
Equilateral
20. 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐶𝑃 Definition of Equilateral triangle
1 Transitive Property of Equality (8, 10 and 20)
21. 𝐵𝐶 = 2 𝐴𝐵
To prove that 𝐴𝐶 = √3𝐵𝐶, we simply apply the Pythagorean Theorem.
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 Pythagorean Theorem
1
(𝐴𝐵)2 = (𝐵𝐶)2 + (𝐴𝐶)2 , since 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵 Substitution
2
1 2 1
(𝐴𝐵)2 = ( 𝐴𝐵) + (𝐴𝐶)2 Substitution, 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵
2 2
(𝐴𝐵)2
(𝐴𝐵)2 = + (𝐴𝐶)2 Simplify
4
3
(𝐴𝐵)2 = (𝐴𝐶)2 Addition Property of Equality
4
√3
2
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐶, since 𝐴𝐵 = 2𝐵𝐶 Simplification
√3
2
(2𝐵𝐶) = 𝐴𝐶 Substitution, 𝐴𝐵 = 2𝐵𝐶
√3
√3𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶 Multiply 2
and 2𝐵𝐶
𝐴𝐶 = √3𝐵𝐶 Symmetric Property
This further state that in 30 − 60 − 90 triangle, the side opposite the 30° angle is half as long as the
hypotenuse and the side opposite the 60° angle is √3 times as long as the side opposite the 30° angle.

Example 4: In 30-60-90 Triangle

𝑩 To solve for:
𝟔𝟎° 𝒄 12
𝒄 = 𝟏𝟐 𝒂= 𝑎= =6
𝟐 2
𝒂=𝟔 𝒃 = 𝒂 ∙ √𝟑 𝑏 = 6 ∙ √3 = 6√3
𝟑𝟎° 𝒄=𝟐∙𝒂 𝑐 = 2 ∙ 6 = 12
𝑪 𝑨
𝒃 = 𝟔√𝟑

Page 37 of 44
Another theorem in a right triangle is the 𝟒𝟓 − 𝟒𝟓 − 𝟗𝟎 Triangle Theorem

Geometric proof of the 𝟒𝟓 – 𝟒𝟓 – 𝟗𝟎 𝑻𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒎

Given: ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 is an isosceles triangle with 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐵𝐶 = 𝑥, 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑐 and 𝑚 𝐶 = 90.
Prove: 𝑐 = 𝑥√2 Figure:

Statements Reasons
1. ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 is an isosceles triangle with 𝐴𝐶 = Given
𝐵𝐶 = 𝑥, 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑐 and 𝑚 𝐶 = 90.
2. 𝑐 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 Pythagorean Theorem
3. 𝑐 2 = 2𝑥 2 Combining similar terms
4. 𝑐 = 𝑥√2 Extracting Square root of both sides of
the equation
From the given proof it further states that in a 45 − 45 − 90 Triangle, the hypotenuse is √2 times as
long as either of the legs.

Page 38 of 44
 What’s More

I. Try These!

Fill in the table with correct value and tell whether the set represents a Pythagorean triple.
Is 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ?
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
(Yes or No)
1 3 4 5
2 6 8 10
3 5 12 13
4 7 24 25
5 10 24 26
6 9 12 15
7 5 10 15
8 3 7 11
9 8 15 17
10 12 35 37

II. Keep Trying!

A. Find the length of the missing side. Round your answer to the nearest tenth.

𝟏. 𝟔𝒎 𝟐. 𝟑. 𝟒. 𝟓.
𝟒𝒎
𝟏𝟑 𝒊𝒏
𝟖𝒎 ? ? 𝟐𝟒 𝒄𝒎 ?
? ? 𝟑 𝒄𝒎

𝟖𝒎 𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎 𝟐𝟔 𝒄𝒎
𝟓 𝒊𝒏

B. Find the value of 𝑥 and 𝑦 in each figure

𝟏. 𝟐. 𝟑.
𝒚 𝟒𝟓° 𝟔
𝟏𝟎 𝟒 𝒚
𝒙 𝟒𝟓°
𝟒𝟓° 𝒙
𝒙
𝒚

𝟒. 𝟓.

Page 39 of 44
 𝒙
𝟕. √𝟑
𝟔. 𝟔𝟎°
𝟖 𝒙 𝟖. 𝟑𝟎°
𝟔𝟎° 𝒚
𝒚
𝒙
𝒚 𝟏𝟖

𝟗.

𝟏𝟎.

Lesson Problems Involving Similar

9 Triangles and Right Triangle
Do you know that we can find the height of a school flagpole or the school building with the
help of our shadow and apply the properties of similar triangles?
This lesson enables you to apply the concepts of similar triangles, special right triangles and
Pythagorean Theorem in real life situations, specifically solving problems that involve similar
triangles and

What’s New

Problem Solving: Mang Jose is advised to expose to

sunlight in the morning to help boost his immune
system. At the quarantine facility and following the
standard health protocols, he decided to go outside to
follow the doctor’s advice. Mang Jose is a 6-ft tall
and casts a shadow of 8 ft. At the same time a tree
besides the building casts a shadow of 16 ft. How tall
is the tree?

Page 40 of 44
 What is It

The given problem above is an example of situations that involve similar triangles. The tree
and the patient form a side of two right triangles with the ground, as shown in the illustration below.
The sun’s rays hit the tree and the patient at the same angle. Therefore, the two triangles are similar by
means of AA Similarity Postulate.

Sun’s rays
Height of the tree
(x)
Height of the man Sun’s rays
θ (6 ft) θ

Length of the shadow Length of the shadow

(16ft) (8ft)
Based on the illustration, and by triangle similarity we derive the proportion:
ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑒
′
=
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑤 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑒′𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑤
If we let x, be the height of the tree
6 𝑓𝑡 𝑥
By Substitution, 8 𝑓𝑡
= 16𝑓𝑡
(16𝑓𝑡)(6 𝑓𝑡) 96 𝑓𝑡
Then solving for x, =𝑥 → 𝑥= 𝑜𝑟 12 𝑓𝑡
8 𝑓𝑡 8
The height of the tree is 12 ft
Example 1: ∆ABC ̴ ∆XYZ, and AB = 5 cm, AC = 10 cm and XY = 15 cm and YZ = 21 cm. Find the
length of BC and XZ.
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐶
Determine the proportional segments, 𝑋𝑌
= 𝑌𝑍
= 𝑋𝑍
5 𝐵𝐶 10 5 1
By substitution, determine the scale factor, = = , hence the scale factor is =
15 21 𝑋𝑍 15 3
Use the scale factor to determine the missing lengths,
𝐵𝐶 1 21
21
= 3 → 𝐵𝐶 = 3
= 7, hence BC = 7 cm
10 1
𝑋𝑍
= 3 → 𝑋𝑍 = 3(10) = 30, hence XZ = 30 cm
Example 2: The perimeter of two similar triangles are 51 cm and 153 cm respectively. If one side of
the smaller triangle is 12 cm, how long should the corresponding side of the other triangle be?
Theorem: If two triangles are similar, their perimeters have the same ratio as that of the
measure of any two corresponding sides.
Let P1 and P2, represents the perimeter of the similar triangles and s1 and s2 represents the
𝑃 𝑠
corresponding sides. Therefore, 𝑃1 = 𝑠1
2 2
51 12
By Substitution, 153
=𝑠
2
1 12
Solving for s2, 3
=𝑠 → 𝑠2 = 12(3) → 36 cm
2
Example 3: The areas of two similar triangles are in the ratio 25:16. Find the length of a side of the
larger triangle if the corresponding side of the smaller triangle has a length of 40 cm.
Theorem: The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is the square of the ratio of the
lengths of any two corresponding sides
Solution: Let A1 and A2, represents the area of the similar triangles and s1 and s2 represents
𝐴 𝑠 𝐴 𝑠
the corresponding sides. Therefore, 𝐴1 = (𝑠1 )2 or √𝐴1 = 𝑠1
2 2 2 2

Page 41 of 44
 25 𝑠
By Substitution, √
16
= 401
5 𝑠 5(40) 200
Solving for s1, 4
= 401 → 𝑠1 = 4
→ 4
= 50 cm

Problems Involving Pythagorean Theorem

Example 1: A 10-meter ladder is 6 meters from the base of a wall. How high up the wall does the
ladder reach?
By Pythagorean Theorem, c 2 = a 2 + b2
By Substitution, 102 = 62 + b2
Solving for b, 100 = 36 + b2 10 m
100 – 36 = b2
b2 = 64
6m
b = √64 = 8 meters
Example 2: A carpenter decided to make a diagonal brace for a gate that is
4 meters wide and 6 meters high. What is the length of the brace?
By Pythagorean Theorem, c 2 = a 2 + b2
? 6m
By Substitution, c 2 = 42 + 62
Solving for c, c2 = 16 + 36
c2 = 52
c = √52 = √4 ∙ 13 = 𝟐 √𝟏𝟑 meters 4m

Problems Involving Special Right Triangle

Example 1: A 4x4 inches paper is folded into two diagonally. Find the length of the crease.
Since the given figure is a square, and the crease is the diagonal. (Each diagonal bisects
opposite angles). Hence, the measure of each opposite angles is 900 then divided by 2 becomes 450.
Therefore, we can form a 450-450-900 triangle.

450 Theorem: In 450-450-900 triangle, the length of the

cre ? 4 in ?
4 in hypotenuse is √2 times each leg.
ase
450 Therefore the length of the crease is 4√𝟐 inches.
4 in 4 in

Example 2: Find the area of an equilateral triangle whose side has a length of 16 meters.
1
The formula in finding the area of a triangle is A=2 𝑏ℎ. Each angle of an equilateral triangle
measures 600.
300
16 m

600 600
8m
0
The altitude is the side opposite of the 60 angle is also the longer leg. Using the theorems of
30 -60 -900 triangle (The length of the longer leg is √3 times the shorter leg) therefore, we have 8√3
0 0

meters as the length of the longer leg.

1
Formula of the area of triangle, A = 𝑏ℎ
2

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 1
By Substitution, A = 2 (16𝑚)(8√3 𝑚)
Solving for the area, A = 𝟔𝟒√𝟑 m2

What’s More

I. Try These!
Tell whether the given problem below has a SUFFICIENT information and if not
write the missing information. Solve the problem if it has a sufficient information.
_____________ 1. Find the diagonal length of a rectangle whose length and width are 24
meters and 7 meters respectively.
_____________ 2. Determine the area of a square whose diagonal length is 12 meters.
_____________ 3. A post casts a shadow of 10 m and at the same time a building casts a
shadow of 24 m. How high is the building?
_____________ 4. The perimeter of two similar triangles are 18 cm and 72 cm respectively. If one
side of the smaller triangle is 7 cm, how long should the corresponding side of the other triangle be?
_____________ 5. The corresponding sides of two similar triangles are 3 cm and 7 cm. Find
the area of the smaller triangle?
_____________ 6. Find the area of an equilateral triangle whose side length is 12 cm.
II. Keep Trying!
Read the following problems carefully. Solve and write the complete solution.
1. A 12-meter flagpole casts a shadow of 18 meters and at the same the school building casts
a shadow of 24 meters. How high is the building?
2. The size of the television usually depends on the length of its diagonal. Find the size of the
television if the dimensions are 12 inches and 35 inches respectively.
3. “Bandana” is a triangular or a square cloth piece tied around the head. You have a square-
shaped handkerchief and decided to make a bandana so you fold it along its diagonal. If one
side of the handkerchief is 40 cm, how long is the bandana?
4. A 17-m ladder is leaning against a vertical wall. How far is the foot of the ladder from the
wall if the top of the ladder is 15 meters from the ground?
5. The corresponding sides of two similar triangles are 18 cm and 72 cm. What is the
perimeter of the larger triangle if the perimeter of the smaller triangle is 102 cm?

What I Can Do

Directions: Read and analyze the following question below. Write your answer on a separate sheet
and show your solution if it requires.
1) Two buses leave at the same time. One heads due east at 40 kph
and one heads due north at 30 kph. How far apart are the buses
after two hours? 10
2) Two cables support a steel pole at the same angle as shown 3m m
in the figure at the right. The two cables are 4 m and 10 m in length 4m
while the shorter cable reaches 3 m up the pole.
a.) What is the reason why the two triangles are similar? θ θ
b.) Find the height of the pole.

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 3) The sides of △ABC are 9 cm, 10 cm, and 12 cm. If △ABC ∼ △DEF, find the length of the
longest side of △DEF if its shortest side is 6 cm. (MMC 2017, Elimination Round Grade 9, Item #
40)
4) Two similar triangles have their perimeters in the ratio 4 ∶ 5. Find the ratio of their areas. (MMC
2017, Elimination Round Grade 9, Item # 41)
5) The sides of △MNO are 5 cm, 7 cm, and 10 cm. If △MNO ∼ △PQR, find the perimeter of
△PQR if its longest side is 15 cm. (MMC 2018, Elimination Round Grade 9, Item # 35)

Posttest

I. Directions: Circle the letter of the correct answer.

1) The legs of a right triangle are 8 cm and 15 cm. What is the length of its hypotenuse?
A. 120 𝑐𝑚 B. 60 𝑐𝑚 C. 17 𝑐𝑚 D. 13 𝑐𝑚
2) What is the altitude of an equilateral triangle whose side is 14 cm?
A. 14√2 𝑐𝑚 B. 14√3 𝑐𝑚 C. 7√3 𝑐𝑚 D. 4√3 𝑐𝑚
3) Find the length of the diagonal of a square whose side 30 cm?
A. √30 𝑐𝑚 B. 15√3 𝑐𝑚 C. 15√2 𝑐𝑚 D. 30√2 𝑐𝑚
4) ∆JKL ̴ ∆PQR, and JK = 10 cm, JL = 20 cm and PQ = 30 cm and QR = 42 cm. Find the
length of KL.
A. 14 𝑐𝑚 B. 30 𝑐𝑚 C. 40 𝑐𝑚 D. 60 𝑐𝑚
5) What is the ratio of the pair of corresponding sides of two similar triangles if their areas are 9
sq. units and 25 sq. units?
A. 18: 25 B. 6: 20 C. 3: 5 D. 1: 3
6) The corresponding sides of two similar triangles are 8 cm and 12 cm. If the perimeter of the
larger triangle is 30 cm, what is the perimeter of the smaller triangle?
A. 16 𝑐𝑚 B. 18 𝑐𝑚 C. 20 𝑐𝑚 D. 22 𝑐𝑚
2 2
7) If the area of two similar triangles are 25 cm and 64 cm , what is the ratio of their perimeters?
A.25 ∶ 64 B. 15: 32 C. 5: 8 D. 3: 4
8) What is the area of an equilateral triangle whose side has a length of 10 cm?
A. 100√3 cm2 B. 25√3 cm2 C. 10√3 cm2 D. 5√3 cm2
9) The areas of two similar triangles are in the ratio 16:25. Find the length of a side of the larger
triangle if the corresponding side of the smaller triangle has a length of 20 cm.
A. 25 𝑐𝑚 B. 20𝑐𝑚 C. 15 𝑐𝑚 D. 10 𝑐𝑚
II. Solve the given problem below. Illustrate then write the complete solution.
1. A 25- ft ladder is placed 7 ft away from an electric post. How high up the electric post will
the ladder reach? (3 points)
2. A building casts a shadow of 30 meters and at the same a 12-m post casts a shadow of 8
meters. How high is the building?

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