ფიზიკა 10 მოსწავლის წიგნი

fizika
py
10
C o
't
moswavlis wigni
o n
D
py
Co
n't
Do

Sinaarsi
Tavi I. eleqtruli movlenebi
ambavi rwyilisa da WianWvelasi, anu samyaros damatebiTi
ganzomilebebi................................................................................................ 5
1.1 eleqtromagnituri urTierTqmedeba........................................................ 9
1.2 eleqtruli movlenebi............................................................................... 14
y
1.3 eleqtroskopi. gamtarebi da aragamtarebi............................................. 19
proeqti #1: versoriumi - eleqtroskopis Soreuli winapari.................... 23
proeqti #2: statikuri eleqtroba _ saxifaTo megobari........................... 26
p
proeqti #3: elva - eleqtroba, romelic cas gamostaces.......................... 28
1.4 eleqtruli muxtis Tvisebebi................................................................... 31
o
1.5 kulonis kanoni........................................................................................... 36
1.6 fizika amocanebSi: kulonis kanoni.......................................................... 40
proeqti #4: eleqtrostatikuri generatori............................................... 46
Seamowme Seni codna. testi #1...................................................................... 50
C
I Tavis damatebiTi kiTxvebi amocanebi.......................................................... 53
I Tavis mokle Sinaarsi..................................................................................... 61
't
Tavi II. eleqtruli veli
proeqti #5: rogor gavxdeT msoflios mbrZanebeli, anu
faradeis galia ................................................................................................ 63
2.1 eleqtruli veli......................................................................................... 67
n
2.2 eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi..................................................................... 72
2.3 fizika amocanebSi: velebis superpoziciis principi.............................. 76
o
2.4 gamtarebi eleqtrostatikur velSi......................................................... 79
2.5 dieleqtrikebi eleqtrostatikur velSi................................................. 76
2.6 eleqtrostatikuri velis muSaoba .......................................................... 89
2.7 eleqtrostatikuri velis potenciali.Zabva........................................... 94
D
dedamiwis eleqtruli veli........................................................................... 103
2.8 fizika amocanebSi: eleqtrostatikuri velis muSaoba. potenciali.
Zabva............................................................................................................. 104
proeqti #6: qila, romelmac evropa SeZra.................................................. 111
2.9 kondensatori........................................................................................... 115
2.10 amocanebi fizikaSi: kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba..................... 121
Seamowme Seni codna. testi #2.................................................................... 125
II Tavis damatebiTi kiTxvebi amocanebi....................................................... 127
II Tavis mokle Sinaarsi.................................................................................. 141
sagnobrivi saZiebeli..................................................................................... 145
Tavis Semajamebeli testebis pasuxebi......................................................... 153
damatebiTi kiTxvebis, amocanebis pasuxebi................................................. 153
fizikur sidideTa cxrilebi........................................................................ 160
danarTi 1. elementTa periodulobis cxrili........................................... 161
danarTi 2. kvlevis angariSis forma............................................................ 162
3
saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli masala Tqvengan aqtiur monawileobas moiTxovs. am
mizniT masSi CarTulia mravalferovani savarjiSoebi, romelTagan nawils maswav-
leblis xelmZRvanelobiT mTeli klasi erTad Seasrulebs, nawili ki individualu
ri, wyvilebSi da jgufuri muSaobisaTvis aris gankuTvnili. maTi amocnoba ar gagi-
y
WirdebaT, radgan TiToeuli maTgani wignSi Sesabamisi simboloTi (logoTi) aris
aRniSnuli:
p
davaleba da misi nomeri gamafrTxilebeli niSnebi
1
o
(Tu logo ar adevs, is
individualuri samuSaoa) cxeli zedapiri
momwamvleli nivTiereba
wyvilebSi samuSao
C
cecxlsaSiSia
jgufuri samuSao vardnili sxeulebis safrTxe
't
msxvrevadi WurWeli
? sakvlevi kiTxvebi da kvlevis
! Sedegad gamotanili daskvnebi mCxvletavi sagnebi
n
saSinao davaleba statikuri eleqtroba
o
cdis Catarebisas saWiro aRWurviloba:
cdis Catareba sifrTxiles
moiTxovs! winsafari
D
saintereso, niRabi
damatebiTi informacia
xelTaTmanebi
damcavi saTvale
ambavi rwyilisa da WianWvelasi, anu samyaros damatebiTi
ganzomilebebi
Tavi I
eleqtruli
movlenebi
py
C o
't
sur. 1. moris eSeri. `mebiusis lenti~
n
warmoidgine sibrtye, romelzec WianWvelebi da rwyile-
bi cxovroben. WianWvelebi mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi
o
sibrtyeze dacocaven da fiqroben, rom samyaro organ-
zomilebiania, radgan isini verasdros toveben sibrtyis
zedapirs. Tumca WianWvelebi amCneven, rom maTTan erTad
mcxovrebi rwyilebi drodadro ukvalod qrebian sibrtyis
D
zedapiridan da garkveuli drois Semdeg kvlav Cndebian.
WianWvelebis `gamoCenili mecnierebi~ bolos da bolos
im azramde mivlen, rom samyaros mesame ganzomilebac aqvs,
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi maT fizikis kanonebis uaryofa
mouwevT, radgan ar SeiZleba, raime ukvalod gaqres an
arafrisgan warmoiqmnas.
rwyilisa da WianWvelas istorias gagrZeleba aqvs...
oRond zRaparSi ki ara, Cvens realobaSi:
hipoTeza, rom Cvens samyaros, sivrcis sami ganzomile-
bis garda (dro meoTxe ganzomilebad iTvleba), damatebiTi
ganzomilebebic aqvs, sakmaod Zvelia da mecnierebma is jer
kidev XIX saukuneSi gamoTqves. idea Zalian popularuli
iyo XX saukuneSi: mecnierTa sxvadasxva jgufi sxvadasxva
dros mravalganzomilebiani sivrcis gansxvavebul mode-
lebze muSaobda. Tumca am ideebma eqsperimentuli dadas-
tureba ver pova.

mravalganzomilebiani sivrcis aRwera maTematikurad sakmaod advilia, Tumca

samganzomilebian realobas morgebul adamians samze metganzomilebiani sivrcis
warmodgena ar ZaluZs. damatebiT ganzomilebebs ver vxedavT da ver vgrZnobT.
maS, ra aZlevs hipoTezis avtorebs aseTi mosazrebis gamoTqmis sababs?
Tu damatebiTi ganzomilebebi marTlac arsebobs, maSin isini gavlenas unda
axdendes Cvens samyaroSi mimdinare garkveul movlenebze. aseT movlenebze
dakvirvebiT ki SesaZlebelia maTi realurad arsebobis dadastureba, anu Tu
kargad davfiqrdebiT da im `rwyilebs~ (movlenebs) aRmovaCenT, romlebic dro-
y
dadro ukvalod qrebian Cveni samyarodan da garkveuli drois Semdeg kvlav
Cndebian, davrwmundebiT, rom samyaros damatebiTi ganzomilebebi aqvs.
romeli movlena SeiZleboda `rwyilis~ rolSi aRmoCeniliyo?
p
Tanamedrove fizikaSi bunebaSi arsebuli oTxi fundamenturi urTierTqmede
baa (fundamenturia urTierTqmedeba, romelic sxva saxis urTierTqmedebebiT
ar aRiwereba) cnobili (sur. 2): gravitaciuli, eleqtromagnituri, Zlieri da
o
susti.
gravitaciuli urTierTqmedeba
't C eleqtromagnituri urTierTqmedeba
o n
D
Zlieri urTierTqmedeba susti urTierTqmedeba
sur. 2
Zlieri da susti urTierTqmedeba mxolod mikrosamyaroSi, atombirTvebs So-
ris, ≈ 10-15 - 10-19 m manZilebze iCens Tavs. SenTvis kargad cnobili gravitaciuli
urTierTqmedeba, romelsac niutonis msoflio mizidulobis Teoria (kidev ufro
zustad ki _ ainStainis fardobiTobis Teoria) aRwers, makro- da megasamyaroSia
SesamCnevi. eleqtromagnituri urTierTqmedeba ki vlindeba rogorc mikro-, ise
makrosamyaroSi.
XX saukunis ukanasknel wlebSi msoflios fizikosebs erTi ZiriTadi idea
aerTianebdaT: isini cdilobdnen, moeZebnaT samyaros agebulebis erTiani sawyisi,
SeeqmnaT bunebaSi arsebuli yvela Zalis gaerTianebuli Teoria, romlis mixedviT
yvela tipis urTierTqmedeba erTi Zalis sxvadasxva gamovlinebaa, oTxive tipis
urTierTqmedeba erTi pirvelwyaros Sedegia. es azri mas Semdeg gaCnda, rac mec-
nierebma daasabuTes, rom SeiZleba yvela tipis urTierTqmedebis ganxorcielebis
6

y
msoflio mizidulobis kanoni kulonis kanoni
p
sur. 3
meqanizmi erTsa da imave principebze iyos dafuZnebuli (momdevno gakveTilebze
o
Sen kulonis kanons gaecnobi, romelic damuxtul sxeulebs Soris eleqtrul
urTierTqmedebas aRwers da ar gagiWirdeba im saocari msgavsebis aRmoCena, ro-
melic mas niutonis mizidulobis kanonTan akavSirebs (sur. 3)).
gasuli saukunis 60-ian wlebSi damtkicda eleqtromagnituri da susti urTier-
C
Tqmedebis erTiani buneba (am Teoriis avtorebma gleSoum, vainbergma da salamma
1979 wels nobelis premia miiRes). ukve gamokveTilia kidec Teoria, romlis Ta-
naxmadac, maT Zlieri urTierTqmedebac SeurTdeba da tardeba eqsperimentebi am
't
Teoriis sabolood dasadastureblad. Tumca bunebis ZalTa erTian TeoriaSi gra-
vitaciuli Zalis CarTva ver xerxdeba, ris mizezic mizidulobis Zalis gasaocari
sisustea sxva ZalebTan SedarebiT. ratomaa samyaroSi arsebuli oTxi fundamentu-
ri urTierTqmedebidan erT-erTis buneba gamonaklisi? iqneb arc aris gamonaklisi
n
da gravitaciuli urTierTqmedebis niutoniseuli Teoriaa gadasasinji?
300 welze meti droa gasuli niutonis msoflio mizidulobis kanonis aRmoCe-
nidan da dRemde aravis mosvlia azrad, mis marTebulobaSi eWvi Seetana. niutonis
o
kanoni fundamenturi, eqsperimentulad dadasturebuli kanonia da igulisxmeba,
rom kanoni nebismieri manZilisTvis samarTliania.
1998 wels fizikosTa patara jgufma, romlis SemadgenlobaSic amerikeli (war-
D
moSobiT iraneli) nima arkani-hamedi, berZeni savas dimopulosi da qarTveli gia
dvali Sedian, kidev erTxel daamtkica, rom samyaros mowyobis Sesaxeb kvleva jer
kidev ar dasrulebula... maT ukve arsebuli Teoriebis safuZvelze gamoTqves hi-
poTeza, romelic ukanasknel wlebSi ara marto samecniero, aramed sazogadoebis
farTo wreebSic sensaciad iqca.
ADD-s (jgufis wevrTa gvarebis pirveli asoebisgan Sedgenili abreviaturaa)
hipoTezis mixedviT milimetrze nakleb manZilebze damatebiTi ganzomilebebi
Cndeba da maTi gaTvaliswinebiT am manZilebze aqamde fundamentur sidided aRia-
rebuli gravitaciuli mudmivas, G-s, mniSvneloba icvleba. Sesabamisad, xdeba mi-
zidulobis kanonis saxecvlilebac. gaixsene: samganzomilebiani sivrcis SemTxve
vaSi mizidulobis Zalis sidide 1/r 2-is proporciulia.
erTi damatebiTi ganzomilebis arsebobisas mizidulobis Zalis sidide 1/r 3-is
proporciulad izrdeba, ori damatebiTi ganzomilebis arsebobisas ki _ 1/r 4-is
proporciulad da a. S. yoveli n damatebiTi ganzomilebis arsebobisas mizidulo-
bis Zala 1/r n+1-is proporciulad gaizrdeba da ukve milimetris rigis manZilebze
(rac, atomuri fizikis TvalsazrisiT, Zalian didi manZilebia) gravitaciis Zala
Tavisi siZlieriT danarCen Zalebs gautoldeba!
7

ase rom, ADD-s hipoTezis mixedviT, damatebiTi ganzomilebebis arsebobisas

gravitaciuli urTierTqmedeba arcTu sust urTierTqmedebad moCans...
damatebiTi ganzomilebebi mxolod gravitaciuli urTierTqmedebis xasiaTs
cvlis, yvela sxva tipis urTierTqmedebiT gamowveul movlenebSi axali ganzo-
milebebis SemotaniT araferi icvleba.
bunebrivia, tardeba eqsperimentebi ADD-s hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad da misi
dadasturebis SemTxvevaSi swored gravitaciuli urTierTqmedeba SeiZleba aR-
moCndes im `rwyilis~ rolSi, romelic drodadro sxva ganzomilebaSi uCinardeba.
y
...da nu dagaviwydeba yvelaze mTavari: nebismieri Sedegis SemTxvevaSi ADD-s
hipoTeza udidesi mecnieruli gmirobis gamovlenaa, radgan misma avtorebma
SeZles da iseTi gabatonebuli Teoriis gadasinjva scades, rogoric niutonis
p
mizidulobis Teoriaa. maT kidev erTxel daamtkices, rom mecnierebaSi kerpebi
ar arseboben. buneba amouwuravia da yoveli didi mecnieruli aRmoCena mxolod
samyaros axali, Seucnobi mxareebis kvlevis dasawyisia.
o
...msgavsi hipoTeza damatebiT ganzomilebebze da maT gamovlinebebze (oRond
ara mcire, aramed did manZilebze) gia dvalis, giorgi gabadaZisa da masimo po-
ratis jgufma kidev erTxel, 2000 wels SesTavaza samecniero sazogadoebas...
ase rom, kvlevebi grZeldeba. samyaros damatebiTi ganzomilebebis Sesaxeb
C
Teoria ukanasknel wlebSi Tanamedrove fizikis ideebze udides zegavlenas ax-
dens da SesaZloa, momavalSi fizikis axali mimarTulebis ganviTarebasac misces
biZgi.
't
me-10 klasis fizikis kurss klasikuri eleqtrodinamikis safuZvlebis Seswav
liT viwyebT. klasikuri eleqtrodinamika makrosamyaroSi eleqtromagnituri
urTierTqmedebis Teorias Seiswavlis, mikrosamyaroSi ki aseTi tipis urTier-
n
Tqmedebas kvanturi eleqtrodinamika swavlobs.
klasikuri eleqtrodinamikis ZiriTadi cnebebia eleqtruli muxti da eleq
truli veli. eleqtrodinamika fizikis erT-erTi dargia, romelic eleqtrul
o
muxtebs (damuxtul sxeulebs) Soris urTierTqmedebas da maTze eleqtruli
velis zemoqmedebas Seiswavlis.
eleqtrodinamikis ganviTarebis istoria im movlenebis SeswavliT iwyeba,
romelic moicavs sxeulTa eleqtrizacias (XVII saukune), eleqtruli muxtebis
D
urTierTqmedebas (XVIII saukune), atmosferul eleqtrobas (XVIII saukune), eleq-
trul da magnitur movlenebs Soris urTierTkavSirs (XIX saukune).
Tanamedrove kavSirgabmulobis saSualebebi, eleqtroZravebi, denis genera-
torebi, gamnaTebeli da sayofacxovrebo daniSnulebis xelsawyoebi, Carxebi,
marTvisa da kontrolis avtomatizirebuli sistemebi, kompiuterebi – es aris
is mcire CamonaTvali mowyobilobebisa, romelTa muSaobis princips swored
eleqtrodinamikis kanonebi udevs safuZvlad.
eleqtrodinamika, Tavis mxriv, or nawilad iyofa: erTi nawili uZrav muxtebsa
(damuxtul sxeulebs) da maT Soris urTierTqmedebas Seiswavlis, meore nawili
ki _ im movlenebs, romlebic damuxtuli nawilakebis mowesrigebul moZraobas
ukavSirdeba. eleqtrodinamikis im nawils, romelic uZrav eleqtrul muxteb-
sa da maT Soris urTierTqmedebas Seiswavlis, eleqtrostatika hqvia. swored
eleqtrostatikis ZiriTadi kanonia kulonis kanoni, romelic Sarl ogiusten
kulonma (1736 _ 1806) eqsperimentulad daadgina.
odnav mogvianebiT Cven SevZlebT kulonisa da msoflio mizidulobis kano-
nebs Soris is TvalsaCino msgavseba davinaxoT, romelmac mecnierebi samyaros
mowyobis sruliad axal modelze daafiqra.
8
1.1 eleqtromagnituri urTierTqmedeba
1. eleqtromagnituri urTierTqmedeba
1 XVIII saukuneSi, londonis samefo
sazogadoebis TaosnobiT SotlandiaSi,
Sihalienis mTasTan, Catarda istoriuli
eqsperimenti, romlis mizani sakidze da-
y
kidebuli sxeulis (Sveulis) daxmarebiT
dedamiwis masis gansazRvra iyo.
Sihalienis mTis maxloblad Sveuli
p
vertikaluri mdebareobidan mTisken
ixreboda (sur. 1). rogor fiqrob, ra iyo
o
amis mizezi? romeli tipis urTierTqme
debiT iyo gamowveuli eqsperimentis
sur. 1. Sotlandia. Sihalienis mTa (1083 m). Sedegi?
Sen ici, rom bunebaSi oTxi tipis (gravitaciuli, eleqtromagnituri, susti da
C
Zlieri) fundamenturi urTierTqmedeba arsebobs da yvela fizikuri movlena ama
Tu im tipis urTierTqmedebas ukavSirdeba. mag., SenTvis kargad cnobili gravi-
taciuli urTierTqmedebis gamovlinebaa mTvaris moZraoba dedamiwis garSemo,
't
sxeulTa vardna dedamiwis zedapirze, Sihalienis eqsperimentis Sedegic...
gravitaciuli urTierTqmedeba samyaroSi arsebul nebismier sxeulebs Soris
arsebobs, magram TvalsaCino mxolod maSinaa, Tu sxeulebidan erT-erTis masa
mainc sakmarisad didia. modi, Caatare martivi cda da Seecade, gamoicno, ra
n
tipis urTierTqmedebis gamovlinebaa cdis Sedegi.
cda I
o
1. gamoWeri qaRaldisgan 1 sm siganis zoli da miuaxlove mas plastma-
sis Rero (kalami). amCnev Tu ara maT Soris urTierTqmedebas?
2. qaRaldis zoli furcelze dade da zemodan msubuqi dawoliT ram-
denjerme gausvi Rero.
D
3. mohkide qaRaldis zols xeli da meore xeliT Rero miuaxlove. ras
amCnev?
4. aris Tu ara es urTierTqmedeba msoflio mizidulobis ZaliT
gamowveuli? ratom?
qaRaldis zolsa da Reros Soris miziduloba mxolod mas Semdeg aRiZra,
rac sxeulebi erTmaneTs Seaxe (gauxaxune). urTierTqmedeba, romelic sxeule-
bis Sexebis (xaxunis) Sedegad aRiZra da sxeulTa masebze damokidebuli ar aris,
eleqtromagnituri urTierTqmedebaa.
cda II
1. miuaxlove erTmaneTs polieTilenisgan gamoWrili 2 sm siganis ori
zoli. amCnev Tu ara maT Soris urTierTqmedebas?
2. daade zemodan erTi zoli meores da moaTavse isini furcelze.
zolebze zemodan msubuqi dawoliT ramdenjerme gausvi plastmasis
Rero (kalami, savarcxeli).
3. miuaxlove erTmaneTs zolebi. ras amCnev? aRwere, rogor urTier-
Tqmedebs zolebi?
9
4. miuaxlove erT-erT zols plastmasis Rero. ra SeamCnie? aRwere,

rogor urTierTqmedebs es sxeulebi?
gravitaciuli urTierTqmedebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlis drosac sxeulebs
Soris yovelTvis mizidulobis Zalebi moqmedebs, eleqtromagnituri urTier
Tqmedeba rogorc mizidvis, ise ganzidvis saxiT vlindeba.
nivTierebis Semadgeneli nawilakebi (molekulebi, atomebi, ionebi), iseve ro-
gorc samyaroSi arsebuli nebismieri sxeuli, msoflio mizidulobis ZalebiT
urTierTmiizidebian, Tumca masebis simciris gamo nawilakebs Soris gravitaciu-
y
li urTierTqmedeba imdenad sustia, rom Cveulebriv, mxedvelobaSi arc miiReba.
nawilakebs Soris urTierTqmedeba (mizidva da ganzidva), romelic nivTierebis
myar da Txevad agregatul mdgomareobebs ganapirobebs, eleqtromagnituri bu-
p
nebisaa. eleqtromagnituri ZalebiT ganisazRvreba atomis agebuleba, atomTa
bmebi molekulebSi, makroskopuli sxeulebis warmoqmna.
eleqtromagnituri urTierTqmedebiTaa gamowveuli yvela eleqtruli, magni-
o
turi da optikuri movlena. swored misi damsaxurebiT vxedavT garemomcvel
samyaros, radgan sinaTle eleqtromagnituri urTierTqmedebis erT-erTi gamo-
vlinebaa. am tipis urTierTqmedebiT aixsneba drekadobisa da xaxunis Zalebis
C
arseboba. eleqtromagnituri urTierTqmedeba praqtikulad yvela biologiur
process gansazRvravs, rac imas niSnavs, rom mis gareSe sicocxle ar iarsebebda.
rogor Cndeba nawilakebs (sxeulebs) Soris eleqtromagnituri urTierTqmedeba?
't
am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad gavixsenoT atomis agebuleba.
2. atomis agebuleba eleqtronis

Sen ici, rom nebismieri sxeuli umcire orbita
n
si nawilakebisgan (molekulebisgan, atome eleqtroni
bisgan, ionebisgan) Sedgeba. Tavis mxriv, mo-
lekulebi atomebisgan Sedgeba, xolo atomi
o
_ atombirTvisa da mis garSemo moZravi eleq protoni
tronebisgan (sur. 2).
neitroni
atomis birTvis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis pro sur. 2
toni da neitroni (sur. 2).
D
protons, eleqtronsa da neitrons (maT subatomur nawilakebs uwodeben) masa
aqvs, amitom am nawilakebs Soris arsebobs gravitaciuli urTierTqmedeba, e. i.
isini erTmaneTs izidaven ZaliT, romlis sidide maT Soris manZilis kvadratis
ukuproporciulia.
garda gravitaciuli urTierTqmedebisa, birTvsa da eleqtronebs Soris
gacilebiT Zlieri, eleqtromagnituri urTierTqmedebac arsebobs. mag., cno-
bilia, rom wyalbadis atomSi birTvi eleqtrons izidavs eleqtromagnituri
ZaliT, romelic 1039-jer aRemateba gravitaciul Zalas. eleqtromagnituri
Zala, gravitaciulis msgavsad, nawilakebs Soris manZilis kvadratis ukupro-
porciulia, Tumca gravitaciulisgan gansxvavebiT, misi sidide nawilakebis
masebze damokidebuli ar aris.
Tu nawilakebs eleqtromagnituri urTierTqmedebis unari axasiaTebs, maSin
amboben, rom maT eleqtruli muxti aqvs da aseT nawilakebs damuxtuli nawi
lakebi hqvia. nawilakebis eleqtruli muxti gansazRvravs maT Soris eleqtro
magnituri urTierTqmedebis intensivobas: rac ufro metia nawilakebis muxti,
miT ufro Zlieria maT Soris eleqtromagnituri urTierTqmedeba (msgavsad
10
eleqtromagnituri urTierTqmedeba 1.1
imisa, rogorc masa gansazRvravs sxeulTa Soris gra-

mizidva
vitaciuli urTierTqmedebis intensivobas).
damuxtul nawilakebs Soris eleqtromagnituri ur-
TierTqmedeba rogorc mizidvis, ise ganzidvis saxiT ganzidva
vlindeba, rac imas niSnavs, rom bunebaSi arsebobs sapi
rispiro niSniT damuxtuli nawilakebi: erTnairniSnia
ni muxtis mqone nawilakebi ganizidebian, xolo sapiris sur. 3
piro niSnis mqoneni – miizidebian (sur. 3).
y
3. subatomuri nawilakebi
miCneulia, rom protonis muxti dadebiTia, xolo eleqtronis muxti _ uaryo
p
fiTi (ase pirobiTadaa miCneuli da piriqiTac rom iyos, amiT eleqtromagni-
turi urTierTqmedebis xasiaTi maT Soris ar Seicvleba) (sur. 2).
birTvSi Semavali protonebi miizidaven eleqtronebs da aRiZvreba centris-
o
kenuli Zala, romelic àiZulebs~ eleqtronebs, birTvis garSemo wriul orbi-
tebze imoZraon.
protonis muxti absoluturi sididiT eleqtronis muxtis tolia. eleqtro-
nisa da protonis masebi ki mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebulia erTmaneTisgan:
C
eleqtronis masa TiTqmis 2000-jer (ufro zustad, 1836,1-jer) naklebia pro-
tonis masaze.
garda eleqtronebisa da protonebisa, bunebaSi sxva damuxtuli nawilakebic
't
arsebobs, magram maT Tavisuflad arseboba Zalian mcire, wamis memilionedze
ufro xanmokle drois ganmavlobaSi SeuZliaT. isini warmoiSobian sxva nawila-
kebis Sejaxebisas, xanmokle drois ganmavlobaSi arsebobis Semdeg daiSlebian
n
da sxva saxis nawilakebad gardaiqmnebian.
eleqtronsa da protons SeuZlia iarsebos Tavisuflad, ganusazRvrelad
didxans. eleqtronisa da protonis muxtze ufro mcire sididis muxti bunebaSi
o
damoukideblad ar arsebobs (maT minimaluri muxti aqvT da SeuZlebelia am
nawilakebs muxtis nawili movaciloT an misi sidide gavzardoT). eleqtronisa
da protonis eleqtruli muxtis absolutur sidides elementaruli muxti
hqvia da mas e asoTi aRniSnaven.
D
eleqtruli muxti yovelTvis nawilakTanaa dakavSirebuli, is nawilakis ise-
Tive ganuyofeli Tvisebaa, rogoric masa. ar arsebobs muxti nawilakis gareSe,
magram umuxto nawilaki arsebobs, mag., neitroni. neitronis muxti 0-is tolia.
is neitraluri nawilakia. neitronis masa eleqtronisas 1838,7-jer aRemateba
(anu neitronis masa garkveuli miaxloebiT protonis masas utoldeba da mniS-
vnelovnad aRemateba eleqtronis masas, TiTqmis 2000-jer, iseve rogorc pro-
tonis masa).
#1 cxrilSi mocemulia eleqtronis, protonisa da neitronis masebi (gra-
mebSi da masis atomur erTeulebSi, 1 mae = 1,66 ∙ 10-24 g) da eleqtruli muxti
(pirobiT erTeulebSi).
cxrili I
nawilaki muxtis pirobiTi masa, g masis atomuri erTeuli (mae)
erTeuli
eleqtroni -1 9,11 . 10-28 g 0,0005 (1/1840)
protoni +1 1,6726 . 10-24g 1
neitroni 0 1,6749 . 10-24g 1
11
atombirTvis masuri ricxvi _

neitronebisa da protonebis
saerTo raodenoba: naxSirbadi
A=N+Z elementis
simbolo
6 protoni
elementis atomuri nomeri _ 6 neitroni
protonebis ricxvi atomis birTvSi 6 eleqtroni
sur. 4
y
atomis birTvSi protonebis ricxvi emTxveva Sesabamisi qimiuri elementis ri
giT nomers (atomur nomers) (Z) elementTa periodulobis cxrilSi (sur.4). imis
p
gamo, rom neitronebi umuxto nawilakebia, atomis birTvis eleqtruli muxti
dadebiTia da masSi Semavali protonebis jamuri muxtis tolia.
atomis birTvis garSemo orbitebze zustad imdeni eleqtroni moZraobs, ramde
o
ni protonicaa birTvSi (sur. 2). eleqtronebis jamuri uaryofiTi muxti bir-
TvSi Semavali protonebis jamuri dadebiTi muxtis tolia da amitom atomi
mTlianobaSi eleqtrulad neitraluria.
elementis rigiTi nomris garda, periodulobis cxrilSi kidev erTi ricxvia
C
miTiTebuli, romelic, Tu mTel ricxvamde davamrgvalebT, birTvSi neitrone-
bisa da protonebis saerTo raodenobas gviCvenebs (anu mae-Si gamosaxul maT
saerTo masas). es ricxvi A asoTi aRiniSneba da mas masuri ricxvi hqvia.
't
3. birTvuli Zalebi
eqsperimentuli kvlevebis Sedegebi mowmobs, rom atomis birTvi sakmaod
n
mdgradi sistemaa, romlis daSlac sakmaod Znelia.
2 rogor fiqrob, ra Zalebi akavebs birTvSi protonebsa da neitronebs?
SeiZleba Tu ara, rom es Zalebi iyos:
o
a) gravitaciuli bunebis? ratom? b) eleqtromagnituri? ratom?
birTvSi Semavali nawilakebi (protonebi da neitronebi) erTmaneTTan dakav-
Sirebulia birTvuli ZalebiT, romlebic Tavisi bunebiT gansxvavdeba rogorc
D
gravitaciuli, ise eleqtromagnituri Zalebisgan. birTvuli Zalebi moduliT
daaxloebiT 100-jer aRemateba eleqtromagnitur Zalebs. isini bunebaSi ar-
sebul ZalTa Soris yvelaze mZlavria, amitom birTvuli nawilakebis urTier-
Tqmedebas Zlier urTierTqmedebas uwodeben. birTvuli Zalebis mniSvnelovani
Taviseburebaa axloqmedeba. `moklexelebiani goliaTi~ _ ase uwodeben birTvul
Zalebs, romelTa moqmedeba mxolod iseT manZilebze vlindeba, romlebic bir-
Tvis zomis (10-12 _ 10-13 sm) rigisaa.
4. Tavisufali eleqtroni. ioni

swored birTvuli Zalebis damsaxurebaa is, rom protonebis ricxvis cvli-
leba atomis birTvSi Zalian Znelia (protonebis ricxvis cvlileba atomis
gardaqmnas iwvevs), magram atomSi eleqtronebis raodenobis gazrda an Sem-
cireba gacilebiT advilia: gare Sreze moZravi erTi an ramdenime eleqtroni
danarCenebTan SedarebiT sustadaa dakavSirebuli birTvTan, amitom SesaZle-
belia, isini birTvs moswydnen da atomTaSoris sivrceSi mimoifanton. aseT
eleqtronebs Tavisufali eleqtronebi hqvia. gaixsene: Tu atomi eleqtrons da-
12
eleqtromagnituri urTierTqmedeba 1.1
kargavs, maSin dadebiTi ioni warmoiqm-

neba. SeiZleba atomma miierTos kidec
zedmeti eleqtroni. aseT SemTxvevaSi
uaryofiTi ioni miiReba (sur. 5).
5. eleqtromagnituri qimiuri
urTierTqmedeba
reaqcia
makroskopul sxeulebs Soris
y
damuxtuli nawilakebi (atombir-
Tvebi, eleqtronebi) yvela sxeulis
SemadgenlobaSi Sedis. maT Soris
p
eleqtromagnituri urTierTqmedeba
Zalian Zlieria, magram makroskopul
sur. 5
sxeulebs Soris eleqtromagnituri
o
Zalebis moqmedeba yovelTvis ar Sei-
niSneba, radgan isini Cveulebriv mdgo-
mareobaSi eleqtrulad neitraluria
(masSi Semavali damuxtuli nawilakebis + +
C
jamuri muxti nulis tolia). neitra-
lur sxeulebs Soris eleqtromagni-
't
turi urTierTqmedeba praqtikulad ar mizidva ganzidva
arsebobs, miuxedavad imisa, rom erTsa sur. 6
da imave sxeulSi (myarSi, TxevadSi)
atomis Semadgeneli damuxtuli nawilakebi sakmaod Zlieri eleqtromagnitu-
n
ri ZalebiT urTierTqmedebs (sur. 6): dadebiTi atombirTvebi sxva atomebis
eleqtronebs miizidavs, xolo maT atombirTvebs ganizidavs.
makroskopuli sxeuli eleqtrulad damuxtulia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is Seicavs
o
erTi niSnis mqone damuxtuli nawilakebis Warb raodenobas: Tu sxeulSi proto-
nebTan SedarebiT eleqtronebis siWarbea, maSin sxeuli uaryofiTadaa damuxtu-
li, xolo Tu eleqtronebis danaklisia, maSin sxeuli dadebiTadaa damuxtuli.
rogor davmuxtoT makroskopuli sxeuli? am SekiTxvas momdevno gakveTilze
D
gavcemT pasuxs.
damuxtul sxeulTa Soris eleqtromagnituri urTierTqmedeba maTi Semadge-
neli nawilakebis urTierTqmedebis Sedegia. damuxtuli sxeulebi urTierTqme
deben da Sedegad erTmaneTze moqmedeben ZaliT, romelsac eleqtruli Zala
hqvia. imavdroulad, erTmaneTis mimarT moZravi muxtebi, eleqtruli Zalis
garda, magnituri ZaliTac urTierTqmedeben. eleqtruli da magnituri movle-
nebi cal-calke ki ar mimdinareobs (es is SemTxveva ar aris, roca erTi movlena
meores iwvevs), aramed es erTi, eleqtromagnituri, movlenaa, romelSic eleq
truli da magnituri Zalebis gamovlineba aTvlis sistemazea damokidebuli:
Tu erTi damkvirvebeli movlenaSi eleqtruli Zalis moqmedebas xedavs, imave
movlenaSi meore, pirvelis mimarT moZravi, damkvirvebeli magnituri urTier-
Tqmedebis gamovlinebas SeamCnevs.
swored eleqtrul da magnitur urTierTqmedebas Soris mWidro kavSiris gamo
hqvia damuxtul nawilakTa (sxeulTa) Soris urTierTqmedebas eleqtromagnitu
ri urTierTqmedeba. magnitur movlenebs Cven ufros klasebSi davubrundebiT.
me-10 klasis fizikis kursSi mxolod eleqtrul movlenebs ganvixilavT.
13
1.2 eleqtruli movlenebi
1. eleqtruli movlena
cda I
1. miuaxlove plastmasis savarcxeli:
a) daqucmacebuli qaRaldis patara nakuwebs;
y
b) onkanidan Camomdinare wylis sust Wavls.
sur. 1
SeamCnie Tu ara maT Soris urTierTqmedeba?
p
2. amjerad savarcxeli Tmaze ramdenjerme gadaisvi an Salis
qsovils gauxaxune da gaimeore cda.
Seicvala Tu ara cdis Sedegi? aRwere, ra SeamCnie (sur. 1,2).
o
diax, zogierTi sxeuli sxva sxeulebTan xaxunis Sedegad mizi
dulobis unars iZens. es eleqtruli movlenaa. aseTi movlenebi
sur. 2 uZvelesi droidan iqcevda swavlulTa yuradRebas.
C
Zveli berZeni filosofosi Tales mileteli (Zv. w. VII-VI ss.)
erT-erTi pirveli iyo, vinc qarvis saocari Tviseba SeamCnia: qar-
va Salis qsovilze gaxaxunebis Sedegad Calis pawawina Reroebs,
't
bumbulsa da mtvris nawilakebs izidavda (sur. 3). am movlenas
berZnebi qarvis TvisebebiT xsnidnen da radganac qarvas berZnu-
lad èleqtroni~ hqvia, movlenas eleqtruli movlena uwodes.
eleqtrul movlenebs male praqtikuli gamoyenebac mouZebnes:
n
imisaTvis, rom dabertyvisas Zvirfasi tansacmeli ar daziane-
buliyo, misgan mtvris mosacileblad iyenebdnen qarvis mizidu-
lobis unars, romelsac qarva Salis qsovilTan xaxunis Sedegad
o
iZenda.
ori aTasi wlis Semdeg inglisis dedofal elisabed I-is karis
sur. 3 eqimma uiliam gilbertma (1544 _ 1603) aRmoaCina, rom xaxunis
D
Sedegad mizidulobis unars ara marto qarva, aramed safironi,
almasi da minac iZenda. am Tvisebis mqone sxeulebs pirvelad gilbertma uwoda
`qarvis msgavsi~, anu daeleqtroebuli sxeulebi da termini èleqtrobac~ mec-
nierebaSi swored man daamkvidra.
gilbertis Semdeg lamis erTi saukunis manZilze eleqtruli movlenebiT
seriozulad TiTqmis aravin dainteresebula. am movlenebis namdvili kvleva-
Zieba mxolod XVIII saukuneSi daiwyo. aRsaniSnavia, rom am epoqis mecnierebi, rom-
lebic eleqtrul movlenebs Seiswavlidnen, eleqtrobas fizikisgan gancalke-
vebul mecnierebad miiCnevdnen, TavianT Tavs ki èleqtrikosebs~ uwodebdnen.
imis axsna, Tu ratom iZenda sxeulebi xaxunis Sedegad mizidulobis unars,
mecnierebma mxolod mas Semdeg SeZles, rac eleqtroni aRmoaCines da gaCnda
varaudebi atomis agebulebis Sesaxeb.
2. rogor eleqtrovdeba sxeuli xaxunisas

rogor eleqtrovdeba sxeuli? ratom aris saWiro xaxuni sxeulTa dae-
leqtroebisTvis? Sen ici, rom sxeulebi Cveulebriv mdgomareobaSi eleqtru
lad neitraluria (masSi Semavali eleqtronebisa da protonebis ricxvi erTnai
14
eleqtruli movlenebi 1.2
ria da am nawilakebis jamuri muxti nulis tolia). atombirTvebi eleqtronebs

eleqtromagnituri mizidulobis ZalebiT akaveben. sxvadasxva nivTierebaSi es
Zalebi sxvadasxva siZlierisaa. ori sxeulis Sexebisas im sxeulidan, romlis
atomebSic es kavSiri sustia, eleqtronTa nawili meore sxeulSi gadadis da Tu
sxeulebs gavacalkevebT, orive daeleqtroebuli (damuxtuli) aRmoCndeba: Tu
sxeuli dakargavs eleqtronebs, masSi eleqtronebis danaklisi gaCndeba da sxeuli
dadebiTad daimuxteba. sxeuli, romelSic eleqtronebi gadainacvlebs, uaryofi
Tad imuxteba, radgan masSi eleqtronebis Warbi raodenoba Seiqmneba.
y
ase rom, sxeuli eleqtrovdeba (imuxteba) im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is SeiZens an da-
kargavs eleqtronebs. daeleqtroebis procesSi axali damuxtuli nawilakebi ar
wamoiqmneba. mxolod arsebuli eleqtruli muxtebi gacalkevdeba, gadanawildeba
p
urTierTSemxeb sxeulebs Soris: eleqtronebis nawili erTi sxeulidan meoreze
gadadis. swored es aris daeleqtroebis arsi.
eleqtronebi mxolod atomTaSoris manZilze (≈10-8 sm) gadaadgildebian,
o
amitom imisaTvis, rom sxeulebi daeleqtrovdes, Sexebisas maT Soris mWidro
kontaqtia saWiro. radgan sxeulTa zedapiri idealurad gluvi ar aris, maTi
Sexebisas erTmaneTs mWidrod mxolod calkeuli ubnebi exeba. Tu Sexebis
nacvlad sxeulebs erTmaneTs gavuxaxunebT, aseTi ubnebis ricxvi gaizrdeba.
C
Sesabamisad, gaizrdeba erTi sxeulidan meoreze gadasuli eleqtronebis
ricxvi da sxeulebi ufro Zlierad daeleqtrovdeba. daeleqtroebisas xaxuni
principul rols ar TamaSobs. mTavaria, dasaeleqtroebeli sxeulebis mWidrod
't
Sexeba. xaxuni mxolod mWidrod Sexebis farTobs zrdis.
miuxedavad imisa, rom xaxuniT daeleqtroebis movlena Cvens welTaRric
xvamde iyo cnobili, misi buneba dRemde bolomde Seswavlili ar aris.
n
1 aRmoCnda, rom
1. minis joxis abreSumis qsovilTan xaxunisas, minis joxi dadebiTad
o
imuxteba (sur. 5). axseni minis joxis daeleqtroebis meqanizmi. rogor
daimuxteba am dros abreSumis qsovili? ratom?
2. ebonitis joxis Salis qsovilTan an bewvTan xaxunisas, ebonitis joxi
uaryofiTad imuxteba (sur. 6). axseni ebonitis joxis daeleqtroebis
D
meqanizmi. rogor daimuxteba am dros Salis qsovili? ratom?
sur. 5 sur. 6
3. damuxtuli sxeulebis urTierTqmedeba

daaakvirdi damuxtuli sxeulebis urTierTqmedebas martivi cdebiT:
cdebisTvis saWiroa: Stativi _ 2 cali, abreSumis an kapronis Zafi, ebonitisa
(plastmasis) da minis joxebi; abreSumisa da Salis qsovili. folgisgan damza-
debuli masra (hilzi): mrgval fanqarze gadaaxvie folgisgan gamoWrili zoli
(30 x 50 mm). fanqari frTxilad gamoaZre da miRebul masras erTi bolo moukari.
15
cda II
1. dakide Stativze abreSumis (kapronis) ZafiT masra
(sur. 7);
2. daaeleqtrove (damuxte) ebonitis joxi Salis qso-
vilze xaxuniT (ra niSnis muxtiT daeleqtrovda
joxi?);
3. Seaxe ebonitis joxi masras (ra niSnis muxtiT dai-
muxteba am dros masra? ratom?);
y
4. aRwere, ra moxda mas Semdeg, rac joxi masras
sur. 7
Seexo: rogoria urTierTqmedebis xasiaTi masrasa
da joxs Soris? axseni cdis Sedegi.
p
5. miuaxlove masras Salis qsovili, romelze xaxunis Sedegadac eboniti
daimuxta. ra SeamCnie: miizida Tu ganizida qsovilma masra? ratom?
gamoitane daskvna:
o
1. rogor urTierTqmedeben erTnairniSniani muxtiT daeleqtroebuli
sxeulebi? sxvadasxvaniSniani muxtiT daeleqtroebulebi?
2. ori sxeulis xaxunisas erTi maTgani imuxteba
C
Tu orive? rogoria maTi muxtis niSnebi?
cda III
't
1. dakide abreSumis (kapronis) ZafiT ori masra
cal-calke or sxvadasxva Stativze, romle-
bic erTmaneTisgan daaxloebiT 60-70 sm-iTaa
daSorebuli (sur. 8);
n
2. damuxte ebonitis joxi Salis qsovilze xaxu-
niT; sur. 8
3. Seaxe ebonitis joxi jer erT, Semdeg ki meore Stativze dakidebul
o
masras (ra niSnis muxtiT daimuxteba am dros masrebi?);
4. miuaxlove Stativebi erTmaneTs. aRwere, rogoria urTierTqmedebis
xasiaTi masrebs Soris: ganizida Tu miizida masrebma erTmaneTi? axseni
cdis Sedegi.
D
gamoitane daskvna:
rogor urTierTqmedeben erTnairniSniani muxtiT daeleqtroebuli sxeu-
lebi?
rekomendacia: imisaTvis, rom masrebi momavali cdisTvisac gamoiyeno,
cdis dasrulebis Semdeg damuxtul masrebs TiTiT Seexe: masrebi ganeit
raldeba, ganimuxteba.
gaiTvaliswine:
damuxtul sxeulebze xeliT Sexeba xSirad usafrTxo sulac ar aris!
damuxtul sxeulze xeliT Sexeba mxolod maSin SeiZleba, Tu cdis in
struqcia amis uflebas gaZlevs!
cda IV
1. dakide abreSumis (kapronis) ZafiT ori masra cal-calke or sxvadasxva
Stativze, romlebic erTmaneTisgan daaxloebiT 60-70 sm-iTaa daSore-
buli;
16
eleqtruli movlenebi 1.2
2. damuxte
a) ebonitis joxi Salis qsovilze xaxuniT;
b) minis joxi abreSumis qsovilze xaxuniT;
3. Seaxe ebonitis joxi erT masras, xolo minis joxi _ meore masras (ra
niSnis muxtiT daimuxteba am dros masrebi)?
4. miuaxlove Stativebi erTmaneTs. aRwere, rogoria urTierTqmedebis
xasiaTi masrebs Soris: ganizida Tu miizida masrebma erTmaneTi? axseni
cdis Sedegi.
y
gamoitane daskvna: rogor urTierTqmedeben sxvadasxvaniSniani muxtiT da-
muxtuli sxeulebi?
p
4. orgvari muxti
1733 wels frangma mecnierma Sarl diufem (1698 _ 1739) eleqtrodinamikis
ganviTarebis istoriaSi umniSvnelovanesi nabiji gadadga. man uamravi eqsperi-
o
mentis safuZvelze daadgina, rom bunebaSi ori saxis eleqtruli muxti arsebobs:
`qarviseburi~ (romelic miiReba qarvaze, roca mas Salis qsovilze axaxuneben) da
`miniseburi~ (romelic miReba minaze, roca mas abreSumis qsovilze axaxuneben).
C
mogvianebiT amerikelma mecnierma da gamoCenilma politikurma moRvawem ben-
jamin franklinma (1706 _ 1790) muxtebs, gansxvavebulobis aRsaniSnavad, `dadebi-
Ti~ (igivea, rac `miniseburi~) da ùaryofiTi~ (igivea, rac `qarviseburi~) uwoda.
't
fraklini orgvari muxtis arsebobas sxeulebSi èleqtruli siTxis~ arse-
bobiT xsnida. misi Teoriis mixedviT, Tu sxeuls eleqtruli siTxe aklda,
uaryofiTad imuxteboda, xolo sxeuli, romelic am siTxes Warbi raodenobiT
Seicavda – dadebiTad. rogorc diufes, ise franklinis mo-
n
sazreba damuxtul sxeulebs Soris ori gansxvavebuli saxis
urTierTqmedebis arsebobas efuZneboda: damuxtuli sxeu-
lebi ganizidavdnen an miizidavdnen erTmaneTs.
o
eleqtronis aRmoCenam mecnierebs saSualeba misca, dae-
leqtroebis arsi da orgvari muxtis arseboba aexsnaT:
eleqtruli siTxe ar arsebobs. daeleqtroeba Semxeb sxeu-
lebs Soris eleqtronebis, umciresi uaryofiTad damuxtuli
D
nawilakebis, gadanawilebas ukavSirdeba. dadginda ara mar-
to orgvari muxtis arseboba, aramed maTi urTierTqmedebis
ori gansxvavebuli principic: sxeulebi, romlebic erTi saxis
muxtiTaa daeleqtroebuli, erTmaneTs ganizidaven, xolo sxva
dasxva saxis muxtebiT damuxtuli sxeulebi erTmaneTs miizi
daven, anu rogorc mokled amboben: erTnairniSniani muxtebi
ganizideba, sxvadasxvaniSnianebi miizideba (sur. 9.).
5. eleqtrostatikuri movlenebi sur. 9
gaixsene: zogjer, roca tansacmels ixdi, grZnob

rogor tkacunobs da naperwklebs yris Seni samosi…
albaT, xSirad gqonia SemTxveva, roca sruliad uwyi-
nari sagani an sulac Senive megobari Sexebisas `dens
girtyams~ (sur. 10). amis mizezi xaxunisas warmoqmnili
eleqtruli muxtebia, romelsac statikur eleqtro
basac uwodeben. sur. 10
17
Sen ici, rogor eleqtrovdeba sxeulebi Sexebisas (xaxunisas): eleqtronebis

nawili erTi sxeulidan meoreze gadadis. eleqtronebis `mitacebis~ unari yvela
sxeuls aqvs, imis miuxedavad, gamtaria is Tu aragamtari. Tumca gamtarebis-
gan gansxvavebiT, dieleqtrikebis (ebonitis, qarvis, plastmasis, minis) daeleq
troeba xaxunisas metad TvalsaCinoa: muxti, romelic xaxunisas dieleqtrikze
Cndeba, im konkretul adgilas grovdeba, romelic uSualod exeba sxva sxeuls:
dagrovili Warbi (gaukompensirebeli) muxti dieleqtrikis mTel moculobaSi ar
gadaadgildeba. dieleqtrikis konkretuli ubani daeleqtroebuli rCeba manam,
y
sanam sxva sxeuls ar Seexeba da ar ganimuxteba: mas Warb eleqtronebs gadascems
an eleqtronebis danakliss Seivsebs.
liTonis (gamtaris) sxva sxeulTan gaxaxunebisas muxti liTonzec Cndeba
p
(liTonic `miitacebs~ an gascems eleqtronebs), magram muxti liTonis mTel
moculobaSi gadaadgildeba da mis zedapirze ganlagdeba. Tu liTons SiSveli
xeliT SeexebiT nebismier adgilas, muxti Tqvens sxeulSi (romelic muxtis kargi
o
gamtaria) gadainacvlebs da SesaZlebelia, Tqveni sxeulis gavliT sxva gamtar
sxeulze (mag., dedamiwaSi) gadavides. aseT SemTxvevaSi liToni ar daeleqtro-
vdeba. gamtari sxeulebis (mag., liTonis, adamianis sxeulis) daeleqtroeba im
SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli, Tu isini izolirebulebi arian: ar exebian iseT sxeu-
C
lebs, romlebzec ganimuxtebian. mag., adamianis sxeuli, SesaZlebelia, xaliCas-
Tan, tansacmelTan Sexebisas sakmaod Zlierad daeleqtrovdes, radgan xaliCidan
(tansacmlidan) eleqtronebs miitacebs (sur. 11). Tu aseT SemTxvevaSi adamiani
't
meore adamians an karis liTonis saxelurs (an nebismier gamtar sxeuls) Seexeba,
Warbi eleqtronebi maTze gadadis da adamianis sxeuli ganimuxteba. muxtis erTi
sxeulidan meoreze gadasvlas naperwklis warmoqmna da damaxasiaTebeli tkacuni
n
axlavs Tan. daakvirdi adamianis sxeulis daeleqtroebis movlenas simulaciis
saSualebiT: http://bitly.ws/okwH
D o
xaxunisas (Sexebisas) daeleqtroebul sxeulebze dagrovil muxts eleqtros
tatikur muxts uwodeben, xaxuniT daeleqtroebuli sxeulebis urTierTqmede-
bas ki – eleqtrostatikur urTierTqmedebas.
eleqtrul movlenebs, romlebic dakavSirebulia xaxunisas dieleqtrikSi an
izolirebul gamtarSi Warbi muxtis dagrovebasTan, eleqtrostatikuri movle
nebi hqvia (sur. 12, 13, 14).
sur. 12 sur. 13 sur. 14. elva _ giganturi naper-

wkali bunebaSi.
18
1.3 eleqtroskopi.
gamtarebi da aragamtarebi
1. eleqtroskopi
cda I
1. daamagre gamagrilebeli sasmelis aluminis qila qaRaldis (an plas
tmasis) Wiqaze webovani lentiT;
y
2. mokece Suaze folgisgan gamoWrili marTkuTxedis formis zoli
(5 X 50 mm) da Sua nawiliT miamagre qilis gasaxsnel detals;
3. Seaxe qilas buSti, romelic
p
a) daumuxtavia; b) daeleqtroebulia Tmaze xaxuniT;
rogor fiqrob, gamogadgeba Tu ara Sen mier damzadebuli xelsawyo sxeu-
o
lebze eleqtruli muxtis aRmosaCenad? ratom?
4 2 4 2
3 1 3
C
1
't
5
5
n
sur. 1 sur. 3 sur. 2 sur. 4
ra moxdeba, Tu daeleqtroebul buSts TmasTan miitan (sur. 2)? scade da am
o
SemTxvevaSi Sen metad `seriozuli~ misia dagekisreba: Senc im xelsawyos rolSi
aRmoCndebi, romlis saSualebiTac SeiZleba davadginoT, damuxtulia Tu ara
esa Tu is sxeuli. am xelsawyos eleqtroskopi hqvia: `skopeo~ berZnulad `dakvir-
D
vebas~, àRmoCenas~ niSnavs.
ras efuZneba eleqtroskopis moqmedeba? sanam am kiTxvaze gavcemT pasuxs,
gavecnoT eleqtroskopis agebulebas. me-3 da me-4 suraTebze sxvadasxva kon
struqciis eleqtroskopebia gamosaxuli.
eleqtroskopis ZiriTadi nawilebia:
(1) _ korpusi _ liTonis CarCo, romlis orive mxare Seminulia (sur. 3) an minis
WurWeli (sur. 4);
(2) _ liTonis Rero, romelic CarCoze mWidrod morgebul plastmasis (rezi-
nis, ebonitis) sacobSia (3) gayrili (anu Rero korpuss uSualod ar exeba, misgan
sacobiTaa izolirebuli);
(4) _ liTonis sfero, romelic Reros erT bolozea Camocmuli;
(5) _ ori Txeli furceli (qaRaldis an folgis viwro zoli), romlebic Reros
meore bolozea dakidebuli da Tavisuflad moZraobs.
damuxtulia sxeuli, niSnavs, rom masze an eleqtronebis Warbi raodenobaa
(Tu sxeuli uaryofiTadaa damuxtuli), an maTi danaklisia (Tu sxeuli dade
biTadaa damuxtuli). SeiZleba iTqvas, rom orive SemTxvevaSi sxeulze gauwonas-
worebeli eleqtruli muxtia dagrovili. Tu damuxtul sxeuls meore sxeuls
19
1.3 eleqtroskopi. gamtarebi da aragamtarebi
SevaxebT, damuxtuli sxeuli `Seecdeba~, mas Warbi eleqtronebi gadasces an

eleqtronebis danaklisi Seivsos _ `miitacos~ eleqtronebi meore sxeulidan.
aseT SemTxvevaSi meore sxeulic daimuxteba da Tanac imave niSnis muxtiT. ra
niSnis muxticaa im sxeulze, romelic mas exeba. es ki imas niSnavs, rom SesaZle-
belia, eleqtruli muxti damuxtuli sxeulidan meore sxeuls gadaeces. amisaTvis
mxolod maTi Sexebaa saWiro.
Tu eleqtroskopis Reros (masze damagrebul sferos) damuxtul sxeuls
SevaxebT (sur. 5), Reroc imave niSnis muxtiT daimuxteba, rogoriTac sxeulia
y
damuxtuli:
a) Tu sxeuli uaryofiTadaa damuxtuli, maSin masze arse-
buli Warbi eleqtronebi Reros gadaecema da Reroc uaryo-
p
fiTad daimuxteba (sur. 5a); a)
b) Tu sxeuli dadebiTadaa damuxtuli (anu masze eleqtro-
nebis danaklisia), maSin eleqtronebi Rerodan sxeulze gadava
o
da Reroc dadebiTad daimuxteba (sur. 5b).
Sesabamisad, daimuxteba Reros boloze dakidebuli fur-
clebic (sur. 5): erTi niSnis muxtiT damuxtuli furclebi
erTmaneTs ganizidavs da isini garkveuli kuTxiT gaiSleba.
C
amasTan, rac ufro metadaa sxeuli (Sesabamisad, Reroc da b)
furclebic) damuxtuli, miT meti iqneba furclebis gaSlis
kuTxe. furclebis gaSlis kuTxis cvlilebiT, SesaZlebelia,
't
SevafasoT, gaizarda Tu Semcirda maTi muxti. eleqtroskopi
saSualebas gvaZlevs, aRmovaCinoT sxeulze muxti da Sevada-
roT sxva damuxtuli sxeulis muxtis sididesa da niSans. sur. 5
n
ase rom, eleqtroskopis moqmedebas eleqtruli muxtis erTi sxeulidan meore
ze gadacema da damuxtuli sxeulebis urTierTqmedeba udevs safuZvlad.
o
1 eleqtroskopis Reros abreSumze xaxunis Sedegad daeleqtroebuli
minis Rero (A) Seaxes (sur. 6). Reros boloze mimagrebulma furclebma
erTmaneTi ganizida. amis Semdeg eleqtroskopis Reros gaurkveveli
niSniT damuxtuli sxeuli (B) Seaxes. ro-
D
gor fiqrob, ra niSniT iyo damuxtuli A B
B sxeuli, Tu furclebs Soris kuTxe
a) gaizarda;
b) Semcirda;
g) nulis toli gaxda. ra SemTxvevaSia es
sur. 6
SesaZlebeli?
pasuxebi daasabuTe.
2. eleqtrometri isari
eleqtroskopis kidev erTi saxeobaa eleqtrometri _
ska
xelsawyo, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs, ara marto aRmo- la

vaCinoT, aramed raodenobrivadac SevafasoT damuxtuli
sxeulis eleqtruli muxti (`metreo~ berZnulad niSnavs
`vzomav~). eleqtrometrs, eleqtroskopisgan gansxvavebiT,
skalac aqvs (sur.7).
sur. 7
20
eleqtroskopi. gamtarebi da aragamtarebi 1.3
eleqtrometris Reroze damagrebulia isa Rero isari

ri, romelic Tavisuflad brunavs horizon-
taluri RerZis garSemo. roca eleqtrometri
damuxtuli ar aris, maSin isari vertikalur
mdgomareobaSia gawonasworebuli (sur. 7).
Tu eleqtrometris Reros (masze damag
rebul sferos) damuxtul sxeuls SevaxebT
(sur. 8), sxeuli Reros muxts gadascems. muxti
y
Rerosa da isarze gadanawildeba, orive maT- sur. 8
gani erTnairniSniani muxtiT daimuxteba da Sedegad isari Rerosgan ganizideba
_ vertikaluri mdgomareobidan gadaixreba. isris gadaxris kuTxe muxtis sidi-
p
dezea damokidebuli.
3. muxtis gamtarebi da aragamtarebi
o
gaixsene: eleqtroskopis aRwerisas xazgasmulia is faqti, rom Rero korpuss
uSualod ar exeba, misgan plastmasis (ebonitis, rezinis) sacobiTaa izolirebu-
li. eleqtrul movlenebze dakvirvebisas, cdebis Catarebis dros, aseT rekomen-
dacias gaZleven: sxeuli, romlis damuxtvac gsurs, abreSumis (an kapronis) Zafze
C
unda dakido. damuxtuli sxeulis ganmuxtvisTvis ki masze xelis Sexebaa saWiro.
rogor fiqrob, ra moxdeba, Tu amgvari cdebis Catarebisas sxeuls liTonis
`Zafze~ dakideb? ratom ganimuxteba sxeuli masze xelis Sexebisas? am kiTxvebze
't
pasuxis gasacemad CavataroT cdebi.
cda II
cdisTvis saWiroa: ori erTnairi eleq
n
tro metri, liTonis Rero, romelsac
plastmasis (ebonitis, rezinis) saxeluri
aqvs, plastmasis savarcxeli (an saxazavi,
o
ebonitis joxi, buSti), Salis qsovili.
1. ori eleqtrometri erTmaneTis gver-
diT moaTavse magidaze (sur. 9);
D
2. damuxte erTi eleqtrometri: Seaxe mas
Salis qsovilze (Tmaze) xaxuniT dae-
sur.9
leqtroebuli savarcxeli an buSti;
3. mohkide xeli liTonis Reros saxeluriT da SeaerTe misi daxmarebiT
eleqtrometrebi;
daakvirdi meore, daumuxtavi eleqtrometris isars: ra SeamCnie? ga-
daixara Tu ara meore eleqtrometris isaric? rogor fiqrob, ratom?
4. cdis dasrulebis Semdeg eleqtroskopi ganmuxte: damuxtuli eleq
troskopis sferos xeliT Seexe.
cda III
cdisTvis saWiroa: ori erTnairi eleqtrometri, plastmasis an minis Rero,
plastmasis savarcxeli (an saxazavi, ebonitis joxi, sahaero buSti), Salis
qsovili.
1. gaimeore II cda, oRond amjerad eleqtroskopebi minis an plastmasis
ReroTi SeaerTe;
21
daakvirdi meore, daumuxtav eleqtroskops: gadaixara Tu ara meore

eleqtrometris isaric? rogor fiqrob, ratom?
2. gamoitane daskvna: gansxvavdeba Tu ara nivTierebebi erTmaneTisgan mu-
xtis gatarebis unaris mixedviT?
1729 wels ingliselma fizikosma stefan greim cdebis Catarebisas SeamCnia,
rom sxvadasxva nivTierebas eleqtruli muxtis gatarebis gansxvavebuli unari
aqvs. swored mas Semdeg iyofa nivTierebebi (masalebi) muxtis gamtarebad da
aragamtarebad (anu dieleqtrikebad, izolatorebad).
y
gamtarebi ewodeba iseT nivTierebebs (masalebs), romlebSic damuxtuli nawi-
lakebi Tavisuflad gadaadgildeba nivTierebis mTel moculobaSi. amis gamo am
nawilakebs Tavisufali muxtebi hqvia.
p
gamtarebs miekuTvneba: liTonebi, marilebisa da mJavebis wyalxsnarebi (eleq-
trolitebi), grafiti, Cveulebrivi wyali (radgan is marilebs Seicavs), niadagi.
o
gaixsene II cdis Sedegi: gamtari (liTonis) Reros gavliT eleqtruli
muxti meore eleqtrometrze gadavida da es ukanasknelic daimuxta.
swored amitom gadaixara misi isaric.
muxtis kargi gamtaria adamianis (cxovelis, frinvelis) sxeulic. swored ami-
C
tomaa, rom damuxtul sxeulze xeliT Sexebisas eleqtruli muxti adamianis xels
(sxeuls) gadaecema da damuxtuli sxeuli muxts kargavs _ ganimuxteba.
Sexseneba: damuxtul sxeulze xeliT Sexeba mxolod maSin SeiZleba, Tu cdis
't
instruqcia amis uflebas gaZlevs!
aragamtarebSi (dieleqtrikebSi, igive izolatorebSi) damuxtuli nawilakebi,
eleqtronebi da atobirTvebi, ZiriTadad atomSi arian urTierTbmulni da maT,
gamtaris Tavisufali muxtebisgan gansxvavebiT, nivTierebis mTel moculobaSi
n
gadaadgileba ar SeuZliaT (dieleqtrikebSi Tavisufali eleqtronebis koncen-
tracia Zalian mcirea).
aragamtarebi, anu dieleqtrikebia: mina, faifuri, eboniti, qarva, plastmasa,
o
gamoxdili wyali, airebi Cveulebriv mdgomareobaSi (garkveul pirobebSi airebi
gamtarebi xdeba).
gaixsene III cdis Sedegi: roca damuxtuli da daumuxtavi eleqtroskopi
D
aragamtari (minis, plastmasis) ReroTi SeaerTe, muxti meore eleqtros-
kopze ar gadavida. misi isari ar gadaixara.
dieleqtrikis
2 liTonis
sacobi
Rero
dafiqrdi: eleqtroskopis Rero liTonisaa da
korpusisgan plastmasis an ebonitis (dieleq-
trikis) sacobiTaa izolirebuli. ratomaa es
mniSvnelovani? ra moxdeba, Tu
a) liTonis Reros plastmasiT CavanacvlebT?
b) liTonis Rero korpusisgan dieleqtrikis
sacobiT izolirebuli ar iqneba?
sur. 10
22
proeqti #1. versoriumi - eleqtroskopis
Soreuli winapari
proeqti #1:
versoriumi - eleqtroskopis Soreuli
winapari
uiliam gilbertma, romelic antikuri xanis swavlulTa mosazrebebiTa da
maTi naSromebiT dainteresda, eleqtruli movlenebis kvleva xelsawyos daxma-
rebiT gadawyvita. man 1600 wels umartivesi xelsawyo, versoriumi, Seqmna (sur.1).
`versoriumi~ laTinuri sityvaa da `mbrunavs~ niSnavs. versoriumis Ziri-
y
Tadi nawili liTonis msubuqi wkiria, romelic sayrdenze damagrebul ver-
tikalur RerZzea Camocmuli. wkiri RerZis garSemo horizontalur sibrtyeSi
Tavisuflad brunavs. daeleqtroebuli sxeulis wkirTan miaxloebisas, wkiri
p
Semobrundeba. swored versoriumis daxmare-
biT aRmoaCina gilbertma, rom xaxunis Sedegad
o
mizidulobis unars ara marto qarva, aramed
sxva sxeulebic (mag., safironi, almasi, mina)
iZenda.
sur. 1.
davaleba 1. daamzade versoriumi (sur. 2):
C
1. gamoWeri folgisgan (an Cveuleb
rivi fur clisgan) marTkuTxedis
't
formis zoli (20 x 80 mm);
2. zoli jer sigrZeze oTxad gadake-
ce, Semdeg ki Suaze mokece;
3. qaRaldis samagris erTi bolo ga-
n
Sale, xolo meore _ sayrdenad ga-
moiyene da miRebuli konstruqcia
furcelze moaTavse; sur. 2
o
4. moaTavse samagris gaSlili bolos wverze Suaze gakecili zoli;
5. miuaxloe zolis erT bolos:
a) daumuxtavi plastmasis sxeuli (savarcxeli, saxazavi).
D
miTiTeba: sxeuls winaswar mTel sigrZeze gadausvi xeli.
ra moxda? ìgrZno~ Tu ara zolma sxeulis miaxloeba?
b) Salis qsovilze an mSral Tmaze xaxuniT daeleqtroebuli savar-
cxeli (saxazavi);
aRwere cdis Sedegi. imoqmeda Tu ara Zalam samagris boloze moTav-
sebul zolze? ratom fiqrob ase?
versoriumis gansxvavebul versiebs SegiZlia Semdeg videoebze daak-
virde: http://bitly.ws/okxF http://bitly.ws/okxH
sur. 3. ideebi versoriumis

damzadebisTvis
23
proeqti #1: versoriumi - eleqtroskopis Soreuli winapari
davaleba 2. axseni versoriumis moqmedebis principi.

davaleba 3. SearCie nebismierad moxaxune sxeulTa wyvilebi (mag., plas
tmasa da polieTileni, mina da qaRaldi, xe da Salis qsovili, liToni
da kaproni da a. S.).
a) gansazRvre versoriumis daxmarebiT, romeli sxeulebi eleqtrovdeba
xaxunisas da romeli ara;
b) warmoadgine im sxeulTa wyvilebis CamonaTvali, romlebic xaxuniT
eleqtrovdeba.
y
davaleba 4. SenTvis cnobilia, rom mina dadebiTad imuxteba, Tu mas abre
Sumis qsovilze axaxuneb, xolo eboniti (qarva, plastmasa) _ uaryofiTad
p
daimuxteba Salis qsovilze (an Tmaze, bewvze) gaxaxunebiT.
a) daaeleqtroe Salze, abreSumze, gazeTze, Tmaze, rezinze xaxuniT sx-
vadasxva sxeuli: kalami, savarcxeli, kbilis jagrisi, minis patara Wiqa,
o
rezinis mili da sxv.
b) SearCie nebismierad moxaxune sxeulTa wyvilebi. dagegme da Caatare
cda, romliTac gansazRvrav, ra niSnis muxti warmoiqmneba am sxeulebze.
C
cdis Sedegebi Seitane cxrilSi.
abreSumi Sali gazeTi rezini
't
minis Wiqa –
+
plastmasis savarcxeli
e r o w i g n S i
ar Caw
n
buSti
rezinis mili
o
miniSneba: gaixsene damuxtuli sxeulebis urTierTqmedebaze dakvirvebis
mizniT Catarebuli cdebi masrebze. SegiZlia, msgavsi cdebi Caataro
davalebis Sesasruleblad an moifiqro sxva, ufro saintereso da gan-
D
sxvavebuli eqsperimenti.
Tu ukve Caatare cdebi, romlebic miznad isaxavda Sexebisas (xaxunisas) sxeul-
Ta daeleqtroebaze dakvirvebas, SeamCnevdi, rom sxeulTa zogierTi wyvili ukeT
imuxteba xaxunisas, zogi ki saerTod ar eleqtrovdeba. erTi da igive sxeu-
li SeiZleba sxvadasxva niSnis muxtiT daimuxtos imis mixedviT, ra masalisgan
damzadebul sxeuls exeba. ase rom, Sen ukve SegiZlia masalebis klasifikacia
daeleqtroebis xarisxisa da eleqtruli muxtis mixedviT. aseTi klasifikacia
pirvelad 1757 wels Svedma mecnierma, iohan karl vilkem scada da masalebi
e. w. triboeleqtrul mwkrivSi ganalaga.
`tribo~ (`tribos~) berZnulad `xaxuns~ niSnavs. movlena, romlis drosac Semxeb
sxeulebs Soris eleqtronebi gadanawildeba da sxeulTa gacalkevebis Semdeg
maTze gauwonasworebeli eleqtruli muxti grovdeba, triboeleqtruli efeqtis
saxeliTaa cnobili.
triboeleqtrul mwkrivSi masalebi dalagebulia imis mixedviT, Tu ra niSnis
muxti grovdeba maTze sxva dasxva masalisgan damzadebuli sxeulebTan Sexe-
bisas (xaxunisas) (sur. 4): Tu mwkrividan romelime ori masalisgan damzadebul
24
proeqti #1: versoriumi - eleqtroskopis Soreuli winapari
sxeulTa wyvils SevarCevT, xaxunis Sedegad dade-

biTad daimuxteba is sxeuli, romelic mwkrivis da-
debiT bolosTan ufro axlosaa. Sesabamisad, meore + Tma
sxeuli, romelic mwkrivis uaryofiT bolosTanaa mina
axlos, uaryofiTad daimuxteba. Sali
mag., me-4 suraTze gamosaxuli triboeleqtruli neiloni
mwkrivis mixedviT, abreSumi
a) rezinis abreSumze xaxunisas rezini uaryofi- bamba
y
Tad daimuxteba, xolo abreSumi _ dadebiTad; seli
b) vinilis qaRaldze xaxunisas vinili uaryofiTad mSrali xe
daimuxteba, xolo qaRaldi _ dadebiTad. adamianis kani
p
amasTan, rac ufro metadaa daSorebuli mwkrivSi qaRaldi
ganlagebuli masalebi erTmaneTisgan, miT meti mux- rkina
tis miRebaa SesaZlebeli maTi erTmaneTze xaxunisas. rezina
o
triboeleqtrul mwkrivebs uamravi cdis Sedege- akrili
bis mixedviT qmnian. eqsperimentis Sedegebi ki sxva- polieTileni
dasxva faqtorzea damokidebulia: haeris tenianoba- vinili
ze, garemos temperaturaze, gamoyenebuli masalebis _
C
Semadgenlobaze da a. S. SesaZloa, eqsperimentebSi
sur.4
sxvadasxva mecnierma sxvadasxva Sedegi miiRos da Se-
sabamisad, yvela maTganma gansxvavebuli mwkrivi warmoadginos. zogjer mwkrivis
't
Seqmnisas koenis wesiTac xelmZRvaneloben: ori dieleqtrikis xaxunisas dade-
biTad is dieleqtriki imuxteba, romlis dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadobac ufro
didia.
n
koenis wesic da triboeleqtruli mwkrivebic didi sizustiTa da sandoobiT
ar gamoirCeva, Tumca miuxedavad amisa, maT warmatebiT iyeneben mag.,
a) fabrika-qarxnebSi statikuri eleqtrobis mavne Sedegebis Tavidan asaci-
o
leblad: rac ufro axlosaa mwkrivSi masalebi erTmaneTTan, miT ufro naklebia
maTi xaxunisas statikuri eleqtrobis warmoqmnis SesaZlebloba.
b) teqstilis warmoebisas: imisaTvis, rom statikuri eleqtroba Tavidan
aviciloT, sasurvelia, vataroT im masalisgan (selisgan, bambisgan) Sekerili
D
tansacmeli, romelic mwkrivSi axlosaa adamianis kanTan (sur. 4).
davaleba 5. Seqmeni Sen mier Catarebuli cdebis Sedegebis mixedviT ma-
salaTa triboeleqtruli mwkrivi.
warmoadgine prezentacia, romelSic unda Candes:
1. versoriumis damzadebis etapebis dawvrilebiTi aRweriloba da misi
moqmedebis principis axsna;
2. triboeleqtruli mwkrivi da masSi masalaTa ganlagebis eqsperimen-
tulad dasabuTebuli kanonzomiereba.
proeqtze muSaobaSi dagexmareba masalebi, romlebic internetSia ganTav
sebuli misamarTebze: http://bitly.ws/p9Ac http://bitly.ws/p9Ai
25
proeqti #2: statikuri
eleqtroba _ saxifaTo megobari
statikuri eleqtroba xSirad adamianis sicocxlisTvis

saxifaTo sulac ar aris, Tumca mis gamo adamianebs usiamo-
vno siurprizebi yvela fexis nabijze xvdeba. mag., stambaSi
y
muSebi iZulebuli arian, rezinis xelTaTmanebiT imuSaon,
radgan xelze xaxunis Sedegad qaRaldi eleqtrovdeba da
xels ekvris. xSirad saSrobidan gamoRebuli sarecxi erT-
p
maneTs ekvris da maTi gacalkeveba Wirs, aseve yvelasaTvis sur.1. mafrTxilebeli
nacnobi usiamovno movlenaa, roca axaldabanili, daeleq niSani: frTxilad!
troebuli Tma `yalyze dgas~. statikuri eleqtroba Tavs statikur eleqtroba
saSiSia!
o
gansakuTrebiT maSin iCens xolme, roca haeris tenianoba
naklebia (SeamCnevdi: xaxuniT sxeulebis daeleqtroeba zogjer, roca haeris
tenianoba maRalia, gaZnelebulia).
arsebobs gacilebiT seriozuli safrTxeebi, romlebsac statikuri eleq
C
troba qmnis. mag., momuSave personalis sxeulze dagrovili statikuri muxtis
ganmuxtva eleqtronul mowyobilobebze, plastmasis, qaRaldisa da teqstilis
warmoebis dros eleqtrostatikuri urTierTqmedeba (nawarmis mizidva-ganzid-
't
va), xanZari, romelic SeiZleba gamoiwvios damiwebis gareSe momuSave xelsawyo-
danadgarebma, ganmuxtvis warmoqmnilma naperwkalma da a. S.
davaleba 1. eleqtrostatikur movlenebs yoveldRiurobaSi xSirad
n
vxvdebiT: daeleqtroebuli Tmebi, naperkali tansacmlis gaxdisas, msu-
buqi `denis dartyma~ xelis CamorTmevisas yvela adamianisTvis nacnobi
movlenebia. es movlenebi adamianisTvis mxolod usiamovno siurprizebia
o
da sicocxles safrTxes ar uqmnis.
moiZie informacia:
a) ra aris aseTi movlenebis xelSemwyobi pirobebi da rogor aviciloT
D
isini Tavidan (mag., dainteresdi da gaarkvie, ratomaa, rom zogierTi
adamiani ufro xSirad eleqtrovdeba, zogi ki _ iSviaTad, rogor èb
rZvian~ iseT usiamovno movlenas, rogoricaa Salis, abreSumisa da nei-
lonis tansacmlis daeleqtroeba, ris Sedegadac isini sxeuls ekvris, ra
gavlenas axdens garemo pirobebi statikuri eleqtrobis warmoqmnaze)?
b) ratom warmoiqmneba naperwkali tansacmlis gaxdisas da ratom ar aris
saSiSi `denis dartyma~ xelis CamorTmevisas?
g) axdens Tu ara arasasurvel gavlenas adamianis janmrTelobaze sta-
tikuri eleqtrobis xangrZlivi zemoqmedeba?
http://bitly.ws/okCD
davaleba 2. moiZie informacia: ra safrTxeebs qmnis eleqtrostatikuri
movlenebi fabrika-qarxnebSi, sawarmoebSi, eleqtronul mowyobilobebTan
muSaobisas da rogor aviridoT isini Tavidan.
davaleba 3. Seqmeni usafrTxoebis wesebis CamonaTvali statikuri eleq
trobis mavne zegavlenisa da misgan gamowveuli safrTxeebis Tavidan
asacileblad.
26
proeqti #2: statikuri eleqtroba _ saxifaTo megobari
adamianma moaxerxa da statikuri eleqtroba eleqtrostatikuri

muxti
Tavisi miznebisaTvis gamoiyena. magaliTad, xaxu-
nisas daeleqtroebuli sxeulebis urTierTqmede-
(a)
ba safuZvlad udevs aslis gadamRebi aparatis _
cilindri
`qseroqsis~ moqmedebas, sakonditro sawarmoebSi
comis zelis process (daeleqtroebuli fqvili
da wyali erTmaneTs ereva da comis erTgvarovani
masa miiReba), haeris gawmendas mtvris nawilake-
y
bisgan da a. S. naTura
davaleba 4. daakvirdi `qseroqsis~ gamar-
tivebul sqemas (sur. 2). axseni apa ratis
p
moqmedebis principi: aRwere, rogor mii- (b)
Reba originalis asli.
furcels, romelzec gadasaRebi teqstia, apa-
o
melnis fxvnili
ratSi aTavseben da mZlavri, kaSkaSa sinaTliT as-
xiveben (b). im adgilebidan, sadac naweria, sinaTle
(g)
ar airekleba, xolo furclis TeTri, dauwereli
C
adgilebidan sinaTle airekleba da aparatis Ziri-
Tad nawils _ mbrunav cilindrs (a) xvdeba.
specialuri nivTierebiT dafaruli cilindris
't
zedapiri uaryofiTadaa damuxtuli (a). cilin- (d)
dris is adgilebi, romlebsac furclidan arekli-
li sinaTle xvdeba, ganeitraldeba (ratom?). da- sufTa qaRaldze
gadasuli fxvnili
fiqrdi, ganeitraldeba Tu ara is adgilebi (b),
n
romlebic originalis asoebis moxazulobas gai-
meorebs? ratom?
cilindrs damuxtuli melnis fxvnili _ tone- (e)
o
ri eyreba (g) da igi mxolod im adgilebs ekvreba,
romlebic originalis moxazulobas imeorebs. ra
moxdeba am dros? rogor fiqrob, ra niSnis mux- cxeli cilindrebi
gamosaxulebas amyarebs
tiTaa damuxtuli toneri? ratom? cilindridan
D
sur. 2
fxvnili damuxtuli qaRaldis sufTa furcelze
gadadis (d). gamoTqvi varaudi, ra niSnis muxti unda hqondes qaRalds? ratom?
ra moxdeba amis Semdeg? rogor miiReba originalis asli? moiZie informacia
da axseni `qseroqsis~ moqmedebis principi. SenTvis saWiro informacia, SegiZlia,
moiZio internetSi misamarTebze:
http://bitly.ws/okEm http://bitly.ws/okEo
http://bitly.ws/okEs http://bitly.ws/okEv
1. rogor warmoiqmneba statikuri muxtebi;
2. magaliTebi/movlenebi, romlebic asaxavs yofa-cxovrebasa da teqnikaSi
statikuri eleqtrobis gamovlinebas;
3. rogor iyenebs adamiani damuxtuli sxeulebis urTierTqmedebas sasargeb
lo miznebisTvis;
4. safrTxeebi, romlebic eleqtrostatikur movlenebs axlavs Tan;
5. ra zomebis miRebaa saWiro statikuri eleqtrobis Tanamdevi movlenebisa
da safrTxeebis Tavidan asacileblad.
27
proeqti #3: elva - eleqtroba,
romelic cas gamostaces
py
o
sur. 1
C
parizSi, Tanamedrove xelovnebis muzeumSi, msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze
didi ferweruli tiloa gamofenili. misi simaRle 10, xolo sigane 60 metria.
monumenturi pano paul diufis ekuTvnis, romelmac naxati 1937 wels msoflio
't
gamofenisTvis Seqmna. mas èleqtrobis jadoqari~ uwoda. tiloze im 110 gamo-
Cenili mecnieris figuraa aRbeWdili, romlebsac eleqtrodinamikis
ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili miuZRviT, dawyebuli Tales mi-
letelisgan, damTavrebuli edisoniTa da lorenciT. naxe videoze es
n
STambeWdavi tilo: http://bitly.ws/okEX
damTvalierebelTa yuradRebas benjamin franklinis (1706 _ 1790) figura
ipyrobs. es aris adamiani, romelic amerikis istoriaSi Sesulia, rogorc sa-
o
xelmwifo da politikuri moRvawe, diplomati, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
damoukideblobis deklaraciisa da konstituciis erT-erTi Semoqmedi... da ama-
vdroulad gamomgonebeli, pirveli amerikeli fizikosi, romlis eqsperimentebma
da aRmoCenebma imdroindeli msoflios samecniero wreebi erTianad SeZra. misi
D
eqsperimentebi Canafiqris sinatifiT, Sesrulebis simartiviTa da STambeWdavi
SedegebiT gamoirCeoda. franklins erTnairad ainteresebda fizikis gansxvave-
buli sferoebi da yvela mimarTulebiT ikvlevda movlenebs, dawyebuli myari
sxeulebis TbogamtarobiT, damTavrebuli bgeris gavrcelebiT haersa da wyalSi.
Tumca gansakuTrebuli warmateba da sayovelTao aRiareba mas, rogorc mec-
niers, eleqtruli movlenebis kvlevam moutana. is iyo pirveli, romelmac `cas
elva gamostaca~ da daamtkica, rom elvas eleqtruli buneba aqvs. franklinis
damsaxureba amerikeli xalxis winaSe imdenad didia, rom franklini SeerTebuli
Statebis erovnuli Rirsebis erTgvar sazomad iqca: misi portreti madlierma
amerikelebma 100-dolarian kupiuraze daitanes.
davaleba 1. Sen ici, rom zogjer, mag., tansacmelTan Sexebisas, adamianis
sxeuli imuxteba da ganmuxtvisas naperwkali da tkacunis xma warmoiq
mneba. es eleqtrostatikuri movlenaa, romlis analogi bunebaSi, oRond
ufro masStaburi, Rrublebs Soris gamkrTali elvaa. isic naperwkalia,
oRond giganturi zomis. Tu naperwkali dedamiwasa da Rrublebs Soris
Cndeba, es ukve mexia!
28
proeqti #3: elva - eleqtroba, romelic cas gamostaces
Caatare cda: daamzade eleqtrofori da Seqmeni èlva~

saxlSi
eleqtrofori (sur. 4) _ umartivesi mowyobilobaa, rom
lis daxmarebiTac eleqtrul muxts martivad miiReb.
eleqtroforis dasamzadeblad da cdisTvis dagWirdeba:
aluminis forma keqsisTvis (an Tavad daamzade folgisgan
TefSi); Salis naWeri (an Salis Zafis gorgali), peno- sur. 2
plastis erTjeradi TefSi an sakvebisTvis gankuTvnili
y
konteineri, fanqari, romlis boloze saSlelia mimagre-
buli, liTonis Wikarti.
1. aluminis formis qveda mxridan centrSi CaarWve
p
Wikarti;
2. formis meore, CaRrmavebul mxares, saSlelis daxma-
rebiT Wikartis boloze daamagre fanqari (fanqari
o
sur. 3
formisTvis saxeluris rols Seasrulebs) (sur. 2);
3. moaTavse penoplastis TefSi magidaze, fskeriT ze-
moT da fskerze Salis qsovili 1 wuTis ganmavlobaSi
C
swrafad axaxune;
4. mohkide xeli aluminis formis saxelurs (fanqars) da
moaTavse penoplastis TefSze (sur. 3,4);
't
5. awie aluminis forma saxeluriT zeviT da Seexe TiTiT.
Sen umniSvnelo dartymas igrZnob da Tu cdas bnel sur. 4.
oTaxSi Caatareb, naperwkalsac dainaxav. uyure videoebs. isini cdis
warmatebulad CatarebaSi dagexmareba:
n
http://bitly.ws/pco9 http://bitly.ws/piXi
gaarkvie:
o
1. rogor wamoiqmneba elva da ratom axlavs gaelvebas Weqa-quxili
(bgeriTi talRis warmoqmna)?
2. Tu dakvirvebixar, Weqa-quxilis xma gaelvebidan garkveuli drois
D
Semdeg ismis. rogor fiqrob, ratom xdeba ase?
3. gaixsene: haeri, Cveulebriv, dieleqtrikia. arada, ganmuxtvis dros
haerSi Rrublebs Soris (an Rrublebsa da dedamiwas Soris) eleqtru-
li muxti gadaitaneba. riT aixsneba es? rodis da ratom xdeba haeri
gamtari?
franklini mixvda, rogor SeiZleboda Tavis dacva `RmerTebis maxvilisgan~ _
mexisgan da mexamridi Seqmna. pirvel xanebSi sazogadoebam saTanadod ver Seafasa
franklinis axali gamogonebis mniSvneloba, mas mowinaaRmdegeebi gamouCndnen:
isini Tvlidnen, rom mexamridi saSiSi iyo adamianebisTvis.
istoriam Semogvinaxa SemTxveva, romelic safrangeTis qalaq sent-omoreSi
moxda: erT-erTma mcxovrebma saxlis saxuravze mexamridi daamagra. SeSinebulma
mezoblebma, romlebic Tvlidnen, rom mexamridi maT safrTxes uqmnida, sasamar-
TloSi uCivles. saintereso isaa, rom sasamarTloSi mexamridis patrons advoka-
ti maqsimilien robespieri icavda, xolo bralmdebeli medicinis doqtori, eqimi
Jan-pol marati iyo (SemdgomSi orive maTgani safrangeTis revoluciis (1789 _
1799) gmiri da gamoCenili politikuri moRvawe gaxda).
29
proeqti #3: elva - eleqtroba, romelic cas gamostaces
sasamarTlo oTx wels grZeldeboda da sabolood,

robespieris gamarjvebiT damTavrda. Sedegad ki mexa-
mridma arsebobis ufleba moipova da male iseTi po-
pularuli gaxda, rom adamianebi wawvetebul rkinis
Reroebs qolgebzec ki amagrebdnen. isini Tvlidnen,
rom amgvari mexamridi elvas àSinebs~ (rogor fiqrob,
SeeZloT Tu ara maT am meTodiT mexisgan Tavis dacva?
ratom?) (sur. 5).
y
davaleba 2. gaarkvie:
a) ra aris mexamridi da rogoria misi moqmedebis
principi. ras efuZneba is?
p
b) mexi ufro xSirad maRal da wvetian sxeulebs
ecema. axseni, ratom? sur. 5
o
davaleba 3. mexi bunebis erT-erTi yvelaze sa-
SiSi movlenaa. mas SeuZlia daangrios Senobebi,
eleqtrogadamcemi xazebis sayrdenebi, fabrika-
qarxnebis milebi, gaaCinos xanZari. misi dartyma
C
sasikvdiloa yvela cocxali arsebisTvis. magram
xSirad adamianebi Tavadve igdeben Tavs safr-
TxeSi: maT ar ician, usafrTxoebis ra zomebi
't
unda miiRon Weqa-quxilis dros.
gaxsovdes! mexi ufro xSirad maRal da wvetian
sxeulebs ecema, erTi simaRlis mqone sxeulebi-
n
dan ki imas, romelic ukeTesi gamtaria.
gaarkvie: sur. 6. mexamridi
1. rogor unda moiqce, Tu gaSlil velze Weqa-quxilma mogiswro? Sei-
o
Zleba Tu ara am dros xis qveS Sefareba? ratom?
2. aris Tu ara daculi avtomanqanis saloni mexisgan? ratom?
3. ras urCevdi axalbeda alpinistebs, rogor moiqcnen Weqa-quxilis
dros?
D
1. sqematuri ganmartebiTi naxazi, rogor xdeba RrublebSi (Rrublebsa
da dedamiwis zedapirs Soris) muxtebis gadanawileba;
2. elvis, mexisa da Weqa-quxilis warmoSobis meqanizmi;
3. ra pirobebSi xdeba haeri gamtari;
4. mexamridis sqema da moqmedebis principi;
5. usafrTxoebis ra zomebis miRebaa saWiro Weqa-quxilis dros.
sebuli misamarTebze:
http://bitly.ws/pcqY http://bitly.ws/pcr8
http://bitly.ws/pcrc http://bitly.ws/pcuI
riCard fainmanis leqciidan: http://bitly.ws/pcrh
iTamaSe èlviT~: http://bitly.ws/pcr3
30
1.4 eleqtruli muxtis Tvisebebi
1. eleqtruli muxti
Sen ici, rom mizidulobis klasikur TeoriaSi gravitaciuli urTierTqmedeba
niutonis msoflio mizidulobis kanoniT aRiwereba: nebismier or sxeuls Soris
mizidulobis Zalis moduli pirdapirproporciulia am sxeulTa masebis namra
vlisa da ukuproporciulia maT centrebs Soris manZilis kvadratisa:
y
m1 ∙ m2
F=G
r2
p
sadac TiToeuli sxeulis masa (m1 da m2) gravitaciuli urTierTqmedebis
intensivobas (imas, Tu ramdenad Zlieria miziduloba sxeulebs Soris) gansaz
o
Rvravs da sxeulebs Soris urTierTqmedebis Zalis moduls (F) maT centrebs
Soris manZilTan (r) akavSirebs. sxeulis masas gravitaciul muxtsac uwodeben.
masis (gravitaciuli muxtis) analogiurad ganimarteba eleqtruli muxti
klasikur eleqtrodinamikaSi:
C
eleqtruli muxti skalaruli fizikuri sididea, romelic gansazRvravs eleq
tromagnituri urTierTqmedebis intensivobas da damuxtul sxeulebs Soris
urTierTqmedebis Zalis moduls maT Soris manZilTan akavSirebs.
't
eleqtruli muxti q asoTi aRiniSneba. muxtis erTeuli SI sistemaSi 1 kulo
nia (1 k) (kulonis ganmarteba denis Zalis erTeuls ukavSirdeba da am sakiTxs
mogvianebiT ganvixilavT).
n
2. eleqtruli muxtis gayofa
cda I
o
cdisTvis saWiroa: ori eleqtrometri, romelTa Reroebze zustad erT-
nairi sferoebia damagrebuli; liTonis joxi, romelsac aragamtari
saxeluri aqvs.
D
1. damuxte erTi eleqtrometris sfero (sur. 1). aiRe eleqtrometris
skalaze anaTvali;
2. SeaerTe damuxtuli sfero daumuxtavi eleqtrometris zustad iseTive
sferosTan liTonis joxiT, romelsac aragamtari saxeluri aqvs (sur. 2).
daakvirdi: rogorc mosalodneli iyo, meore eleqtrometric daimuxta.
amasTan, masze pirveli eleqtroskopis muxtis naxevari gadavida (Seadare
orive skalis anaTvlebi).
3. gaacalkeve eleqtroskopebi da ganmuxte erT-erTi maTgani: Seexe mas
xeliT (sur. 3);
sur. 1 sur. 2 sur. 3
31
4. kvlav SeaerTe liTonis joxiT damuxtuli eleq

trometris sfero (romelzec Tavdapirveli muxtis
naxevari darCa) daumuxtavi eleqtroskopis sfe-
rosTan (sur. 4);
daakvirdi da Seadare: rogoria eleqtrometrebis
Cveneba? raze miganiSnebs es? Tavdapirveli mux-
tis ra nawili darCa amjerad TiToeul eleqtro
sur. 4
metrze?
y
gamoTqvi varaudi, ra moxdeba, Tu cdas kvlav da
kvlav gaimeoreb?
eleqtruli muxtis gayofa SesaZlebelia: SeiZleba miviRoT Tavdapirveli mux-
p
tis naxevari, meoTxedi, mervedi da a. S. damuxtuli sxeuli Sexebisas Tavisi
muxtis zustad naxevars gadascems meore, iseTive zomis sxeuls. rac ufro
didia zomiT sxeuli, romelsac muxti gadaecema, miT metia gadacemuli muxtis
o
sidide. am movlenas efuZneba damiweba _ damuxtuli sxeulis muxtis dedamiwis-
Tvis gadacema: dedamiwa imdenad didia yvela im sxeulTan SedarebiT, romlebic
mis zedapirze imyofeba, rom masTan Sexebisas
C
damuxtuli sxeuli mTlianad gadascems deda-
miwas Tavis muxts da neitraluri xdeba. damux-
tuli sxeulis gasaneitraleblad, gansamuxta-
't
vad, sxeuls gamtariT aerTeben dedamiwasTan.
1 cnobilia, rom benzini liTonTan xaxuni-
sas imuxteba. benzinmzidis korpusze liTonis
n
jaWvs kideben, romlis meore bolo miwis zeda-
pirs exeba (sur. 5). axseni, ratom iqcevian ase.
sur. 5.
o
3. elementaruli muxti
mtkicdeba, rom muxtis Semcireba usasrulod SeuZlebelia, anu arsebobs
eleqtruli muxtis dayofis zRvari. 1897 wels ingliselma mecnierma tomsonma
aRmoaCina nawilaki, romelic umciresi, ganuyofeli, e. w. elementaruli muxtis
D
matarebeli aRmoCnda. am nawilaks eleqtroni uwodes.
rogorc ukve ici, Cveulebrivi sxeulebis muxtisgan gansxvavebiT, eleqtro-
nis muxtis sidide mudmivia: misi Semcireba an gazrda SeuZlebelia. eleqtronis
muxtis absolutur sidides elementarul muxts uwodeben da e asoTi aRiniSneba:
e =1,6 . 10 -19 k
bunebaSi elementarul muxtze ufro mcire muxti damoukideblad ar arse-
bobs.
4. muxtis diskretuloba
sxeuli (nawilaki) daeleqtroebisas kargavs an miierTebs eleqtronebis gar
kveul raodenobas da Sesabamisad, sxeulis (nawilakis) muxti dakarguli an
mierTebuli eleqtronebis ricxviT ganisazRvreba (sur. 6). nebismieri damouki
deblad arsebuli nawilakisa da makroskopuli sxeulis muxti ase gamoiTvleba:
q = n e (1)
sadac e elementarul muxtia, xolo n nebismieri mTeli ricxvi (eleqtronis-
Tvis n = –1, xolo protonisTvis n = + 1, Sesabamisad qpr = + e da qel = – e).
32
eleqtruli muxtis Tvisebebi 1.4
q1 = 0 q2 = 0 q'1 = +2e q'2 = –2e
y
sur. 6 daeleqtroebamde daeleqtroebis Semdeg
imis gamo, rom bunebaSi elementarul muxtze ufro mcire muxti damoukideb
p
lad ar arsebobs, yvela nawilaksa da makroskopul sxeulze arsebuli muxtis
absoluturi sidide an elementaruli muxtis tolia an misi jeradia. es ki imas
niSnavs, rom muxti diskretulia, misi sidide naxtomiseburad icvleba (e-Ti,
o
2e-Ti, 3e-Ti... da a. S.).
2
1. eqsperimentebis Sedegebis kvlevisas erTma moswavlem 8 . 10-20 k-is toli
C
sakvlevi muxti miiRo, meorem _ 2,4 . 10-20k, xolo mesamem _ (_ 2,4 . 10-18) k.
romelma maTganma dauSva Secdoma?
2. ra raodenobis elementarul muxts Seesabameba 1 k eleqtruli muxti?
't
5. eleqtruli muxti orgvaria
Sen ukve ici, rom eleqtruli muxti orgvaria: dadebiTi da uaryofiTi. dae-
n
leqtroebis dros sxeuli
a) dadebiTad imuxteba, Tu is gascems eleqtronebs (q > 0);
b) uaryofiTad imuxteba, Tu is miierTebs eleqtronebs (q < 0);
o
6. muxtis invariantuloba
eleqtruli muxti invariantulia: sxeulis (an nawilakis) muxtis sidide
aTvlis sistemaze damokidebuli ar aris. muxti siCqareze damokidebuli ar aris.
D
7. muxtis aditiuroba
eleqtruli muxti aditiuria (ikribeba): nebismieri sistemis muxti sistemaSi
Semavali sxeulebis (nawilakebis) jamuri muxtis tolia:
q sist = q1 + q2 + q3+... + qn (2)
3 wvimis wveTi, romelsac + 6,72 .10-17k muxti hqonda, SeerTda wveTTan,
romlis muxti _10,08 . 10-17k-is tolia. rogori iqneba SeerTebis Sedegad
mirebuli wveTis muxti? ramdeni zedmeti eleqtroni iqneba aseT wveTze?
8. muxtis Senaxvis kanoni

Sen ici, rom ori sxeulis, mag., qarvisa da Salis qsovilis, erTmaneTze gaxaxu-
nebisas orive daeleqtrovdeba. qarva uaryofiTad imuxteba: eleqtronebi Salis
qsovilidan qarvaze gadadis. Salis qsovilze eleqtronebis (anu uaryofiTi
muxtis) danaklisi Seiqmneba da qsovili dadebiTad daimuxteba.
33
4
qarvisa da Salis qsovilis daeleqtroebis movlena me-7 suraTze sqema-
turadaa gamosaxuli.
+2e – 2e +3e – 3e +2e – 4e +3e – e
y
a) b) g)
sur. 7
p
1. aRwere movlenis a, b da g etapebi ( `_~ da `+~ niSniT, Sesabamisad ele-
qtronebi da protonebia aRniSnuli);
o
2. dafiqrdi: ris tolia qarvisa da qsovilis saerTo muxti:
a) daeleqtroebamde (sur. 7a)? b) daeleqtroebis Semdeg (sur. 7b)?
3. gamoitane daskvna: icvleba Tu ara daeleqtroebisas Semxebi sxeulebis
jamuri muxti? axseni, ratom?
C
modi, CavataroT cda da eqsperimentulad SevamowmoT, ramdenad sworia das
kvna, romelic me-4 davalebis analizis Sedegad gamoitane.
't
cda II
cdisTvis saWiroa: plastmasis (ebonitis) joxi,
Salis qsovili, eleqtroskopi.
n
1. Seaxe eleqtroskops ebonitis joxi da Salis
qsovili erTdroulad (sur. 8). daakvirdi
eleqtroskopis firfitebs. ra SeamCnie? ris
o
tolia joxisa da qsovilis jamuri muxti?
2. damuxte joxi qsovilze xaxuniT;
3. Seaxe eleqtroskopis sferos jer damux- sur. 8
D
tuli joxi, xolo Semdeg qsovili (ise, rom
joxi sferos ar moacilo). aRwere cdis Sedegi da axseni is.
4. Seadare erTmaneTs plastmasis sxeulisa da qsovilis muxtebi:
a) moduliT; b) niSniT.
5. gamoitane daskvna: icvleba Tu ara daeleqtroebisas Semxebi sxeulebis
jamuri muxti?
cxadia, cdis Sedegis axsna ar gagiWirdeba. Sen ici, rom xaxunis Sedegad
sxeulTa daeleqtroebisas damuxtuli nawilakebi (eleqtronebi) arc qreba da
arc axali warmoiqmneba. eleqtronebi Semxeb sxeulTa Soris gadanawildeba: erTi
sxeuli gascems eleqtronebs, xolo meore maT miierTebs. es ki imas niSnavs, rom
xaxunisas (Sexebisas) orive sxeuli imuxteba. maTi muxtebi moduliT toli da
niSniT sapirispiroa. sxeulTa jamuri muxti ki nulis toli rCeba (anu iseTive,
rogorc daeleqtroebamde iyo) _ ar icvleba, inaxeba.
sxeulTa daeleqtroeba, garda SenTvis cnobili xerxebisa, sxva gzebiTacaa Se-
saZlebeli (mag., sinaTlis zemoqmedebiT). nebismier SemTxvevaSi daeleqtroebis
movlena muxtis Senaxvis kanons emorCileba. kanoni samarTliania sxeulTa (nawi-
34
eleqtruli muxtis Tvisebebi 1.4
lakTa) Caketili, izolirebuli sistemisTvis, anu iseTi sistemisTvis, romelSic

garedan ar Sedis da romlidanac gareT ar gamodis damuxtuli nawilakebi.
muxtis Senaxvis kanonis Tanaxmad,
Caketil sistemaSi Semavali sxeulebis (nawilakebis) jamuri eleqtruli muxti
ar icvleba:
q1 + q2 + q3+... + qn = const (3)
muxtis Senaxvis kanoni SeiZleba Semdegi tolobiTac CavweroT:
q1 + q2 + ... + qn = q1 ' + q2 ' + ... + qn ' (4)
y
me-4 tolobis marcxena da marjvena mxare sistemis jamur muxts gamosaxavs
drois sxvadasxva momentSi.
p
mikrosamyaroSi nawilakebis ricxvi izolirebul sistemaSic SeiZleba Seic
valos (mag., elementaruli nawilakebis urTierTgardaqmnisas SesaZlebelia axa-
li nawilakebis warmoqmna). muxtis Senaxvis kanoni am SemTxvevaSic sruldeba:
o
damuxtuli nawilakebi bunebaSi yovelTvis wyvilad warmoiqmneba: dadebiTi an
uaryofiTi muxtis warmoqmnas yovelTvis Tan sdevs sididiT toli da sapiris-
piro niSnis muxtis gaCena. damuxtuli nawilakebi aseve wyvilad qreba: dadebiTi
an uaryofiTi muxtis gaqroba niSnavs,rom is sididiT toli da sapirispiro
C
niSnis muxtiT ganeitralda.
5
't
1. liTonis ori erTnairi burTula damuxtes: erTis muxti absoluturi
sididiT α-jer aRemateba meorisas. burTulebi jer erTmaneTs Seaxes,
Semdeg ki gaacalkeves. gamoTvale, TiToeuli burTulis muxti Sexebis
Semdeg.
n
ganixile SemTxvevebi: burTulebis muxtebi
a) erTnairniSniania (α >1);
o
b) sxvadasxvaniSniania (α < – 1 );
g) erTnairia moduliTa da niSniT (α = 1);
d) moduliT tolia da niSniT sapirispiro (α = –1).
gaaanalize: rogor icvleba burTulebis muxtis absoluturi sidide
D
TiToeul SemTxvevaSi?
2. abreSumis Zafebze dakidebulia ori erTnairi liTonis burTula.
burTulebma erTmaneTi jer miizides (sur. 9 a), xolo Sexebis Semdeg
ganizides (sur. 9 b). axseni, ratom ganizides burTulebma erTmaneTi.
3. abreSumis Zafze dakidebuli masrebi a) b)
urTierTmizidvisas erTmaneTs Seexnen
da isev Tavdapirvel, vertikalur
mdebareobas daubrundnen. axseni es
movlena: ratom miizides masrebma
erTmaneTi? ratom aRar urTierTqme-
debdnen isini Sexebis Semdeg?
2q – 5q
sur. 9
35
1.5 kulonis kanoni
1. kulonis eqsperimenti
1785 wels frangma mecnierma Sarl ogiusten kulonma istoriuli cda Caa-
tara da eqsperimentulad daadgina eleqtrostatikis ZiriTadi kanoni, romelic
uZrav eleqtrul muxtebs Soris urTierTqmedebas aRwers. kanons mogvianebiT
mis pativsacemad kulonis kanoni ewoda.
y
rogor SeZlo kulonma fizikis erT-erTi fundamenturi kanonis aRmoCena
maSin, roca mas zusti laboratoriuli xelsawyo praqtikulad ar hqonda? kulo-
nis eqsperimenti kidev erTi dadasturebaa imisa, rom adamianis gamomgoneblo-
p
bas, mis gonebriv SesaZleblobas sazRvari ara aqvs!
cdebSi kuloni liTonis damuxtul burTulebs Soris urTierTqmedebis Zalis
moduls zomavda da am mizniT grexiT saswors iyenebda (romlis daxmarebiTac
o
Tavis droze henri kavendiSma gravitaciuli mudmivas
ricxviTi mniSvneloba eqsperimentulad gansazRvra).
daakvirdi 1-l suraTs. masze grexiTi sasworis sqema-
C
turi naxazia gamosaxuli: kulonma advilad grexad wvril
vercxlis mavTulze minis msubuqi Rero SuawertiliT
dakida da mis boloebze liTonis patara burTulebi (A
grexadi
't
mavTuli da B) daamagra. Rero horizontalur mdgomareobaSia
gawonasworebuli. sasworis saxuravze aragamtari ver-
tikaluri Reros daxmarebiT kidev erTi burTulaa (C)
uZravad dakidebuli. kuloni A da C burTulebs erT-
n
nairniSnian muxts gadascemda.
burTulebi erTmaneTs ganizidavda. kuloni maT Soris
B
urTierTqmedebis Zalis moduls minis Reros Semobrune-
o
C
minis Rero bis kuTxiT gansazRvravda, damuxtuli burTulebis cen-
A trebs Soris manZils ki skalaze aiTvlida.
sur. 1
eqsperimentis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT kuloni mivida daskvnamde, rom uZrav,
D
patara zomis damuxtul burTulebs Soris urTierTqmedebis Zalis moduli maT
Soris manZilis kvadratis ukuproporciulia:
1
F~ 2
r
1 dafiqrdi:
1. ra saWiro iyo kulonis cdaSi B burTula?
2. rogor Seicvleboda eqsperimentis Sedegi, Tu kuloni A da C burTu-
lebs sxvadasxvaniSnian muxts mianiWebda? rogor aisaxeboda es cvlileba
kulonis daskvnaze?
kulons ar hqonda xelsawyo, romlis daxmarebiTac damuxtuli burTulebis
muxts gazomavda. ufro metic, im dros muxtis sazomi erTeulic ki ar arsebob-
da! kuloni mixvda, rom burTulebis muxtis absoluturi sididis codna auci-
lebeli arc iyo. mTavari iyo, zustad ganesazRvra, rogor iyo damokidebuli
burTulebs Soris urTierTqmedebis Zalis moduli maTive muxtis sidideze.
36
kulonis kanoni 1.5
mecnierma maxvilgonivruli da martivi gamosavali ipova: Tu damuxtul bur-

Tulas iseTive, oRond daumuxtav burTulas Seaxebda, damuxtuli burTulis
muxti naxevrdeboda...
kuloni A da C burTulebis muxts TandaTan amcirebda (2-jer, 4-jer da
a. S.) da sacdel muxtebs Soris urTierTqmedebis Zalis moduls yovel jerze
zomavda. sabolood, is mivida daskvnamde, rom Zalis moduli muxtebis sidideTa
namravlis pirdapirproporciulia:
F ~ |q 1|| q 2|
y
kulonis eqsperimenti Zalian zusti ar iyo: gazomvebi haerSi tardeboda,
rac maT cdomilebas umniSvnelod, magram mainc zrdida. amasTan, burTulebis
zomebi maT Soris urTierTqmedebis Zalaze gavlenas axdenda. amitom kulonma
p
Tavisi Teoria vakuumSi moTavsebuli damuxtuli wertilovani sxeulebisTvis,
anu rogorc xSirad amboben xolme, wertilovani muxtebisTvis, Camoayaliba.
o
wertilovani muxti realurad ar arsebobs, is iseTive abstraqciaa, rogo-
ric materialuri wertili (gaixsene, ra aris materialuri wertili?), magram
Tu damuxtul sxeulTa zomebi gacilebiT mcirea maT Soris manZilze, damuxtuli
sxeulebi (maTi muxti) SeiZleba wertilovnad CaiTvalos. kuloni mixvda, rom aseT
C
SemTxvevaSi urTierTqmedebis Zalis moduli damuxtuli sxeulebis zomasa da
formaze damokidebuli ar aris.
2 dafiqrdi:
't
SeiZleba Tu ara, wertilovnad CaiTvalos muxti, romelic gadanawi-
lebulia im sferos zedapirze, romlis diametri 1 m-ia, xolo manZili,
romliTac sfero meore iseTive damuxtuli sferosganaa daSorebuli,
n
aris a) 1m; b) 1km.
2. kulonis kanoni
o
cdebis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT kulonma bunebis erT-erTi fundamenturi ka-
noni (eqsperimentiT damtkicebuli kanoni, romelic arc erTi sxva kanonidan
ar gamomdinareobs) Camoayaliba, romelic kulonis kanonis saxeliTaa cnobili:
vakuumSi or wertilovan uZrav damuxtul sxeuls Soris urTierTqmedebis
D
Zalis moduli pirdapirproporciulia muxtebis modulebis namravlisa da uku
proporciulia maT Soris manZilis kvadratisa.
kulonis kanoni maTematikurad ase Caiwereba:
|q 1|∙| q 2|
F = k (1)
r2
sadac k proporciulobis koeficientia, |q 1| da | q 2| muxtebis absoluturi
sidideebia (modulebia), xolo r muxtebs Soris manZilia.
uZrav eleqtrul muxtebs Soris urTierTqmedebas eleqtrostatikuri, anu
kulonuri, urTierTqmedeba ewodeba, am urTierTqmedebisas aRZrul, 1-li for-
muliT gamosaxul Zalas ki _ kulonuri Zala.
3 dafiqrdi:
ra msgavseba da gansxvavebaa niutonis msoflio mizidulobis kanonsa da
kulonis kanons Soris?
37
1.5 kulonis kanoni
3. proporciulobis koeficienti kulonis kanonSi

daakvirdi: kulonis kanonidan gamomdinareobs, rom k proporciulobis koe-
ficienti ase gamoisaxeba:
Fr2
k = (2)
|q1|∙| q2|
2
Sesabamisad, SI sistemaSi k-s erTeulia: nm2 .
k
eqsperimentulad dadgenilia SI sistemaSi k-s ricxviTi mniSvneloba:
y
2
k = 9 ∙10 9 nm2
(3)
k
p
ra aris k-s fizikuri arsi? daakvirdi kulonis Zalis gamosaxulebas: k ricxob
rivad im Zalis modulis tolia, romelic 1 k muxtebs Soris 1 m manZilze moq-
medebs.
o
miRebulia, rom SI sistemaSi k proporciulobis koeficienti asec SeiZleba
Caiweros:
1
k = (4)
4πε0
C
ε0-s eleqtruli mudmiva hqvia (ε berZnuli asoa da ikiTxeba, rogorc èfsi-
lon~) da misi ricxviTi mniSvneloba ase gamoisaxeba:
't
1 2
ε0 = = 8,85 ∙10-12 k 2 (5)
4πk nm

me- 4 tolobis gaTvaliswinebiT, kulonis kanoni SeiZleba asec Caiweros:
n
1 |q1| ∙ |q2|
F = ∙ (6)
4πε0 r2
o
4. muxtis erTeulebi
4
D
1. gamoTvale:
a) or damuxtul sxeuls Soris urTierTqmedebis kulonuri Zalis mo-
duli, Tu TiToeuli muxtis absoluturi sidide 1 k-is tolia, xolo
maT Soris manZili 1 km-ia;
b) Zalis moduli, romliTac dedamiwa 1 t masis sxeuls izidavs;
2. Seadare erTmaneTs Sen mier gamoTvlili Zalebis modulebi. Seecade,
warmoidgino, ramdenad didia im kulonuri Zalis moduli, romliTac 1
km-iT daSorebuli ori, 1 k-is toli, muxti urTierTqmedebs da Seafase:
Seni azriT, ramdenad didi muxtia 1 kuloni muxti?
ici, rom muxtis erTeuli SI sistemaSi 1 kulonia. im eqsperimentebis dros,
romlebsac sxeulTa daeleqtroebis Seswavlisas vatarebdiT, sxeulebze grov-
deba muxtebi, romelTa sidideebi milionjer da miliardjer naklebia 1 kulon-
ze, amitom praqtikaSi xSirad gamoiyeneba muxtis sxva erTeulebi:
1 mikrokuloni (1 mkk) = 10-6 k; 1 nanokuloni (1 nk) = 10-9 k.
38
kulonis kanoni 1.5
5. kulonuri Zalis mimarTuleba

kulonuri urTierTqmedeba niutonis III kanons emorCileba: muxtebi erTma
neTze moqmedebs moduliT toli da sawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli ZalebiT:

F2,1 = – F1,2
kulonuri Zalebi muxtebis (maTi centrebis) SemaerTebeli wrfis gaswvrivaa

mimarTuli (sur. 2) da Zalis mimarTuleba imis mixedviT ganisazRvreba, muxtebi
erTnairniSniania (sur. 2a) Tu sxvadasxvaniSniani (sur. 2b):
y
a) b)
q1 q2 q1 q2
p
F2,1 F1,2 F2,1 F1,2
_ _ _ +

r r
o
sur. 2

C
5
gamoTvale wyalbadis atomSi eleqtronsa da protons Soris kulonuri
da gravitaciuli urTierTqmedebis Zalebi. Seadare es Zalebi erTmaneTs
't
sididiT (CaTvale, rom eleqtroni uZravi birTvis, protonis, garSemo
moZraobs da misi orbitis radiusia r ≈ 5 ∙ 10-11 m).
n
1879 wels, kulonis gardacvalebidan 73 wlis Semdeg, maqsvelma gamoaqvey-
na henri kavendiSis manamde yvelasTvis ucnobi arqivi.
mecnierTa gakvirvebas sazRvari ar hqonda, roca Seit
o
yves, rom kanoni èleqtruli Zalis Sesaxeb~ 14 wliT
adre iyo aRmoCenili, vidre mas kuloni daadgenda.
gaixsene: mdidari ingliseli lordi, henri kavendi-
Si swored is adamiani iyo, romelmac pirvelad àwona
D
dedamiwa~. kavendiSma gravitaciuli mudmivas ricxviTi
mniSvneloba swored im sasworis saSualebiT daadgi-
na, romelic Semdgom kulonma Tavis cdebSi gamoiyena
(sur. 3).
martoxela lordi Zalze ucnauri da eqstravagan-
turi qcevebiT iyo cnobili. man, ubralod, ar moi-
surva, rom Tavisi mecnieruli kvlevebi, romlebsac is
hobad miiCnevda, sazogadoebisTvis gaecno. kavendiSis
dumilma axali aRmoCenis Sesaxeb mecnierebis ganviTa-
sur. 3 grexiTi saswori
reba garkveuli xniT Seaferxa, kanoni ki istoriaSi Se-
vida, rogorc kulonis kanoni da ara kavendiSis!
sxvaTa Soris, es mis biografiaSi erTaderTi SemTxveva ar aris: 1770 wels
man eqsperimentulad daadgina denis Zalis proporciuli damokidebuleba
Zabvaze, magram arc es aRmoCena gaumxelia. misi aRmoCenili kanonzomiereba
1826-1827 wlebSi damoukideblad aRmoaCina germanelma mecnierma georg omma
da kanonsac misi saxeli ewoda.
39
1.6 fizika amocanebSi: kulonis kanoni
1. kulonis kanoni
gaixsene, kulonis kanoniT mxolod uZrav wertilovan muxtebs Soris urTier
Tqmedeba aRiwereba. Tu muxtebi wertilovani ar aris, maT Soris urTierTqme-
debis Zalis gamosaT vlelad damuxtuli sxeulebi unda ganvixiloT, rogorc
uamravi wertilovani muxtis erToblioba. Semdeg ki yvela im Zalis tolqmedi
y
unda vipovoT, romlebic wertilovani muxtebis yovel wyvils Soris moqmedebs.
es sakmaod rTuli amocanaa da fizikis saskolo kursSi ar ganixileba.
xSirad amocanebis amoxsnisas saWiroa urTierTqmedebis Zalis gamoTvla iseT
p
or damuxtul burTulas Soris, romlebic, amocanis pirobebidan gamomdinare,
wertilovnad ar SeiZleba miviCnioT.
dadgenilia, rom, Tu burTulebis (an sferoebis) muxti zedapirze Tanabradaa
o
ganawilebuli, SegviZlia, CavTvaloT, rom mTeli muxti burTulebis centrSia Ta
vmoyrili. aseT SemTxvevaSi burTulebs Soris urTierTqmedeba kulonis kanoniT
aRiwereba da igulisxmeba, rom burTulebs Soris manZili maT centrebs Soris
manZilia. SevTanxmdeT, rom amocanebis amoxsnisas swored aseT burTulebs (sfe-
C
roebs) Soris urTierTqmedeba iqneba ganxiluli.
amocana 1
't
liTonis ori erTnairi damuxtuli burTulidan erTi maTganis muxtis
absoluturi sidide α-jer metia meorisaze. burTulebi jer erTmaneTs
Seaxes da Semdeg isev Tavdapirveli manZiliT daaSores.
n
gansazRvre rogor Seicvleba burTulebs Soris urTierTqmedebis Zalis
moduli Sexebis Semdeg, Tu burTulebi damuxtulia
a) erTnairniSniani muxtebiT; b) sxvadasxva niSniani muxtebiT.
o
CaTvale, rom damuxtuli sxeulebi vakuumSia moTavsebuli.
F'
moc.: q1 = q ; q2 = αq ; r1 = r2 = r.
D
u.v.:
F
amoxsna:
1. burTulebis sistema izolirebulia. muxtis Sexebamde
Senaxvis kanonis Tanaxmad r1
q1 + q2 = q1' + q2' (1) q1 q2
sadac q1 + q2 sistemis jamuri muxtia Sexebamde,

xolo q1' + q2' sistemis jamuri muxtia Sexebis q1 q2
Semdeg.
Sexebis Semdeg
2. Tu liTonis damuxtul burTulebs erTmaneTs
r2
Seaxeb da Semdeg isev daaSoreb, imis gamo, rom q1' q2'
burTulebi erTnairia, burTulebis jamuri mux-
ti maT Soris tolad gadanawildeba: sur. 1
q1' = q2' = q' (2)
40
fizika amocanebSi: kulonis kanoni 1.6
3. 1-li da me-2 tolobis gaTvaliswinebiT miviRebT: gacalkevebis Semdeg

TiToeul burTulaze aRmoCndeba erTnairi muxti, romlis sidide ase
gamoiTvleba:
q1 + q2
q' = (3)
2
4. amocanis mocemulobidan gamomdinare, Cans, rom:
q1 + q2 q + αq q (1 + α)
q' = = = 2 (4)
2 2
y
5. kulonis kanonis Tanaxmad, burTulebs Soris urTierTqmedebis Zalis
moduli ase gamoiTvleba:
p
a) Sexebamde:
|q 1|∙| q 2| |q|∙|α q| |α| ∙ q2
o
F = k = k = k (5)
r2 r2 r2
b) Sexebisa da gacalkevebis Semdeg (me-4 Tanafardobis gaTvaliswinebiT):
C
|q'1|∙| q'2| q'2 k q2(1 + α)2
F' = k = k = ∙ (6)
r
2
r2 r2 22
't
6. imisaTvis, rom SevadaroT F da F' Zalebis modulebi, ganvixiloT Se-
fardeba: F' . miviRebT, rom
F
F' (1 + α)2
n
= (7)
F 4|α|
o
1. ganixile SemTxvevebi: burTulebis muxtebi
a) erTnairniSniania (α > 1);
b) sxvadasxvaniSniania (α < – 1 );
D
g) erTnairia moduliTa da niSniT (α = 1);
d) moduliT tolia da niSniT sapirispiro (α = –1).
gaaanalize TiToeuli SemTxvevisTvis me-7 Sefardeba. gamoitane daskvna:
romel SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli calsaxad ganvsazRvroT, Tu rogor
Seicvleba urTierTqmedebis Zalis moduli mas Semdeg, rac burTulebs
erTmaneTs jer SevaxebT, Semdeg ki sawyis mdebareobaSi davabrunebT?
2. gadaitane samuSao rveulSi I cxrili da Seavse Sen mier gamotanili
daskvnebis mixedviT:
cxrili I
burTulebis muxtebi Sexebamde urTierTqmedebis Zalis moduli:
erTnairniSniania (α >1 );
i
a gaizrdeba
e r o w i
sxvadasxvaniSniania (α < -1 );
g n S
ar Caw
b
g erTnairia moduliTa da niSniT (α = 1 );
d moduliT tolia da niSniT sapirispiro (α = -1 ).
41
2. ZalTa superpoziciis principi

nebismier or wertilovan uZrav muxts Soris urTierTqmedebis xasiaTi da-
mokidebuli ar aris imaze, urTierTqmedeben Tu ara isini imavdroulad sxva
muxtebTanac, anu sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, q1 da q2 wertilovan uZrav muxtebs
Soris urTierTqmedebis Zala ar Seicvleba maT axlos mesame q3 muxtis (an Tundac
kidev ramdenime muxtis) gaCenisas, miuxedavad imisa, rom q3 muxti, Tavis mxriv,
garkveuli ZaliT imoqmedebs q1 da q2 muxtebze.
Tu wertilovan uZrav q0 muxtze danarCeni q2
y
q1 ; q2 ; q3 ; ... qn wertilovani uZravi muxtebis q1 – +
mxridan F1 ; F2 ; F3 ; ... ; Fn kulonuri Zalebi F = F1 + F2 + F3
p
moqmedebs, maSin q0 muxtze moqmedi tolqmedi F1
Zala yvela Zalis geometriuli jamis tolia: F3
q0 +
q3
o
F = F1 + F2 + F3 + ... + Fn
ase rom, TiToeul muxtze danarCeni F2 F sur. 2
muxtebis mxridan erTmaneTisgan damouki
C
deblad moqmedebs sxvadasxva kulonuri Zala, romelTa tolqmedi am Zalebis
geometriuli jamis tolia (sur. 2). es ZalTa superpoziciis (zeddebis) principia.
't
amocana 2
vakuumSi moTavsebuli ori wertilovani muxti ( q1 = _10 nk , q2 = 20 nk) erTma
neTisgan 1 metriTaa daSorebuli. muxtebis SemaerTebel wrfeze, maT SuaSi,
mesame wertilovani muxti moaTavses (q3 = 3 nk).
n
gansazRvre TiToeul muxtze moqmedi kulonur ZalTa tolqmedi.
moc.: q1 = -10 nk ; q2 = 20 nk ; q3 = 3 nk ; r2,1 = 1m; r3,1 = r2,3 = 0,5 m.
o
u.v.: F1, F2, F3.
amoxsna
1. gaixsene: kulonuri urTierTqmedebis Zalebi muxtebis SemaerTebeli
D
wrfis gaswvrivaa mimarTuli.
daakvirdi me-3 suraTs: q1 muxtze moqmedebs:
• q2 muxtis mxridan mizidvis F2,1 Zala;
• q3 muxtis mxridan mizidvis F3,1 Zala.
q1 q3 q2
F2,1 F3,1 F1,2 F3,2
_ + +
r3,1 r2,3
r2,1
sur. 3
2. ZalTa superpoziciis principidan gamomdinare, q1 muxtze moqmedi

Zalebis tolqmedi ase gamoiTvleba:
F1 = F2,1 + F3,1
42
3. F2,1 da F3,1 erTi wrfis gaswvriv erT mxares mimarTuli Zalebia, amitom
maTi tolqmedis mimarTuleba emTxveva F2,1 da F3,1 Zalebis mimarTulebas,
xolo moduli ase gamoiTvleba:
|q 1|| q 2| |q 3|| q 1|
F1 = F2,1 + F3,1 = k +k = 2,88 mkn
r2,1 2
r3,12
4. q2 muxtze moqmedebs:
• q1 muxtis mxridan mizidvis F1,2 Zala;
y
• q3 muxtis mxridan ganzidvis F3,2 Zala.
5. ZalTa superpoziciis principidan gamomdinare, q2 muxtze moqmedi
p
Zalebis tolqmedi ase gamoiTvleba:
F2 = F1,2 + F3,3
6. F1,2 da F3,2 erTi wrfis gaswvriv sapirispirod mimarTuli Zalebia,
o
amitom maTi tolqmedis moduli
|q 2|| q 1| |q 3|| q 2|
F2 = |F1,2 - F3,2| = k –k = 0,36 mkn
r2,1 r3,22
C
2
7. ganzidvis F3,2 Zala moduliT metia mizidvis F1,2 Zalaze, amitom q2
't
muxtze moqmedi F2 tolqmedis mimarTuleba emTxveva F3,2 Zalis mimar-
Tulebas.
n
gamosaxe q3 muxtze (ix. me-2 amocana) danarCeni muxtebis mxridan moqmedi
Zalebi naxazze. gansazRvre am ZalTa tolqmedi.
o
Seamowme pasuxi. unda migeRo:
• q3 muxtze moqmedi Zalebis tolqmedis moduli F3 = 3,24 mkn.
• F3 tolqmedi mimarTulia marcxniv, muxtebis SemaerTebeli wrfis
D
gaswvriv.amana 3
amocana 3
vakuumSi moTavsebuli ori wertilovani muxti, romelTa muxtebia
q1 = – 9 nk da q2 = – 36 nk, erTmaneTisgan 3 metriTaa daSorebuli. roca mux
tebis maxloblad, romeliRac wertilSi mesame wertilovani q3 muxti moa
Tavses, samive muxti wonasworobaSi aRmoCnda. gansazRvre sad mdebareobs
q3 muxti, ris tolia misi sidide da manZili, romliTac is q1 muxtidan
aris daSorebuli. gaarkvie, mdgradia Tu ara sistemis wonasworoba?
moc.: q1 = –9 nk ; q2 = –36 nk ; r1,2 = 3 m. u.v.: q3, r1,3.
amoxsna
1. gaixsene: `sxeuli wonasworobaSia~ niSnavs, rom sxeulze moqmedi Zale-
bis tolqmedi nulis tolia. Sesabamisad, sistema wonasworobaSi iqneba
maSin, Tu masSi Semaval yvela muxtze moqmedi Zalebis tolqmedi nulis
tolia.
43
2. vTqvaT, q3 < 0. ganixile q3 muxtis mdebareoba sxvadasxva (A, B, C, D, E)

wertilSi (sur. 4):
gamosaxe muxtebze moqmedi Zalebi TiToeul SemTxvevaSi da daamtkice,
rom sistema (samive muxti) wonasworobaSi ar iqneba arc erT ganxilul
SemTxvevaSi: erTi muxti mainc aRmoCndeba iseT mdgomareobaSi, rom masze
moqmedi ZalTa tolqmedi nulis toli ar iqneba.
B
q1 q2
y
A C E
p
sur. 4
3. imsjele sistemis wonasworobaze im SemTxvevaSi, roca q3 > 0. ganixi-

le q3 muxtis mdebareoba sxvadasxva (A, B, C, D, E) wertilSi (sur.4) da
o
daamtkice, rom sistema wonasworobaSi iqneba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
q3 muxti q1 da q2 muxtebs Soris, maT SemaerTebel wrfeze mdebareobs.
4. amovxsnaT amocana im SemTxvevisTvis, roca q3 > 0. amasTan q3 muxti q1
C
da q2 muxtebs Soris, maT SemaerTebel wrfeze mdebareobs (sur. 5).
't
q1 q3 q2
F2,1 F3,1 F1,3 F2,3 F3,2 F1,2
n
r1,3 = x m r3,2 = (3 – x) m
o
r1,2 = 3 m
sur. 5
5. davweroT wonasworobis piroba
D
a) q1 muxtisTvis: F2,1 = F3,1 (1)
b) q3 muxtisTvis: F1,3 = F2,3 (2)
6. Tu 1-l da me-2 tolobebSi Zalebs kulonis kanonis Tanaxmad gamovsaxavT
da gavamartivebT, miviRebT gantolebaTa sistemas:
|q2| |q3|
2 = 2 (3)
r 1,2 r 1,3
|q1| |q2|
= 2 (4)
r21,3 r 2,3
7. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT amocanis mocemulobas, aRniSvnebs naxazis (sur.
5) mixedviT da gavixsenebT, rom q3 > 0, me-3 da me-4 tolobebi aseT saxes
miiRebs:
36 q3
= 2 (5)
9 x
9 36
2 = (6)
x (3–x)2
44
8. amoxseni me-5 da me-6 gantolebaTa sistema. Seamowme pasuxi. unda migeRo:

x = 1 m, q3 = + 4 nk.
9. SevamowmoT, aris Tu ara q2 muxti wonasworobaSi. amisaTvis davakvir-
deT muxtebze moqmed Zalebs:
• F1,2 = F2,1 (niutonis III kanonis Tanaxmad); (7)
• F2,1 = F3,1 (q1 muxtis wonasworobis pirobis Tanaxmad) (8)
• F3,1 = F1,3 (niutonis III kanonis Tanaxmad); (9)
y
• F1,3 = F2,3 (q3 muxtis wonasworobis pirobis Tanaxmad) (10)
• F2,3 = F3,2 (niutonis III kanonis Tanaxmad) (11)
p
anu F1,2 = F2,1 = F3,1 = F1,3 = F2,3 = F3,2 e.i. F1,2 = F3,2. es ki q2 muxtis
wonasworobis pirobaa, rac imas niSnavs, rom sistema wonasworobaSia.
magram aris Tu ara es wonasworoba mdgradi? Caatare azrobrivi cda: Tu
o
romelime muxts odnav gadaxri wonasworobis mdgomareobidan, ZalTa wo-
nasworobis piroba aRar Sesruldeba da sistemis wonasworoba dairRveva.
amas mowmobs eleqtrostatikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi Teoremac, romelic
irnSous Teoremis saxeliTaa cnobili: wertilovani muxtebis statikuri
C
sistemis wonasworoba nebismier SemTxvevaSi aramdgradia, Tu muxtebze
mxolod kulonuri Zalebi moqmedebs.
't
amocana 4
vakuumSi moTavsebuli sami wertilovani muxti marTkuTxedis wveroeb
Sia ganlagebuli (sur. 6). gansazRvre moduli da mimarTuleba im ZalTa
n
tolqmedisa, romlebic q3 muxtze q1 da q2 muxtebis mxridan moqmedebs.
amoxsna:
o
1. q3 muxtze q1 da q2 muxtebis mxridan moqmedebs mizidvis kulonuri
Zalebi (sur. 6): F1,3 da F2,3 . daakvirdi, rogor kuTxes qmnis F1,3 da F2,3
Zalebi erTmaneTTan? q = - 4 . 10-9k
2
D
2. F1,3 da F2,3 Zalebis tolqmedia F . misi
moduli, piTagoras Teoremis Tanax-
mad, ase gamoiTvleba:
F= F21,3 + F22,3
r3,2 = 3 sm
3. gamoiyene kulonis kanoni, gamoTva- r3,1 = 1 sm

le F1,3 da F2,3 Zalebis modulebi da
ipove, ris tolia F Zalis moduli.
F
Seamowme pasuxi. unda migeRo: F ≈ 10-4 n.
F2,3
4. tolqmedis mimarTulebis gansaz
α
RvrisTvis, sakmarisia, vipovoT is
maxvili α kuTxe, romelsac tolqme- q3 = 10 k
-9 F1,3 q1 = – 10-9k
di horizontalur mimarTulebasTan sur. 6
qmnis. naxazidan (sur. 6) Cans, rom
F2,3 F2,3 |q2| r1,3 4
tgα = , saidanac α =arctg = arctg ∙ = arctg ≈ 24°
F1,3 F1,3 |q1| r2,3 9
45
proeqti #4:
eleqtrostatikuri generatori
gogirdis burTi
bumbuli 300 welze metia gasuli im droidan, rac
rkinis magdeburgis burgomistri (qalaqis meri) oto
RerZi fon gerike (1602-1686) ara marto Tavisi Tana-
borbali,
romelic Rve- moqalaqeebisTvis, aramed mis gareTac (gan-
duri gada- sakuTrebiT ki samecniero wreebSi) cnobili
cemiT Reros
y
abrunebs gaxda, rogorc fizikosi da gamomgonebeli:
1650 wels haeris tumbo Seqmna...
1654 wels magdeburgis naxevarsferoe-
p
biT cnobili sajaro eqsperimenti Caatara,
romliTac atmosferuli wnevis arseboba da
misi STambeWdavi Zala daadastura...
o
1663 wels èleqtruli manqaniT~ sta-
tikuri muxtebi miiRo da manamde ucnobi
eleqtruli movlenebi aRmoaCina...
sur. 1 gerikemde erTaderTi saSualeba, romliTac
C
eleqtrul movlenebs ikvlevdnen, uiliam gilbertis `versoriumi~ iyo. gerikes
èleqtruli manqana~ pirveli eleqtrostatikuri generatoria (mowyobiloba,
romelSic eleqtruli muxtebi xaxunis Sedegad miiReba), romlis daxmarebiTac
't
eleqtruli movlenebis kvleva teqnikurad ufro srulyofili eqsperimentebiT
gaxda SesaZlebeli.
èleqtruli manqanis~ mTavari detali gogirdis burTia (15 sm-is toli dia-
n
metriT) (sur. 1): gerike gogirds adnobda da minis sferul WurWelSi asxamda.
gacivebis Semdeg WurWels amtvrevda da gogirdis burTi mzad iyo. burTs mSral
adgilas inaxavda da mogvianebiT Tavisi manqanis rkinis horizontalur RerZze
o
amagrebda. RerZi da masze wamocmuli burTi saxeluris daxmarebiT brunavda.
gerike da misi TanaSemwe mbrunav burTs xelisguls an Salis qsovils mWidrod
axebdnen da burTi maTTan xaxunisas imuxteboda (rogor fiqrob, ra mizeziT
airCia gerikem gogirdi da ara qarva, romlis eleqtruli Tvisebebi, cxadia, mis-
D
Tvis kargad iyo cnobili?). gerike iyo pirveli, vinc aRmoaCina, rom eleqtruli
urTierTqmedeba ara marto mizidvis, aramed ganzidvis saxiTac vlindeba: gogirdis
daeleqtroebuli burTi bumbuls izidavda. Tu bumbuli burTs Seexeboda, burTi
mas ganizidavda (axseni, ratom xdeboda ase?).
gerikem SeamCnia, rom selis Zafi daeleqtroebul burTTan Sexebisas mtvris
nawilakebisa da bumbulis mizidvis unars Tavadac iZenda. es ki imas niSnavda,
rom eleqtroba erTi sxeulidan meores gadaecemoda. man sibneleSi gogirdis
daeleqtroebuli burTis mocisfro susti naTe-
bac (naperwkali) SeamCnia da gaigo tkacunis xma,
romelic naperwklis warmoqmnas (ganmuxtvas) yo-
velTvis Tan axlavs (Tumca man am movlenis axsna
ver SeZlo).
zogjer gerike gogirdis damuxtul burTs ver-
tikalur RerZze amagrebda da aRfrTovanebuli
mayureblis Tvalwin `haerSi afarfatebul bum-
buls daatarebda~ (sur. 2). `bumbulis~ afarfateba
sur. 2 Senc SegiZlia:
46
proeqti #4: eleqtrostatikuri generatori 1.6
davaleba 1.
1. daaeleqtroe plastmasis joxi Salze xaxuniT
da zed bumbuli (an bambis patara, daaxloebiT
10 mm diametris fTila) moaTavse;
2. joxi mkveTrad daiqnie. bumbuli haerSi aRmoC-
ndeba da vardnas daiwyebs (sur. 3).
3. miuaxlove swrafad joxi bumbuls qvemodan ise,
rom ar Seexo mas. bumbuli joxis zemoT livlivs sur. 3
y
daiwyebs.
Tu cda ar gamogivida (mag., haeris maRali tenianobis, bumbulis an bambis
fTilis arasaTanado zomis gamo), kidev scade da Sedegs aucileblad
p
miaRwev. axseni cdis Sedegi.
XVIII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi gerikes eleqtrostatikuri manqana garkveul
o
saxecvlilebas ganicdis: gogirdis burTi minis burTiT (zog SemTxvevaSi ki
cilindriT) Secvales (rogor fiqrob, ra upiratesoba hqonda minas gogirdTan
SedarebiT?). ufro mogvianebiT ki burTebi da cilindrebi minis firfitebiT
Caanacvles, xaxunisTvis ki tyavis baliSebs iyenebdnen, romlebic minas mWidrod
C
exeboda.
davaleba 2. daamzade gerikes eleqtrostatikuri manqanis modeli. amisa-
Tvis naxe videoinstruqciebi da gaecani informacias, romelic modelis
't
damzadebaSi dagexmareba (rac advili namdvilad ar aris!):
http://bitly.ws/pi8r http://bitly.ws/pi8u
http://bitly.ws/pi8w http://bitly.ws/pi8N
n
oto gerikes èleqtruli manqanis~ Tanamedrove analogia eleqtrostati-
kuri generatori, romelsac van de graafis generatoris saxeliT icnoben. van
de graafis generatoris moqmedeba triboeleqtrul movlenas efuZneba: muxtebi
o
masSi xaxunis Sedegad miiReba (iseve, rogorc gerikes èleqtrul manqanaSi~). es
mowyobiloba 1931 wels amerikelma mecnierma robert van de graafma Seqmna da
dResac Zalian popularuli xelsawyoa saskolo Tu samecniero laboratoriebSi
D
(sur.4)
davaleba 3. moiZie informacia da gaarkvie van de graafis generatoris
muSaobis principi. SenTvis saintereso informacias naxav internetSi,
misamarTze: http://bitly.ws/pi9p http://bitly.ws/pj6o
http://bitly.ws/pj6D http://bitly.ws/pj6T
generatoris agebulebasa da muSaobis principze dakvirvebas
virtualur laboratoriaSic SeZleb: http://bitly.ws/pj5Q
sur. 4
47
1.6 proeqti #4: eleqtrostatikuri generatori
davaleba 4. Seqmeni van de graafis generatoris modeli. amisaTvis naxe

videoinstruqciebi da gaecani informacias, romelic modelis damza-
debaSi dagexmareba:
http://bitly.ws/pi9j http://bitly.ws/pi9n http://bitly.ws/pj6S
saskolo laboratoriebSi xSirad gvxvdeba eleqtrostatikuri generatori,
romelsac eleqtroforul manqanas uwodeben (sur. 5).
es mowyobiloba britanelma gamomgonebelma, jeims vim-
Surstma 1878 wels Seqmna da mas vimSurstis manqanis
y
saxeliT icnoben.
vimSurstis manqanaSi muxtebi xaxuniT ar generir-
deba. muxtebis warmoqmnis meqanizmi eleqtrostatikuri
p
induqciis movlenas (gavleniT damuxtvas) efuZneba (iseve
rogorc eleqtroforSi (ix. proeqti #3), romelic pir-
veli induqciuri eleqtrostatikuri generatoria).
o
davaleba 5. moiZie informacia da gaarkvie
vimSurstis manqanis muSaobis principi. SenTvis sur. 5
saintereso informacias naxav internetSi, misa-
C
marTze:
http://bitly.ws/pj79 http://bitly.ws/pi9Q http://bitly.ws/pi9T
generatoris agebulebaze da muSaobis principze dakvirvebas
't
virtualur laboratoriaSic SeZleb: http://bitly.ws/pj5J
davaleba 6. Seqmeni vimSurstis manqanis modeli. amisaTvis naxe video
instruqciebi da gaecani informacias, romelic modelis damzadebaSi
n
dagexmareba:
http://bitly.ws/pi9N http://bitly.ws/pi9W
http://bitly.ws/pia4 http://bitly.ws/pia5
o
XVIII saukunis meore naxevridan eleq
truli movlenebi sazogadoebis sayvareli
gasarTobi da TavSesaqcevi sanaxaoba iyo
D
(sur. 6). samecniero speqtaklebi STambeW
davi eqsperimentebis TanxlebiT, saocrad
popularuli iyo mayurebelSi. maTSi er-
Tdroulad aRtacebasa da SiSs iwvevda
daeleqtroebuli sxeulebis absoluturad
gaugebari Tvisebebi: bumbulis, Calis Re
roebis, qsovilis nakuwebis mizidvis unari,
naperwklis warmoqmna da Tanamdevi tka- sur. 6.
cuni, mtkivneuli `wkipurtebi~ damuxtuli sxeulebis an adamianebis mxridan.
aristokratul salonebSi Zalze popularuli iyo eleqtrostatikuri „sa-
TamaSoebi“ (sur. 7), romlebSic centraluri adgili `franklinis zarebs~
eWira. `franklinis zarebi~ erTgvari eleqtrostatikuri Zravaa, romelSic
eleqtruli energia meqanikurad gardaiqmneba (eleqtrostatikur genera-
torebSi piriqiTaa: eleqtruli energia meqanikuris xarjze miiReba).
davaleba 7. axseni eleqtrostatikuri `saTamaSos~ moqmedeba (sur. 7).
1. minis sferoze (1) mWidrod morgebuli tyavis bude (2) saxeluris (3)
48
proeqti #4: eleqtrostatikuri generatori 1.6
daxmarebiT trialebs da tyavze

xaxuniT minis sfero imuxteba. 2
imuxteba horizontaluri ga- 1
mtari RerZic (4).
axseni, ratom imuxteba gamta- 3
5
ri RerZi, Tu is sferos ar
8 7
exeba, romeli movlena udevs 5´ 6 6
6
safuZvlad RerZis damuxtvas?
y
2. muxti gamtari Rerodan masze
dakidebul liTonis zeda TefSs sur. 7
(5) da `franklinis zarebs~ (6) gadaecema. `franklinis zarebs~ Soris
p
abreSumis Zafze dakidebuli liTonis patara burTulaa (7) moTavsebu-
li. is daeleqtroebul zarebs Soris irxeva, xan erT da xan meore zars
ejaxeba da zarebi xmas gamoscems. axseni, ratom irxeva burTula zarebs
o
Soris?
3. liTonis qveda TefSze (5´) liTonis Txeli firfi-
tisgan damzadebuli figurebi, patara kacunebia
(8) moTavsebuli. aRwere, rogor `moiqcevian~
C
kacunebi?
swored `gacocxlebuli~ kacunebi da sruliad gau-
't
gebari mizeziT aJRerebuli zarebi iwvevda mayureblis
aRfrTovanebas. Caatare cda, daakvirdi `franklinis za-
rebis~ moqmedebas da axseni burTulas rxevis mizezi.
sur. 8
davaleba 8. Caatare cda.
n
1. moaTavse gamagrilebeli sasmelis liTonis
qilebi izolirebul sadgamze erTmaneTis
o
gverdiT (sur. 8);
2. dakide ZafiT wvenis sasrut plastmasis Cxirze
folgisgan damzadebuli burTula (an wvenis
qilis gasaxsneli detali);
D
3. Cxiri qilebis Tavze moaTavse ise, rom burTu-
la qilebs Soris moeqces;
4. daamzade ori eleqtrofori (ix. proeqti #3)
da Seaxe qilebs: gaimeore ramdenjerme, sanam
sur. 9
burTula rxevas ar daiwyebs (SegiZlia qilebi
eleqtroforuli manqaniTac damuxto (sur. 9))
axseni, ratom irxeva gamtari burTula qilebs Soris. cdis warmatebiT
CatarebisTvis naxe video instruqciebi da gaecani saWiro informacias:
http://bitly.ws/pk6q http://bitly.ws/pk6r http://bitly.ws/pk6t
http://bitly.ws/pk6u http://bitly.ws/pk6v
warmoadgine Sen mier Seqmnili modelebi (modeli) da prezentacia, romelSic
unda Candes:
1. modelis Seqmnisas an cdis Catarebisas Sen mier Sesrulebuli samuSaos cal
keuli etapis aRwera da axsna;
2. im fizikuri movlenis (movlenebis) axsna, romelsac modelis moqmedeba an
cdis Sedegi efuZneba.
49
1 Seamowme Seni codna
testi #1
gaiTvaliswine: TiToeul davalebas, sirTulis mixedviT, garkveuli feri da qula See-

sabameba:
umartivesi _ 1 qula; martivi _ 2 qula;
y
saSualo sirTulis _ 3 qula; rTuli _ 4 qula.
p
1. amoarCie swori pasuxi sityvaTa I _IV CamonaTvalidan (5 qula):
a) atomis birTvis garSemo moZraoben ....
b) uaryofiTad damuxtuli subatomuri nawilakebia .....
o
g) dadebiTad damuxtuli subatomuri nawilakebia .....
d) neitraluri subatomuri nawilakebia.....
e) Tu atomi eleqtrons dakargavs an miierTebs, warmoiqmneba .........
C
I. neitronebi; II. protonebi; III. eleqtronebi; IV. ioni.
2. amoarCie swori pasuxi winadadebaTa I _IV CamonaTvalidan (3 qula):
't
a) nebismieri sxeuli eleqtrovdeba, imitom rom ....
b) daeleqtroebisas sxeulis masa TiTqmis ar icvleba, imitom rom .....
g) eleqtronebs SeuZliaT erTi sxeulidan meoreze gadasvla, imitom rom .....
I. atombirTvs protonebi da neitronebi qmnis;
n
II. eleqtronebi nebismieri sxeulis atomTa SemadgenlobaSia;
III. eleqtronebi sustadaa dakavSirebuli atombirTvTan;
IV. eleqtronebis masa atombirTvis masasTan SedarebiT umniSvneloa.
o
3. amoarCie swori pasuxi winadadebaTa I _IV CamonaTvalidan (3 qula):
a) mina abreSumze xaxunisas dadebiTad imuxteba, imitom rom masSi ....
b) abreSumi minaze xaxunisas uaryofiTad imuxteba, imitom rom masSi .....
D
g) erTmaneTze gaxaxunebisas sxeulebi sxvadasxvaniSniani muxtiT imuxteba,
imitom rom...
I. eleqtronebi erTi sxeulidan meoreze gadadis;
II. eleqtronebis raodenoba gadaaWarbebs protonebisas;
III. eleqtronebis jamuri muxti protonebis jamur muxts utoldeba;
IV. protonebis raodenoba gadaaWarbebs eleqtronebisas.
4. amoarCie swori pasuxi sityvaTa I _IV CamonaTvalidan (5 qula):

a) damuxtuli buSti eleqtroskops Seaxes (sur. 1). maTi muxtebi ....
b) burTulebi ganizideba, anu maTi muxti .....
g) burTulebi miizideba, anu maTi muxti .....
d) minis rezinze xaxunisas minisa da rezinis muxti .....
e) ebonitis joxis Salze xaxunisas ebonitis muxti .......
I. uaryofiTia; II. sxvadasxvaniSniania;
III. erTniSniania; IV. dadebiTia.
sur. 1
50
Seamowme Seni codna 1
5. gansazRvre me-2 suraTze sqematurad gamosaxuli

ionis muxti.
a) 0; b) _ 3,2 · 10 −19 k;
−19
g) + 3,2 · 10 k; d) _1,6 · 10 −19 k.
6. mtvris nawilakma, romlis Tavdapirveli muxti

+1,6 · 10 −19 k iyo, sinaTlis zemoqmedebiT erTi eleqtroni
dakarga. ris toli gaxda nawilakis muxti?
y
a) 0; b) _ 3,2 · 10 −19 k; sur. 2
−19
g) +3,2 · 10 k; d) _1,6 · 10 −19 k.
p
7. liTonis firfitam, romlis muxtia (_10е), dakarga 4 eleqtroni, ris toli
gaxda firfitis muxti?
a) 6е; b) _6е; g) 14е; d) _14е.
o
8. liTonis burTula, romlis muxtia _ 3,2 nk, zustad iseTive daumuxtav
burTulas Seaxes. ramdeni eleqtroni gadavida Sexebisas damuxtulidan
daumuxtav burTulaze?
C
a) 105; b) 2 · 105; g) 1010; d) 1,6 · 1019.
9. ori erTnairi liTonis burTula toli sididisa da sxvadasxvaniSniani mux-
't
tiTaa damuxtuli. burTulebi erTmaneTs Seaxes da isev Tavdapirveli manZiliT
daaSores. rogor Seicvala maT Soris kulonuri Zalis moduli?
a) 2-jer Semcirda; b) ar Seicvala;
g) nulis toli gaxda; d) 2-jer gaizarda.
n
10. ra mimarTuleba aqvs kulonur Zalas, romelic O wertilSi moTavsebul
uaryofiT muxtze moqmedebs (sur. 3)?
o
a) OA; b) OB; g) OC; d) OD.
11. kvadratis wveroebSi wertilovani muxtebia ganlagebuli. rogor ìqce-

vian~ muxtebi erTmaneTTan urTierTqmedebis Sedegad (sur. 4)?
D
a) kvadratis centrisken miizidebian; b) kvadratis centridan ganizidebian;
g) wonasworobaSi arian; d) SeuZlebelia gansazRvra.
12. kulonuri Zalis moduli or wertilovan uZrav muxts Soris 8 n-ia. ris
toli gaxdeba urTierTqmedebis Zalis moduli muxtebs Soris, Tu TiToeuli
muxtis sidides 2-jer SevamcirebT, xolo maT Soris manZili ar Seicvleba?
a) 2 n; b) 4 n; g) 16 n; d) 32 n.
B –q +q
A O C
+q –q
+q D –q
sur. 3 sur. 4
51
13. Tu 9q da q wertilovan muxtebs Soris, maT SemaerTebel wrfeze, moTav-

sebuli mesame muxti wonasworobaSia, maSin es ukanaskneli pirveli da meore mux-
tisgan daSorebulia manZilebiT, romlebic ise Seefardeba erTmaneTs, rogorc:
a) 9 : 1; b) 1 : 9; g) 3 : 1; d) 1 : 3.
14. erTi damuxtuli burTula meore, zustad iseTive, daumuxtav burTulas

Seaxes. Sexebis Semdeg 15 sm manZilze daSorebuli burTulebi erTmaneTisgan
0,001 n ZaliT ganizida. gamoTvale, ra sididis muxtiT iyo damuxtuli pirveli
y
burTula Tavdapirvelad.
a) 10 mkk; b) 0,1 mkk; g) 0,05 mkk; d) 5 mkk.
p
15. ori erTnairi burTula, romelTagan Ti-
Toeulis masa 20 g-ia, 30 sm sigrZis abreSumis
ZafebiT erT wertilSi dakides (sur. 5). mas
o
Semdeg, rac burTulebi damuxtes, maT erTma- Zafis
neTi ganizides ise, rom Zafebs Soris marTi Fel T daWimulobis T Fel
Zala
kuTxe Seiqmna. ipove burTulebis jamuri mux-
Fsim Fsim
C
ti (CaTvale, rom g = 10 n/kg).
sur. 5
a) 0; b) 2 mkk;
g) 4 mkk; d) 1,4 mkk.
't
testSi dagrovili qulebis mixedviT Sen sakuTari codnis Sefasebas SeZleb:
n
dagrovili
Sedegis aRwera Sefaseba
qulebi
1-6 1
o
7 - 10 im davalebebidan, romlebic sworad gaqvs Sesrulebuli, 2
11 - 14 Cans, rom zogierTma sakiTxma dagainteresa. vfiqrob, kargi 3
15 - 18 iqneba, Tu gavlil masalas xelaxla gadaxedav. 4
D
19 - 22 bevri davaleba sworad gaqvs Sesrulebuli. Sedegis gasau- 5
mjobeseblad aucileblad gaaanalize, ra tipis Secdomebi dauS-
vi da ram ganapiroba es Secdomebi. xelaxla gadaxede gavlil
23 - 27 6
masalas da misi ukeT gaazrebisTvis damatebiTi savarjiSoebi
gamoiyene.
28 - 31 sakmaod bevri davaleba sworad gaqvs Sesrulebuli. Cans, rom 7
mimdinare davalebebs yuradRebas aqcevdi. gadaxede daSvebul
Secdomebs da gaaanalize, ra tipis Secdomebs uSveb ZiriTadad
32 - 35 8
da ratom. gaakeTe damatebiTi savarjiSoebi da amocanebi im kate-
goriidan, romelSic ufro meti Secdoma gaqvs daSvebuli.
Sedegi kargia. aucileblad gaaanalize mcire xarvezebi, rom
36 - 39 lebic testis Sesrulebisas dauSvi. es sxva dros wvrilmanebze 9
yuradRebis koncentrirebaSi dagexmareba.
gilocav! Sedegi Zalian kargia. Cans, rom damoukideblad
40 - 42 muSaobdi, saklaso da saSinao davalebebs sistematurad da 10
gaazrebulad asrulebdi.
52
I Tavis damatebiTi kiTxvebi amocanebi
gaiTvaliswine: TiToeul davalebas, sirTulis mixedviT, garkveuli feri Seesabameba:

umartivesi ; martivi ;
saSualo sirTulis ; rTuli ;
y
1.1. eleqtromagnituri urTierTqmedeba
yuradRebiT waikiTxe paragrafi da №1-18 kiTxvebze pasuxebi Seni sityvebiT
p
Camoayalibe.
1. aRwere bunebaSi arsebuli oTxi tipis fundamenturi urTierTqmedeba (ix.
Sesavalic, gv. 5 _ 8);
o
2. ra saxiT vlindeba eleqtromagnituri urTierTqmedeba? gravitaciuli?
3. daasaxele movlenebi, romlebsac eleqtromagnituri urTierTqmedeba udevs
safuZvlad;
4. aRwere atomis agebuleba;
C
5. romel nawilakebs hqvia subatomuri nawilakebi?
6. Seadare erTmaneTs wyalbadis atomSi birTvsa da eleqtrons Soris moqmedi
gravitaciuli da eleqtromagnituri Zalebi;
't
7. ra SemTxvevaSi vambobT, rom `nawilaks eleqtruli muxti aqvs~?
8. gaavle paraleli eleqtrul muxtsa da masas Soris. ras gviCvenebs TiToeuli
maTgani? ra msgavseba da gansxvavebaa maT Soris?
n
9. ra saxis muxti arsebobs da rogor urTierTqmedeben:
a) erTnairniSniani muxtebi; b) sxvadasxva niSniani muxtebi.
10. ris maCvenebelia orgvari muxtis arseboba?
o
11. aRwere subatomuri nawilakebi (masis, muxtisa da muxtis niSnis mixedviT);
12. ris tolia atomis muxti?
13. rogor ganisazRvreba atomSi: a) protonebis raodenoba;
b) eleqtronebis raodenoba; g) neitronebis raodenoba?
D
14. rogor urTierTqmedebs damuxtuli nawilakebi atomSi?
15. ra Zalebi moqmedebs nawilakebs Soris atombirTvSi? aRwere es Zalebi.
16. ramdenad SesaZlebelia protonebis ricxvis cvlileba atomSi? eleqtronebis?
ras iwvevs atomSi am nawilakTa raodenobis cvlileba?
17. ras ewodeba Tavisufali eleqtroni? dadebiTi ioni? uaryofiTi ioni?
18. aRwere, rogor urTierTqmedeben damuxtuli makroskopuli sxeulebi.
19. ramdenjer metia:

a) vercxliswylis atombirTvis muxtis sidide heliumis atombirTvis muxtze?
b) titanis atombirTvis muxtis sidide natriumis atombirTvis muxtze?
20. ramdenjer metia:
a) vercxliswylis atombirTvi heliumis atombirTvze?
b) titanis atombirTvi natriumis atombirTvze?
53
21. gadaixaze cxrili samuSao rveulSi da Seavse: ipove miTiTebuli qimiuri

elementis atomSi eleqtronebis, protonebisa da neitronebis ricxvi (ix.
danarTi 1. qimiur elementTa periodulobis cxrili).
qimiuri atomuri masuri protonebis eleqtronebis neitronebis
elementi nomeri Z ricxvi raodenoba raodenoba raodenoba
A N
wyalbadi 1 1 1 1 0
heliumi
y
liTiumi 7
fosfori
p
22. bunebaSi arsebul atomTagan yvelaze mZime uranis atomia. rogoria am atomis
Semadgenloba? daasaxele subatomuri nawilakebis ricxvi uranSi.
o
1.2. eleqtruli movlenebi
Camoayalibe.
C
1. ras ewodeba eleqtruli movlena? daeleqtroebuli sxeuli?
2. rogor eleqtrovdeba sxeuli? aRwere daeleqtroebis meqanizmi;
't
3. ratom aris saWiro xaxuni sxeulTa daeleqtroebisTvis?
4. rogori niSnis muxtiT imuxteba minis joxi abreSumis qsovilTan xaxunisas? ra
niSnis muxti eqneba am dros qsovils? aRwere maTi daeleqtroebis meqanizmi;
5. rogori niSnis muxtiT imuxteba ebonitis joxi abreSumis qsovilTan xaxu-
n
nisas? ra niSnis muxti eqneba am dros qsovils? aRwere maTi daeleqtroebis
meqanizmi;
6. rogor urTierTqmedeben erTnairniSniani muxtiT daeleqtroebuli sxeulebi?
o
sxvadasxvaniSniani muxtiT daeleqtroebulebi?
7. rogor muxts uwodebda diufe `qarviseburs~? `miniseburs~?
8. rogor xsnida franklini daeleqtroebis meqanizms?
D
9. ra aris eleqtrostatikuri muxti? statikuri eleqtroba? eleqtrostati-
kuri urTierTqmedeba?
10. ras ewodeba eleqtrostatikuri movlena? daasaxele amgvari movlenis maga-
liTebi.
11. ra aris ganmuxtva? aRwere am movlenis meqanizmi.
12. ramdenad saxifaToa eleqtrostatikuri movlena? daasaxele eleqtrosta-
tikuri movlenebis dros mosalodneli safrTxeebi (ix. gv. 26,27);
13. rogor iyenebs adamiani Tavis sasargeblod eleqtrostatikur movlenebs (ix.
gv. 26, 27)?
14. ra aris triboeleqtruli efeqti? triboeleqtruli mwkrivi? ra gamoyeneba
aqvs am mwkrivs? (ix. gv. 24, 25);
15. romlis atombirTvebi izidavs eleqtronebs ufro Zlierad: minis Tu abre-

Sumis? pasuxi axseni.
16. cdebi eleqtrostatikaSi warmatebulia, Tu haeris tenianoba dabalia (mag.,
roca cdas zamTarSi atareb). ratom xdeba ase? muxtebi xom erTnairad
gacalkevdeba weliwadis nebismier dros?
54
17. ra unda gaakeTo imisaTvis, rom liTonis burTula dadebiTad damuxto sxva
sxeulTan Sexebisas? aRwere samuSaos Sesrulebis etapebi da daasaxele
samuSaosTvis saWiro resursebi.
18. saSinao cda: gabere ori cali buSti da dakide isini erTmaneTis gverdiT
abreSumis grZel Zafebze. daaeleqtroe buStebi gazeTze xaxuniT. aRwere,
ra moxda. axseni es movlena.
19. roca Tmas ivarcxni, savarcxeli xSirad izidavs Tmas. SeiZleba Tu ara imis
mtkiceba, rom `Tma izidavs savarcxels~?
y
20. Zafze erTmaneTis gverdiT dakidebuli qaRaldis masrebi daaeleqtroves, ris
Sedegadac isini 1-l suraTze gamosaxul mdebareobaSi aRmoCnda. ra SeiZleba
iTqvas maTi muxtis Sesaxeb?
p
21. ra niSnis muxti aqvs me-2 suraTze gamosaxul marcxena burTulas a), b), g)
da d) SemTxvevebSi?
o
a) b) g) d) a) b) g)
C
22. erTmaneTis gverdiT abreSumis Zafze dakidebuli burTulebidan erTi dade-
't
biTad damuxtes, meore ki uaryofiTad (sur. 3). romel suraTzea cdis Sedegi
sworad gamosaxuli?
n
Camoayalibe.
o
1. aRwere eleqtroskopis agebuleba da misi moqmedebis principi;
2. ra aris eleqtrometri, risTvis gamoiyeneba is da riT gansxvavdeba eleqtros-
kopisgan?
3. rogor nivTierebebs/masalebs ewodeba gamtarebi? daa-
D
saxele gamtari nivTierebebi/masalebi;
4. rogor nivTierebebs ewodeba aragamtarebi (dieleqtri-
kebi)? daasaxele aragamtari nivTierebebi/masalebi;
5. daamzade eleqtroskopi (sur. 4): eleqtroskopis kor-
pusad gamagrilebeli sasmelis liTonis qila gamo-
gadgeba. gamoiyene qilis sadgamad Tixis an erTjeradi sur. 4
qaRaldis Wiqa. èleqtroskopis~ firfitebi folgis-
gan daamzade.
6. daamzade eleqtroskopi. me-5 suraTi miniSnebad miiRe.
7. rogor SeiZleba damuxtuli sxeulis muxtis dadgena,

Tu xelT gaqvs: eleqtroskopi, minis Rero da abreSu-
mis qsovili?
sur. 5
55
8. eleqtroskopebTan miaxloebisas damuxtuli burTula marjvniv gadaixara

da ara marcxniv (sur. 6). axseni, ratom?
9. eleqtroskopi uaryofiTadaa damuxtulia (sur. 7a). ra niSnis muxtiTaa da-
muxtuli firfita (sur. 7b), romelic eleqtroskops Seaxes?
10. daasrule me-8 suraTze naxazi: daxaze, rogor ganlagdeba eleqtroskopis fur-
clebi, Tu mas dadebiTad daeleqtroebul Reros SevaxebT.
y
++
sur. 6
a)
sur. 7
b)
o p sur. 8
C
11. ori eleqtroskopi liTonis ReroTia SeerTebuli C B
(sur. 9). A
erT-erTs dadebiTad damuxtuli A sxeuli Seaxes.
't
rogori niSniT daimuxteba B eleqtroskopi? C
eleqtroskopi? pasuxi axseni.
12. a) rogor daimuxteba neitraluri gamtari sfero,
Tu mas uaryofiTad damuxtul joxs Seaxeb? ra-
n
sur. 9.
tom?
b) ra moxdeba, Tu xels axla ukve damuxtul sferos Seaxeb? pasuxi axseni.
g) Seamowme Seni pasuxis siswore cdiT. neitraluri sferos nacvlad SegiZlia
o
Sen mier damzadebuli daumuxtavi eleqtroskopi gamoiyeno.
13. axseni, ra moxdeba, Tu dadebiTad damuxtul gamtar sferos xels Seaxeb?
14. Tu xels liTonis damuxtul burTulas Seaxeb, rogor Seicvleba burTulis
D
a) muxti? b) masa?

Camoayalibe.
1. ra aris eleqtruli muxti, rogor ganimarteba is?

2. rogori sididea eleqtruli muxti: skalaruli Tu veqtoruli?
3. ra aris muxtis erTeuli SI sistemaSi?
4. ra aris damiwebis arsi?
5. SeiZleba Tu ara eleqtruli muxtis gayofa usasrulod? ra aris misi gayofis
zRvari?
6. ra aris elementaruli muxti? rogor aRiniSneba is da ris tolia misi ric
xviTi mniSvneloba?
7. romelia bunebaSi damoukideblad arsebuli umciresi uaryofiTad damuxtuli
nawilaki? umciresi dadebiTad damuxtuli nawilaki?
8. ris tolia protonis muxti? neitronis? eleqtronis?
56
9. arsebobs Tu ara: a) nawilaki muxtis gareSe? b) muxti nawilakis gareSe?

10. ras niSnavs muxtis diskretuloba?
11. ramdeni saxis eleqtruli muxti arsebobs bunebaSi?
12. ra SemTxvevaSi imuxteba sxeuli dadebiTad? uaryofiTad?
13. arsebobs Tu ara muxtebi neitralur sxeulze? ra Sinaarsi aqvs sxeulis
neitralurobas?
14. ras niSnavs muxtis invariantuloba?
15. ras niSnavs muxtis aditiuroba?
y
16. ra aris muxtis Senaxvis kanonis arsi? Camoayalibe muxtis Senaxvis kanoni.
17. ris tolia Jangbadis atomSi eleqtronebis jamuri muxti?

18. romel atomSia eleqtronebis jamuri muxti _1,6 . 10-18 kulonis toli?
p
19. ris tolia atombirTvis muxti: a) vercxliswyalSi? b) titanSi?
20. ris tolia liTiumis atomis birTvis muxti, Tu misi atomuri nomeri ele-
mentTa periodulobis cxrilSi Z = 3?
o
21. heliumis atomma 1 eleqtroni dakarga. ris tolia warmoqmnili ionis muxti?
22. mtvris nawilakma sinaTlis zemoqmedebiT erTi eleqtroni dakarga. ris toli
gaxda nawilakis muxti, Tu nawilakis Tavdapirveli muxti iyo:
C
a) _1,6 · 10_19 k; b) +1,6 · 10_19 k?
23. mtvris nawilakma erTi eleqtroni miierTa. ris toli gaxda nawilakis muxti,
Tu nawilakis Tavdapirveli muxti iyo: a) _1,6 · 10_19 k; b) +1,6 · 10_19 k?
't
24. ris toli gaxda firfitis muxti maSin, roca misi Tavdapirveli muxti iyo:
a) _10e da miierTa 4 eleqtroni; b) _ 4e da dakarga 4 eleqtroni;
g) +10e da miierTa 4 eleqtroni; d) +10e da dakarga 4 eleqtroni.
25. xaxunisas minis joxidan abreSumis qsovilze 6 . 1013 eleqtroni gadavida.
n
gansazRvre joxis muxtis sidide.
26. bewvze ebonitis joxis xaxunisas joxis muxtis absoluturi sidide 8 . 10-7 k-is
toli gaxda. miierTa Tu dakarga joxma eleqtronebi? ramdeni?
o
27. abreSumze minis joxis xaxunisas joxis muxtis absoluturi sidide 3,2 . 10-10 k-is
toli gaxda. miierTa Tu dakarga joxma eleqtronebi? ramdeni?
28. eleqtroskops gadasces muxti: q = _ 6,4 . 10-10 k-is toli gaxda. ramdeni Warbi
D
eleqtroni SeiZina eleqtroskopma?
29. SeiZleba Tu ara bunebaSi arsebobdes nawilaki, romlis muxtis absoluturi
sidide 27,2 . 10-19 k-ia? Tu arsebobs, gamoTvale, ramdeni eleqtroni aklia
(an Warbi) aqvs mas?
30. A eleqtroskops q muxti gadasces (sur. 10). rogor gadanawildeba q muxti
B, C da D eleqtrokopebze, Tu:
a) A eleqtroskopi erTi gamtariT rigrigobiT SeaerTes jer mxolod B
eleqtroskopTan, xolo Semdeg mxolod C-sTan da mxolod D-sTan.
b) A eleqtroskopi erTdroulad SeaerTes sami gamtariT danarCenebTan.
31. ori erTnairi liTonis burTulidan erT-
erTis muxti 4 nk-ia, xolo meoris muxti
_ (_12) nk-ia. burTulebi jer erTmaneTs
Seaxes, xolo Semdeg gaacalkeves. rogori
muxti eqneba TiToeul burTulas Sexebis
Semdeg?
sur. 10
57
32. rogori muxti eqneba sami erTnairi liTonis burTulidan TiToeuls, Tu

samive jer erTmaneTs Seaxes, xolo Semdeg daacalkeves? burTulebis sawyisi
muxtebia 6 nk, _4 nk da 7 nk.
1.5 kulonis kanoni

Camoayalibe.
y
1. Camoayalibe eleqtrostatikis ZiriTadi kanoni _ kulonis kanoni;
2. rogori muxtebisTvisaa dawerili kulonis kanoni?
3. ras ewodeba wertilovani muxti?
p
4. rogor Caiwereba maTematikurad kulonis kanoni? gansazRvre formulaSi
Semavali sidideebi.
5. ra aris kulonis kanonSi Semavali k proporciulobis koeficientis:
o
a) ricxviTi mniSvneloba? b) erTeuli? g) fizikuri arsi (ras gviCvenebs is)?
6. ra aris muxtis erTeuli SI sistemaSi?
7. ramdeni kulonis tolia 1 mikrokuloni? 1 nanokuloni?
8. rogoria muxtebis urTierTqmedebis kulonuri Zalebi:
C
a) moduliT? b) mimarTulebiT?
SeniSvna: Tu №9 - 27 amocanebSi specialuri miTiTeba ar aris, CaTvale, rom
't
muxtebi wertilovania da vakuumSia moTavsebuli.
9. me-11 suraTze gamosaxuli grafikebidan romeli aRwers or wertilovan uZrav

muxts Soris urTierTqmedebis Zalis modulis damokidebulebas erT-erTi
n
muxtis absolutur sidideze? cnobilia, rom muxtebs Soris manZili ucv-
lelia.
D o
10. me-12 suraTze gamosaxuli grafikebidan, romeli aRwers or wertilovan
uZrav muxts Soris urTierTqmedebis Zalis modulis damokidebulebas mux-
tebs Soris manZilze?
sur. 11
sur. 12
11. ris tolia ori muxtis urTierTqmedebis kulonuri Zalis moduli vakuumSi,
Tu TiToeuli muxtis sidide 1 k-ia, xolo maT Soris manZili _ 1 m.
12. rogor Seicvleba or wertilovan muxts Soris eleqtrostatikuri urTier-
Tqmedebis Zalis moduli, Tu:
a) erTi muxtis sidide 2-jer gaizrdeba (maT Soris manZili ucvlelia)?
b) TiToeuli muxti sidide 3-jer Semcirdeba (maT Soris manZili ucvlelia)?
g) muxtebs Soris manZili 4-jer Semcirdeba?
58
d) muxtebs Soris manZili 2-jer gaizardeba?

e) Tu muxtebs Soris manZili 2-jer Semcirdeba, xolo erT-erTi muxti 2-jer
gaizrdeba?
v) TiToeulis sidide 2-jer Semcirdeba, xolo maT Soris manZili 3-jer
gaizrdeba?
z) TiToeulis sidide 3-jer gaizrdeba, xolo maT Soris manZili 2-jer Sem-
cirdeba?
13. gansazRvre Zalis moduli, romliTac vakuumSi moTavsebuli ori wertilo-
y
vani muxti urTierTqmedebs, Tu cnobilia, rom:
a) q1 = 2 · 10-8 k; q2 = _ 4 · 10-8 k da maT Soris manZili 6 sm-ia;
b) q1 = 9 · 10-7 k; q2 = _ 8 · 10-7 k da maT Soris manZili 9 sm-ia;
p
g) q1 = 2 · 10-7k; q2 = 1,5 · 10-6k da muxtebi erTmaneTisgan 20 sm-iTaa daSore-
buli.
14. gamoTvale, ramdenjer aRemateba or eleqtrons Soris eleqtrostatikuri
o
urTierTqmedebis Zala maT Soris gravitaciuli urTierTqmedebis Zalas.
15. ra sididis muxti unda gadavceT or 10-gramian liTonis burTulas, rom
urTierTqmedebis kulonurma Zalam burTulebs Soris gravitaciuli ur-
TierTqmedebis Zala gaawonasworos? burTulebs Soris manZili gacilebiT
C
aRemateba maT radiusebs.
16. gansazRvre urTierTqmedebis Zalis moduli 10 km-iT daSorebul or Rru-
bels Soris, Tu maTi muxtebi 10 da 20 k-ia. CaTvale, rom urTierTqmedeba
't
Rrublebs Soris kulonis kanoniT aRiwereba.
17. 1 m-iT daSorebuli ori erTnairi wertilovani muxti vakuumSi 1 n ZaliT
urTierTqmedebs. gansazRvre am muxtebis sidide.
n
18. vakuumSi 50 sm-iT daSorebuli ori erTnairi muxti 3,6 n ZaliT urTierTq-
medebs. gansazRvre, ris tolia am muxtebis sidide.
19. vakuumSi 10 mm-iT daSorebuli ori erTnairi dadebiTi muxti erTmaneTisgan
o
0,72 mn ZaliT ganizideba. gansazRvre, ris tolia am muxtebis sidide.
20. vakuumSi erTmaneTisgan 10 sm-iT daSorebuli ori wertilovani muxti erTma-
neTisgan 6 · 10-5 n ZaliT ganizideba. gamoTvale maT Soris urTierTqmedebis
Zalis moduli, Tu muxtebs kidev 10 sm-iT davaSorebT.
D
21. 6 sm-iT daSorebuli ori muxti vakuumSi 0,9 mkn ZaliT urTierTqmedebs. ra
manZilze iqneba urTierTqmedebis Zalis moduli 0,9 mkn-is toli?
22. gansazRvre, ra manZiliTaa daSorebuli erTmaneTisgan vakuumSi moTavsebuli
ori wertilovani muxti, Tu cnobilia, rom q1 = 2 · 10-7k, q2 = _ 4,5 · 10-7k
da maT Soris urTierTqmedebis Zala 0,1 n-ia.
23. gansazRvre manZili 1 mkk da 10 nk muxtebs Soris, Tu urTierTqmedebis Zalis
modulia 9 mn;
24. 6 sm-iT daSorebuli ori muxti vakuumSi 0,9 mkn ZaliT urTierTqmedebs. ra
manZilze iqneba urTierTqmedebis Zalis moduli 0,9 mkn-is toli?
25. gamoTvale urTierTqmedebis Zala 1 sm-iT daSorebul or burTulas Soris
vakuumSi mas Semdeg, rac erTi maTganidan meoreze milioni Warbi eleqtroni
gadava.
26. uaryofiTad damuxtuli mtvris ori nawilaki vakuumSi erTmaneTisgan 3 mm
manZiliTaa daSorebuli da erTmaneTs 4 · 10-5 n ZaliT ganizidavs. CaTvale,
rom nawilakebi erTnairi muxtiTaa damuxtuli da gansazRvre Warbi eleqtro-
nebis raodenoba TiToeul maTganze.
59
27. vakuumSi liTonis ori dadebiTad damuxtuli burTula erTmaneTisgan 10

sm manZiliTaa daSorebuli da 0,23 mn ZaliT urTierTqmedebs. gansazRvre,
ramdeni eleqtroni aklia TiToeul maTgans, Tu cnobilia, rom burTulebis
muxti sididiT erTnairia.

1. raSi mdgomareobs ZalTa superpoziciis (zeddebis) principi.
2. liTonis ori erTnairi burTula, romelTa muxtebia _2 · 10-8k da _4 · 10-8k,
y
erTmaneTs Seaxes da Semdeg 10 sm-iT daaSores. gamoTvale Sexebis Semdeg
maTi urTierTqmedebis Zalis moduli vakuumSi.
3. ori erTnairi birTvi, romelTa muxtebia 9 · 10-9 da _2 · 10-9 k, erTmaneTisgan
p
40 sm-iTaa daSorebuli. birTvebi erTmaneTs Seaxes da Semdeg imave manZiliT
daaSores. gamoTvale birTvebis urTierTqmedebis Zalis moduli Sexebamde
da Sexebis Semdeg.
o
4. liTonis ori erTnairi burTula damuxtulia ise, rom erTi maTganis muxti
meoris muxts 5-jer aRemateba. burTulebi erTmaneTs Seaxes da Sexebis Semdeg
sawyis mdebareobaSi daabrunes. gansazRvre, rogor Seicvleba burTulebis
urTierTqmedebis Zala moduliT, Tu cnobilia, rom burTulebis muxtebi
C
a) erTnairniSniania; b) sxvadasxvaniSniania.
5. liTonis ori erTnairi burTula damuxtulia ise, rom erTi maTganis muxti
meoris muxts 7-jer aRemateba. burTulebi erTmaneTs Seaxes da Sexebis Semdeg
't
sawyis mdebareobaSi daabrunes. gansazRvre, rogor Seicvleba burTulebis
urTierTqmedebis Zala moduliT, Tu cnobilia, rom burTulebis muxtebi:
a) erTnairniSniania; b) sxvadasxvaniSniania.
n
6. daamtkice, rom Tu liTonis ori erTnairi burTula damuxtulia erTnair-
niSniani, magram sxvadasxva sididis muxtiT, maSin maTi Sexebisas da Semdeg
Tavdapirveli manZiliT daSorebisas urTierTqmedebis Zalis moduli au-
o
cileblad gaizrdeba. amasTan, rac ufro metia muxtis sidideebs Soris
gansxvaveba, miT metad gaizrdeba urTierTqmedebis Zalis moduli.
7. liTonis ori erTnairi burTula damuxtulia erTniSniani q da 4q muxtebiT.
maT Soris manZilia r. ra manZilze unda davaSoroT Sexebis Semdeg burTulebi
D
erTmaneTs, rom urTierTqmedebis Zala ar Seicvalos?
8. gansazRvre, ra Zala moqmedebs 5 · 10-7 k muxtze, romelic moTavsebulia
q1 = 10 mkk da q2 = _3 mkk wertilovani muxtebis SemaerTebeli monakveTis
SuawertilSi. cnobilia, rom manZili q1 da q2 muxtebs Soris 20 sm-ia.
9. 10 da 16 nk muxtebs Soris manZili 7 mm-ia. ipove im Zalis moduli, romelic
imoqmedebs 2 nk muxtze wertilSi, romelic mcire muxtidan 3 mm-iTaa daSo-
rebuli, xolo didi muxtidan _ 4 mm-iT.
10. q/2 sididis sacdeli muxti +q da _q muxtebis SemaerTebel wrfeze jer C
wertilSi moaTavses, Semdeg ki _ D wertilSi
D A C B
(sur. 13). Seadare sacdel muxtze moqmedi
Zalebis modulebi C da D wertilSi. cnobilia, +q –q
rom DA = AC =CB. sur. 13
11. 90 da 10 nk muxtebi erTmaneTisgan 4 sm-iTaa daSorebuli. sad unda movaTa-
vsoT mesame muxti, rom igi wonasworobaSi iyos?
12. 40 da _10 nk muxtebi erTmaneTisgan 10 sm-iTaa daSorebuli. rogori unda
iyos mesame muxti da sad unda movaTavsoT is, rom sistema wonasworobaSi
iyos? gaarkvie, mdgradia Tu ara sistemis wonasworoba.
60
I Tavis mokle Sinaarsi
13. sami erTnairi wertilovani muxti q1 = q2 = q3 =

9 nk ganlagebulia tolgverda samkuTxedis wve- αα
roebSi. ra sididis wertilovani q0 muxti unda
movaTavsoT samkuTxedis centrSi, rom sistema ℓ ℓ
wonasworobaSi iyos?
14. kvadratis wveroebSi ganlagebulia erTnairi T
α
wertilovani dadebiTi q muxtebi. ra sididis F
el
wertilovani q0 muxti unda movaTavsoT kvadra-
y
tis centrSi, rom sistema wonasworobaSi iyos?
15. erT wertilSi damagrebul or Zafze liTonis Fsim
burTulebi dakides da erTnairniSniani muxtiT sur. 14
p
damuxtes. Seadare, vertikalidan Zafis gadaxris kuTxeebi, Tu burTulebis:
a) masebi erTnairia. pirveli burTulis muxtis sidide meorisaze metia;
b) muxtebi erTnairia. pirveli burTulis masa meorisaze metia.
o
16. m masis ori erTnairi burTula erTnairi ℓ sigrZis ZafebiT erT wertilSi
dakides da erTnairi muxtebiT damuxtes. burTulebma erTmaneTi ganizida
ise, rom Zafebs Soris 2α sididis kuTxe Seiqmna (sur. 14). ipove burTulebis
muxti da Zafis daWimulobis Zala.
C
17. m masis ori erTnairi burTula erTnairi ℓ sigrZis ZafebiT erT wertilSi
dakides da erTnairi muxtebiT damuxtes. burTulebma erTmaneTi ganizida
ise, rom Zafebs Soris 900-iani kuTxe Seiqmna. ipove burTulebis muxti da
't
Zafis daWimulobis Zala.
n
eleqtrodinamikis im nawils, romelic uZrav eleqtrul muxtebs da maT
Soris urTierTqmedebas Seiswavlis, eleqtrostatika hqvia.
eleqtruli muxti skalaruli fizikuri sididea, romelic eleqtromagnitu-
o
ri urTierTqmedebis intensivobas gansazRvravs da damuxtul sxeulebs Soris
urTierTqmedebis Zalis moduls maT Soris manZilTan akavSirebs.
eleqtruli muxti q asoTi aRiniSneba. muxtis erTeuli SI sistemaSi 1 kulonia
D
(1 k). praqtikaSi xSirad gamoiyeneba muxtis sxva erTeulebi:
1 mikrokuloni (1 mkk) = 10-6 k; 1 nanokuloni (1 nk ) = 10-9 k.
eleqtruli muxti orgvaria: dadebiTi da uaryofiTi. daeleqtroebis dros
sxeuli:
a) dadebiTad imuxteba, Tu is gascems eleqtronebs (q > 0);
b) uaryofiTad imuxteba, Tu is miierTebs eleqtronebs (q < 0);
sxeulebi, romlebic erTi saxis muxtiTaa dae-
mizidva
leqtroebuli, erTmaneTs ganizidaven, xolo sxvadasx-
va saxis muxtebiT damuxtuli sxeulebi erTmaneTs mii-
zidaven, anu rogorc mokled amboben: erTnairniSniani ganzidva
muxtebi ganizideba, sxvadasxvaniSnianebi miizideba.
sxeuli (nawilaki) daeleqtroebisas kargavs an miier- sur. 1
Tebs eleqtronebis garkveul raodenobas da Sesabamisad, sxeulis (nawilakis)
muxti dakarguli an mierTebuli eleqtronebis ricxviT ganisazRvreba. eleq
troni umciresi, ganuyofeli, e. w. elementaruli muxtis mqone nawilakia. bu-
nebaSi elementarul muxtze ufro mcire muxti damoukideblad ar arsebobs.
nebismieri damoukideblad arsebuli nawilakisa da makroskopuli sxeulis muxti
61
ase gamoiTvleba: q = n e, sadac e elementaruli muxtia _ eleqtronis (proto-

nis) muxtis absoluturi sidide, e = 1,6 ∙ 10 -19 k, n nebismieri mTeli ricxvi
(eleqtronisTvis n = –1, xolo protonisTvis n = + 1, Sesabamisad qpr = + e da
qel = – e).
eleqtruli muxti invariantulia: sxeulis (an nawilakis) muxtis sidide
aTvlis sistemaze damokidebuli ar aris. muxti siCqareze damokidebuli ar aris.
eleqtruli muxti aditiuria (ikribeba): nebismieri sistemis muxti sistemaSi
Semavali sxeulebis (nawilakebis) jamuri muxtis tolia: q sist = q1 + q2 + q3+... + qn.
y
nebismier SemTxvevaSi daeleqtroebis movlena muxtis Senaxvis kanons emor-
Cileba. kanoni samarTliania sxeulTa (nawilakTa) Caketili, izolirebuli sis-
temisTvis, anu iseTi sistemisTvis, romelSic garedan ar Sedis da romlidanac
p
gareT ar gamodis damuxtuli nawilakebi.
Caketil sistemaSi Semavali sxeulebis (nawilakebis) jamuri eleqtruli muxti
ar icvleba: q1 + q2 + q3+... + qn = const
o
eleqtrostatikis ZiriTadi kanonia kulonis kanoni, romelic Sarl ogiusten
kulonma (1736 _ 1806) eqsperimentulad daadgina:
vakuumSi or wertilovan uZrav damuxtul sxeuls Soris urTierTqmedebis
Zalis moduli pirdapirproporciulia muxtebis modulebis namravlisa da uku
C
proporciulia maT Soris manZilis kvadratisa.
|q |∙| q |
kulonis kanoni maTematikurad ase Caiwereba: F = k 1 2 2 , sadac k pro-
r
't
porciulobis koeficientia, |q 1| da | q 2| muxtebis absoluturi sidideebia
(modulebia), xolo r muxtebs Soris manZilia.
uZrav eleqtrul muxtebs Soris urTierTqmedebas eleqtrostatikuri, anu
kulonuri, urTierTqmedeba ewodeba, am urTierTqmedebisas aRZrul, me-2 for-
n
muliT gamosaxul Zalas ki _ kulonuri Zala.
SI sistemaSi k proporciulobis koeficienti asec SeiZleba Caiweros:
1
k= . ε -s eleqtruli mudmiva hqvia (ε berZnuli asoa da ikiTxeba, rogorc
o
4πε0 0
èfsilon~) da misi ricxviTi mniSvneloba ase gamoisaxeba:
1 k2
ε0 = = 8,85 ∙10-12
D
4πk nm2
kulonis kanoni SeiZleba asec Caiweros:
1 |q | ∙ |q |
F = ∙ 1 2 2
4πε0 r
kulonuri Zalebi muxtebis (maTi centrebis) SemaerTebeli wrfis gaswvrivaa
mimarTuli (sur. 2) da Zalis mimarTuleba imis mixedviT ganisazRvreba, muxtebi
erTnairniSniania (sur. 2a) Tu sxvadasxvaniSniani (sur. 2b):
a) b)
q1 q2 q1 q2
F2,1 F1,2 F2,1 F1,2
_ _ _ +
r r
sur. 2
62
proeqti # 5. rogor gavxdeT msoflios mbrZanebeli,
anu faradeis galia
Tavi II
eleqtruli
veli
py
sur. 1
C o
't
`...eleqtroteqnikis TvalsazrisiT adamianis sxeulis
agebulebis Seswavlam damarwmuna, rom Cveni sxeuli war-
moadgens eleqtrosadgurs, romelsac SeuZlia gamoasxivos
n
da miiRos eleqtromagnituri talRebi…
…rkinis xSiri badisagan sakuTari xeliT gavakeTe galia
da izolatorebze Sevdgi, bade survilisamebr SemeZlo da-
o
memiwebina. galiis win ZaRls davsvamdiT, galiaSi ki dugovi
ijda. roca galia damiwebuli ar iyo, ZaRli warmatebiT
asrulebda dugovis azrobriv brZanebebs, magram sakmari-
D
si iyo, galiis liTonis garsi dagvemiwebina da araviTari
STagoneba aRar aRwevda ZaRlamde: tvinis gamosxivebuli
talRebi liTonis bades xvdeboda da miwas erTvoda…
ase rom, Tu tans liTonis Txeli badiT davifaravT,
Stirneris azrebs, anu misi tvinis mier gamosxivebul eleq
tromagnitur talRebs, bade daiWers da miwas gadascems.
veRarafers dagvaklebs misi gamosxiveba. Stirneris tvinze
zemoqmedebisTvis ki azrebs saizolacio kostiumis Cauc-
melad gadavcem…~
ase aRwers fantastikuri romanis, „msoflios mbrZane-
blis~, gmiri sakuTar gamogonebas, `rkinis xSiri badisa-
gan~ gakeTebul galias, romelic kacobriobas msoflios
mbrZaneblobis surviliT Sepyrobili erTi adamianis akvia-
tebuli azrebisgan ixsnis… im adamianis, romelic miznis
miRwevas iseTive rkinis galiis daxmarebiT apirebda.
diax, es fantastikaa, romelic mwerlis warmosaxvis
nayofia, Tumca sruliad realur fizikur movlenas efuZ-
proeqti # 5. rogor gavxdeT msoflios mbrZanebeli, anu faradeis galia
neba: `rkinis galia~, romelic sxeuls gare eleqtruli velis zemoqmedebisgan

icavs, fantastika sulac ar aris. es sinamdvilea da mas faradeis galia hqvia.
maikl faradei (1791 _1867) ingliseli mecnieria, romlis roli eleqtrodina-
mikisa da eleqtroqimiis ganviTarebaSi ganusazRvrelad didia. mis saxels uka-
vSirdeba bevri iseTi genialuri gamogoneba, romlebsac dResac ar daukargavs
Tavisi aqtualuroba (mag., eleqtroZrava, transformatori). erT-erTi maTgani
e. w. `faradeis galiaa~, romelic mecnierma 1836 wels Seqmna.
faradeis galia martivi mowyobilobaa (rogorc yvelaferi genialuri!): is
y
erTgvari saTavsia (yuTia), romlis kedlebi liTonisganaa (gamtari masalisganaa)
damzadebuli. saTavsis kedlebad liTonis mTliani firfitebi an bade gamoiye-
neba (sur. 2-4). swored liTonis badisgan damzadebuli saTavsi qmnis `galiis~
p
STabeWdilebas da amitomac ewoda es saxeli. faradeis galiis damzadeba advi-
lad SegiZlia da amisaTvis sayofacxovrebo nivTebic gamogadgeba. mag., liTonis
nebismieri WurWeli (qvabi, saTli, qila, yuTi). mTavaria, WurWlis Sida kedlebi
o
aragamtari masaliT iyos dafaruli (sur. 5). faradeis galiisTvis SegiZlia
wvrili badisgan damzadebuli nivTebic gamoiyeno, mag., liTonis saceri.
sur. 2
't
sur. 3
C sur. 4 sur. 5
n
davaleba 1. Caatare cda da daakvirdi: icavs Tu ara faradeis galia masSi
moTavsebul sxeuls gare eleqtruli velis zegavlenisgan.
o
cdis Casatareblad dagWirdeba:
1. eleqtruli `sulTani~ _ erTgvari eleq-
troskopi;
2. faradeis galia _ aseTi `galia~ samzareu-
D
loSic SegiZlia ipovo an samSeneblo badis-
gan advilad daamzado.
daamzade eleqtruli `sulTani~ (sur. 6):
1. gamoWeri folgisgan (an Cveulebrivi Txe-
li qaRaldis furclisgan) marTkuTxedi
(50 X 80 mm);
2. marTkuTxedi mTel sigrZeze viwro zo- sur. 6
lebad daWeri, oRond ise, rom marTkuTxedi bolomde ar gaWra: zole-
bi erTi boloTi erTmaneTs ar unda dascildes. daWrili marTkuTxedi
gadaaxvie da gauWreli bolo moukari _ es `sulTnis~ foCebia.
3. qaRaldis samagris erTi bolo gaSale, xolo meore _ sayrdenad ga-
moiyene da miRebuli konstruqcia furcelze moaTavse;
4. moaTavse samagris gaSlili bolos wverze folgisgan damzadebuli
`sulTnis~ foCebi da xelsawyo, romelic eleqtruli velis aRmoCe-
naSi dagexmareba, mzadaa!
64
Caatare cda:
5. miuaxloe `sulTnis~ foCebs Salis qsovilze
an mSral Tmaze xaxuniT daeleqtroebuli
savarcxeli (saxazavi) an damuxtuli eleq
trofori (ix. proeqti #3). aRwere cdis
Sedegi.
6. moaTavse amjerad `sulTani~ faradeis galiis sur. 7
qveS (sur. 5) da miuaxloe mas daeleqtroebuli
y
savarcxeli (saxazavi). daakvirdi: imoqmeda Tu ara Zalam `sulTanze~?
Tu Sen mier gamoyenebulma galiam `sulTani~ eleqtruli velis zemoq
medebisgan ver daicva, gamoikvlie xelis SemSleli mizezebi. ecade,
p
aRmofxvra isini da Caatare cda xelaxla.
7. Seamowme: icavs Tu ara sworad damzadebuli faradeis galia `sul-
Tans~ magnitis zemoqmedebisgan;
o
faradeis galia namdvilad icavs gare
eleqtruli velisgan masSi moTavsebul sxeu-
lebs da am movlenas fizikaSi èleqtrosta
C
tikur dacvas~ uwodeben. swored am movlenis
imedad grZnoben Tavs daculad `samecnie-
ro Teatris~ msaxiobebi, romlebic saxifaTo
't
eqsperimentebs Teatraluri warmodgenebis
saxiT dgamen (sur. 8): faradeis galias, rom-
lis SigniTac msaxiobi imyofeba, eleqtruli
n
generatoris daxmarebiT xelovnurad Seq
mnili `mexi~ ecema! faradeis galia ramdenime
milioni volti Zabvis qveSaa, Tumca msaxiobi
o
sruliad uvnebelia. metic, uamravi mayureb-
lisgan gansxvavebiT, mSvidadaa, radgan zus- sur.8
tad icis, rom fizikis kanonebi ar `tyuian~.
davaleba 2. axseni, ra aris movlena, èleqtrostatikuri dacvis~ fi-
D
zikuri arsi.
davaleba 3. moiZie informacia da gamoarkvie:
• ra mavne zegavlena SeiZleba hqondes eleqtromagnitur vels sxva
dasxva eleqtromowyobilobaze (mag., mrewvelobaSi, medicinaSi,
yofa-cxovrebaSi gamoyenebul aparaturaze) da rogor cdiloben am
zegavlenis Tavidan acilebas;
• daakvirdi televizoris antenasTan SemaerTebeli kabelis Wrils
(sur. 9). mas zogjer liTonis ormagi damcavi fena (e. w. ekrani) aqvs
liTonis wnuli folga
mTavari sadeni
dieleqtriki sur. 9
65
y
sur. 10 sur. 11 sur. 12
p
liTonis wnulisa da folgis saxiT. gaarkvie, ra aris liTonis dam-
cavi fenis (ekranis) daniSnuleba;
• ratom aTavseben sxvadasxva sididis gamzom uzustes xelsawyoebs
o
liToniskedlian oTaxSi (sur. 10);
• ratom faraven eleqtromowyobilobebs yvela mxridan liTonis badiT
(sur. 11,12);
C
• rogor icaven Weqa-quxilisgan navebsa da xomaldebs gaSlil zRvaSi,
avtomobilebs, TviTmfrinavebs;
• ra SemTxvevaSi icavs faradeis galia magnituri velis zemoqmedebisgan
't
masSi moTavsebul sxeuls;
davaleba 4. daamzade faradeis galia, romelic Sen mier SerCeul eleq
tromowyobilobebs (mag., mobilur telefons, planSets) gare eleqtro-
n
magnituri velis zemoqmedebisgan daicavs: Tu faradeis galias sworad
daamzadeb, mis SigniT moTavsebul mobilur telefons ver unda ukav-
Sirdebode.
o
aRwere faradeis galiis damzadebis TiToeuli etapi da maTi marTebu-
loba (ra masalisgan amzadeb saTavsis kedlebs, ra meTodebs mimarTav
SigTavsis izolirebisTvis, gamoiyene Tu ara damiweba, Tu iyeneb bades,
rogori unda iyos badis TiToeuli ujredis zoma da a. S.).
D
warmoadgine Sen mier Seqmnili `faradeis galia~ da prezentacia, romelSic
unda Candes:
1. `faradeis galiis~ damzadebis etapebis dawvrilebiTi aRweriloba da
`galiis~ moqmedebis principis axsna;
2. ra praqtikuli gamoyeneba aqvs `faradeis galias~ da raSi iyeneben mas
teqnikasa da yofa-cxovrebaSi.
proeqtze muSaobaSi dagexmareba masalebi, romlebic internetSia ganTa-
vsebuli misamarTebze:
http://bitly.ws/pmbB http://bitly.ws/pmdf http://bitly.ws/pme3
http://bitly.ws/oam2 http://bitly.ws/oakY http://bitly.ws/oakU
videomasalaSi asaxuli cdebi
http://bitly.ws/oanQ http://bitly.ws/oanK
http://bitly.ws/oap7 http://bitly.ws/pmci
66
2.1 eleqtruli veli
1. eleqtruli veli
1
abreSumis Zafze dakidebuli damuxtuli bur-
Tulebi erTmaneTTan axlos moaTavses (sur. 1).
y
gadaixreba Tu ara vertikaluri mdgomareobi-
dan pirveli burTula? meore? ratom?
cxadia, am kiTxvebze pasuxs Sarl kulonic gascemda,
p
Tumca is damuxtuli burTulebis urTierTqmedebas
eqsperimentulad dadgenil faqtad miiCnevda da ur- sur. 1
TierTqmedebis meqanizms (Tu ra gziT gadaecema garkveul manZilze erTi bur-
o
Tulis moqmedeba meores uSualod Sexebis gareSe) mecnieri ver axsnida.
mecnierebis Semdgomma ganviTarebam cxadyo, rom damuxtuli sxeulebis ur-
TierTqmedebas sakmaod rTuli xasiaTi aqvs. ingliseli mecnierebis maikl fara-
C
deisa (1791 _ 1867) da jeims klerk maqsvelis (1831 _ 1879) Sromebma safuZveli
Cauyara eleqtromagnituri urTierTqmedebis Tanamedrove Teorias, romlis
Tanaxmadac, nebismieri damuxtuli sxeuli Tavis garSemo qmnis eleqtrul vels,
't
romlis saSualebiTac sxva damuxtul sxeulTan eleqtromagnituri urTierTqme
deba xorcieldeba. am Teoriis Tanaxmad, or damuxtul nawilaks Soris urTier-
Tqmedeba ase aRiwereba: damuxtuli nawilakebi uSualod ar moqmedeben erTma
neTze. erTi damuxtuli nawilakis eleqtruli veli meore nawilakze moqmedebs
n
da piriqiT.
veli (eleqtruli, gravitaciuli, magnituri) materiis arsebobis gansakuTre
buli formaa. vels ar aqvs feri, suni, gemo, ar SeiZleba misi danaxva da xeliT
o
Sexeba. is, nivTierebisgan gansxvavebiT, nawilakebisgan ar Sedgeba. veli Cveni
cnobierebisgan damoukideblad arsebobs, imis miuxedavad, viciT Tu ara misi
arsebobis Sesaxeb. Tumca vels aqvs Tvisebebi, romelTa codna gvexmareba aR-
vweroT, ra aris eleqtruli veli da aRmovaCinoT misi arseboba sivrceSi.
D
2. eleqtruli velis ZiriTadi Tviseba
modi, martivi cdebis saSualebiT aRmovaCinoT eleqtruli velis ZiriTadi
Tvisebebi. CavataroT cda da davakvirdeT, rogor
ìqceva~ damuxtuli sxeulis garSemo arsebul siv
rceSi sxva damuxtuli sxeuli.
cda I
1. dakide folgisgan damzadebuli masra Sta-
tivis TaTze abreSumis (kapronis) ZafiT da
damuxte: Seaxe mas, mag., abreSumis qsovilze
xaxunisas daeleqtroebuli minis Rero.
2. miuaxloe (ar Seaxo!) damuxtul masras
plastmasis Rero (saxazavi) (sur. 2), romelic
a) daumuxtavia;
b) damuxtulia Salze xaxuniT. sur. 2
67
2.1 eleqtruli veli
daakvirdi: ra SemTxvevaSi imoqmeda masraze

Zalam? raze miganiSnebs Zalis arseboba?
imsjele cdis Sedegidan gamomdinare: rogor
aRmoaCen, damuxtulia Tu ara sxeuli (Rero)?
arsebobs Tu ara mis garSemo eleqtruli
veli?
3. miuaxloe damuxtul masras daeleqtroebu-
li plastmasis Rero (sur. 3) da daakvirdi:
y
rogor icvleba Zafis gadaxris kuTxe Rerosa
da masras Soris manZilis SemcirebasTan er-
sur. 3
Tad? raze miganiSnebs cdis es Sedegi?
p
gamoitane daskvna: sad ufro Zlieria eleqtruli veli, damuxtul Re-
rosTan axlos Tu misgan moSorebiT?
maS ase, damuxtuli sxeulis (muxtis) garSemo eleqtruli veli arsebobs.
o
eleqtruli veli damuxtul sxeulTan (velis wyarosTan) axlos ufro Zlie-
ria, vidre misgan moSorebiT. eleqtruli velis mTavari Tvisebaa, garkveuli
ZaliT imoqmedos velSi moTavsebul sxva damuxtul sxeulze (sacdel eleqtrul
C
muxtze). swored damuxtul sxeulze (sacdel eleqtrul muxtze) velis mxridan
moqmedi Zalis saSualebiTaa SesaZlebeli eleqtruli velis aRmoCena.
Zalas, romliTac eleqtruli veli masSi moTavsebul damuxtul sxeulze
't
(nawilakze, muxtze) moqmedebs, eleqtruli Zala hqvia (eleqtruli velis moqme-
debas neitralur sxeulze, mag., daumuxtav eleqtroskopze an qaRaldis nakuweb
ze, momdevno gakveTilebze ganvixilavT). imisaTvis, rom eleqtruli Zala ganv-
sazRvroT, saWiroa, SeviswavloT eleqtruli velis zogierTi maxasiaTebeli.
n
am etapze ganvixilavT uZravi muxtebis eleqtrul vels, romelsac eleqtros
tatikuri veli hqvia. eleqtrostatikuri veli drois mixedviT ucvleli, mudmi-
vi velia. momavalSi cvlad eleqtrul velsac ganvixilavT. statikur da cvlad
o
eleqtrul velebs Soris arsebiTi gansxvavebaa, Tumca aqvT msgavsi Tvisebebic,
romelTa Seswavlisas vels, ubralod, eleqtrul vels vuwodebT.
3. analogia gravitaciul da eleqtrul velebs Soris
D
sanam eleqtruli velis maxasiaTeblebs gavecnobiT, gaixsene: eleqtromagni-
turis msgavsad, gravitaciuli urTierTqmedebac velis (gravitaciuli velis)
saSualebiT xorcieldeba.
eleqtromagnitur urTierTqmedebas uZrav wertilovan muxtebs Soris kulo
nis kanoni aRwers:
|q 1|∙| q 2|
F = k (1)
r2
xolo gravitaciul urTierTqmedebas nebismier or sxeuls (nivTier wertils)
Soris _ niutonis msoflio mizidulobis kanoni:
m1 ∙ m2
F = G (2)
r2
sxeulis masas gravitaciul muxts uwodeben da eleqtrodinamikaSi misi ana-
logia eleqtruli muxti.
gravitaciul da eleqtromagnitur urTierTqmedebas Soris garkveuli msgav
seba saSualebas mogvcems, garkveuli movlenebi (axlac da momavalSic) im meTo-
68
eleqtruli veli 2.1
dis gamoyenebiT SeviswavloT, romelsac analogiis meTodi hqvia. mag., imisa-

Tvis, rom eleqtruli velis maxasiaTeblebi da maTi fizikuri arsi TvalsaCino
gaxdes, jer gravitaciuli velis msgavsi maxasiaTeblebi gavixsenoT (romleb-
sac Sen ukve icnob, Tumca, SesaZlebelia, sxva saxeliT) da Semdgom eleqtruli
velis maxasiaTeblebs gavecnoT.
Sen ici, rom nebismieri sxeuli Tavis garSemo gravitaciul vels qmnis. deda-
miwis miziduloba msoflio mizidulobis erT-erTi kerZo gamovlinebaa da amitom
dedamiwis gravitaciuli veli samyaroSi arsebuli sxva sxeulebis gravitaciuli
y
velisgan arafriTaa gamorCeuli, garda imisa, rom is Cveni, rogorc dedamiwaze
mcxovreblebis, gansakuTrebuli interesis sagania da met-naklebad ukeT vicnobT.
swored imitom, rom ùkeT vicnobT~, `dedamiwelebs~ dedamiwis gravitaciu-
p
li velis maxasiaTeblebis gamoyeneba imisaTvis, rom SemdgomSi sxva velebis
(kerZod, eleqtruli velis) maxasiaTeblebis fizikur Sinaarss ukeT CavwvdeT,
Zalian dagvexmareba.
o
4. gravitaciuli velis daZabuloba - gravitaciuli velis
Zaluri maxasiaTebeli
ganvixiloT dedamiwis gravitaciuli velis moqmedeba m
C
masSi moTavsebul m masis sxeulze.
Sen ici, rom Zalas, romliTac dedamiwa sxeuls izidavs, Fsim
't
simZimis Zala hqvia, anu simZimis Zala aris Zala, romliTac
dedamiwis gravitaciuli veli masSi moTavsebul sxeulze
moqmedebs (Seadare simZimis Zala eleqtrul Zalas). deda-
miwa am SemTxvevaSi gravitaciuli velis wyaroa, xolo m ma-
n
sis sxeuli, romlis moZraobasac vakvirdebiT gravitaciul
velSi, dakvirvebis obieqtia, anu e. w. sacdeli gravitaciu
li muxtia (sur. 4).
o
Sen aseve ici, rom simZimis Zalis moduli pirdapirpro
F sur. 4
porciulia sxeulis masisa, anu Sefardeba sim sxeulis masaze
m
damokidebuli ar aris. am sidides g asoTi aRniSnaven. imis gaTvaliswinebiT,
D
F
rom simZimis Zala veqtoruli sididea, cxadia, aseve veqtorulia sididea sim
m
Sefardebac da Sesabamisad g-c:
g = Fsim (3)
m
daakvirdi: me-3 formulidan Cans:
1. g veqtoris fizikuri Sinaarsi: g gviCvenebs Zalas, romliTac dedamiwis
gravitaciuli veli masSi moTavsebul erTeulovani masis sxeulze (sacdel gra-
vitaciul muxtze) moqmedebs. swored amitom g gravitaciuli velis Zaluri
maxasiaTebelia. mas gravitaciuli velis daZabulobas uwodeben da SI sistemaSi
misi erTeuli 1 n/kg-ia (gaixsene: Sen g -s sxva saxeliT icnob. mas Tavisufali
vardnis aCqareba hqvia. 1 n/kg = 1 m/wm2)
2. g -s mimarTuleba simZimis Zalis mimarTulebas emTxveva da yovelTvis qve-
viT, dedamiwis centriskenaa mimarTuli (radgan sxeuli masa (m), gravitaciuli
muxti, yovelTvis dadebiTi sididea, gansxvavebiT eleqtruli muxtisgan).
69
2.1 eleqtruli veli
3. sxeulze moqmedi simZimis Zala sxeulis masisa (gravitaciuli muxtisa) da

gravitaciuli velis daZabulobis namravlis tolia:
Fsim = m g
(4)
Tu CavTvliT, rom dedamiwa M masis wertilovani sxeulia, maSin misi gravi-
taciuli velis daZabulobis moduli ase gamoiTvleba:
F M
g(r) = sim = G 2 (5)
m r
y
sadac r velis wyarosgan (M masis wertilovani sxeulisgan) sacdeli gravita-
ciuli muxtis daSorebaa (sur. 5).
me-5 formulidan Cans: miuxedavad imi-
p
M sa, rom gravitaciuli velis daZabuloba
ricxobrivad, erTeuliTa da mimarTule-
r biT Tavisufali vardnis aCqarebas emTxve-
o
va, maTi fizikuri Sinaarsi gansxvavebulia.
gravitaciuli velis daZabuloba velis maxa
siaTebelia: damokidebulia mxolod velis
sur. 5
C
wyaroze (M masaze) da mocemuli wertilis
wyarosgan daSorebaze (r-ze). sacdel gravitaciul muxtze (velSi moTavsebuli
sxeulis m masaze) damokidebuli ar aris.
't
Tavisufali vardnis aCqareba (da, Sesabamisad, simZimis Zala) ki Tavs mxolod
maSin iCens, roca velis mocemul wertilSi sxeulia (sacdeli gravitaciuli
muxtia) moTavsebuli.
5. eleqtruli velis daZabuloba - eleqtruli velis Zaluri
n
maxasiaTebeli
gravitaciuli velis daZabulobis gacnoba saSualebas mogvcems eleqtruli
o
velis analogiuri maxasiaTebeli SemovitanoT da mis fizikur arss gavecnoT.
cdebiT mtkicdeba: eleqtruli velis mocemul wertilSi moTavsebul sacdel
wertilovan muxtze moqmedi eleqtruli Zalis Sefardeba am muxtis sididesTan
muxtis sidideze damokidebuli ar aris, amitom es Sefardeba eleqtruli velis
D
maxasiaTebladaa miCneuli. mas eleqtruli velis daZabuloba hqvia. daZabuloba
veqtoruli sididea. is E asoTi aRiniSneba.
eleqtruli velis daZabuloba tolia sacdel wertilovan muxtze velis mxri
dan moqmedi Zalis Sefardebisa muxtis sididesTan:
F (6)
E =
q
daakvirdi, me-6 formulidan Cans:
1. daZabulobis E veqtoris fizikuri Sinaarsi: daZabuloba gviCvenebs Zalas,
romliTac eleqtruli veli masSi moTavsebul erTeulovan sacdel muxtze
moqmedebs. swored amitom E veqtors eleqtruli velis Zalur maxasiaTebel
sac uwodeben.
n
2. daZabulobis erTeuli SI sistemaSi 1 k -ia;
3. sacdel wertilovan muxtze velis mxridan moqmedi eleqtruli Zala gamo
iTvleba formuliT:
F = q E (7)
70
eleqtruli veli 2.1
F F
+
q0 q0 E
a) E b)
sur. 6
4. daZabulobis veqtoris mimarTuleba sacdel muxtze moqmedi Zalis

a) TanamimarTulia, Tu sacdeli muxti dadebiTia (q > 0) (sur. 6,a)
y
b) sapirispiroa, Tu sacdeli muxti uaryofiTia (q < 0) (sur. 6,b).
6. wertilovani muxtis velis daZabulobaAA
p
vTqvaT, wertilovani q0 muxtis mier Seqmnili velis nebismier wertilSi sac-
deli q muxti moaTavses. kulonis kanonis Tanaxmad, q0 muxti q muxtze imoqme-
o
debs ZaliT, romlis moduli ase gamoiTvleba:
|q0|∙|q1|
F = k (8)
r2
C
wertilovani q0 muxtis eleqtruli velis daZabulobis moduli tolia:
F
E = (9)
|q|
't
me-8 da me-9 formulebidan gamomdinareobs, rom
wertilovani q0 muxtis eleqtruli velis daZabulobis moduli misgan r man
Zilze gamoiTvleba formuliT:
n
|q0|
E = k (10)
r2
o
ase rom, wertilovani q0 muxtis eleqtruli velis daZabulobis moduli pir-
dapirproporciulia q0 muxtis sididisa da ukuproporciulia q0 muxtidan ve-
lis mocemul wertilamde manZilis kvadratisa. es ki imas niSnavs, rom eleq
truli velis daZabuloba velis maxasiaTebelia: damokidebulia mxolod velis
D
wyaroze (q0 muxtis sidideze), wyarosgan daSorebaze (r-ze) da sacdel muxtze
damokidebuli ar aris.
wertilovani q0 muxtis mier Seqmnili eleqtruli velis nebismier wertilSi
daZabulobis veqtori mimarTulia (sur. 7):
a) im wrfis gaswvriv, romelic q0 muxts velis mocemul wertilTan aerTebs;
b) im kulonuri Zalis mimarTulebiT, romliTac q0 muxti velis mocemul
wertilSi moTavsebul dadebiT sacdel muxtze imoqmedebda.
E
A A
E
+ r – r
q0 > 0 q0 < 0
sur. 7
71
2.2 eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi
1. eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi

rogorc ukve ici, velis ZiriTadi Tvisebaa, gar
kveuli ZaliT imoqmedos masSi moTavsebul sacdel
muxtze. imisaTvis, rom veli TvalsaCinod warmovi-
dginoT, maTematikurad aRweris garda, mosaxerxe- sur. 1
y
belia velis grafikuli gamosaxva ZalwirebiT.
mag., imisaTvis, rom dedamiwis gravitaciuli
veli `davxatoT~, sakmarisia, mis nebismier wer-
p
tilSi gravitaciuli daZabuloba g veqtoris saxiT
gamovsaxoT (sur. 1). Tu dedamiwas `Soridan Sev sur. 2
xedavT~, gravitaciuli velis grafikuli suraTi
o
(Zalwirebis ganawileba) Seicvleba (sur. 2,3). me-4
suraTze gravitaciuli velis gamomsaxveli Zalwi-
rebis araerTgvarovani ganawileba sasargeblo
C
wiaRiseulis an rkinis madnis arsebobaze
miuTiTebs. gamoiyene simulacia, `daxate~
gravitaciuli velis Zalwirebi:
sur. 3
't
http://bitly.ws/od24
eleqtruli velis grafikulad warmodgenis me-
Todi pirvelad faradeim gamoiyena. is Tvlida, rom
Zalwirebi sinamdvileSic arsebobs da ZafebiviTaa sur. 4
n
gabmuli sivrceSi. maqsvelma ki daamtkica, rom
Zalwirebi realuri Zafebi ar aris, isini mxolod geometriuli wirebia, ro-
melTa ganlagebis suraTi erTgvar warmodgenas gvaZlevs velis ganawilebaze.
o
cxadia, eleqtruli velis daZabulobis E veqtoris gamosaxva sivrcis ne-
bismier wertilSi SeuZlebelia. amitom faradei iseT wirebs xazavda, romel-
Ta nebismier wertilSi gavlebuli mxebi am wertilSi daZabulobis veqtoris
mimarTulebas emTxveoda. am wirebs eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi, anu daZabu
D
lobis wirebi hqvia.
Sen ici, rom nebismier wertilSi velis daZabulobis E veqtoris mimarTuleba
am wertilSi moTavsebul dadebiT sacdel muxtze moqmedi Zalis mimarTulebas
emTxveva. Sesabamisad, wertilovani q0 muxtis eleqtruli velis daZabulobis
Zalwirebi radialurad (im wrewiris radiusebis gaswvriv, romlis centrSic
E E
sur. 5. gacalkevebuli wertilovani sur. 6. gacalkevebuli wertilovani

dadebiTi muxtis veli. uaryofiTi muxtis veli.
72
eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi 2.2
q0 muxtia moTavsebuli) mimarTuli wrfivi wirebia,

romlebic
a) gamodis q0 muxtidan, Tu q0 dadebiTia (q0 > 0)
(sur. 5);
b) Sedis q0 muxtSi, Tu q0 uaryofiTia (q0 < 0) (sur. 6);
me-7 da me-8 suraTebze gamosaxulia daZabulobis
Zalwirebis grafikuli suraTi im SemTxvevebisTvis, sur. 7
roca eleqtruli veli Seqmnilia sxvadasxvaniSniani
y
da erTnairniSniani ori muxtiT. gamoiyene simulacia
daakvirdi ramdenime muxtis mier Seqmnili velis
Zalwirebis grafikul suraTs:
p
http://bitly.ws/odn7
daakvirdi Zalwirebis suraTebs (sur. 5-8):
o
1. eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi Sekruli wirebi ar
aris: dadebiT muxtze iwyeba da uaryofiT muxtze mTa sur. 8
vrdeba. gacalkevebuli (sxva muxtebisgan usasrulod Sors myofi) muxtis velis

Zalwirebi
C
a) an usasrulobaSi midis (Tu gacalkevebuli muxti dadebiTia) da sadRac
Sors, uaryofiT muxtze mTavrdeba (sur. 5);
b) an usasrulobidan modis: sadRac Sors, dadebiT muxtze iwyeba da gacalke-
't
vebul uaryofiT muxtze mTavrdeba (sur. 6).
2. eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi erTmaneTs ar kveTs,
rac imas niSnavs, rom velis nebismier wertilSi daZa-
bulobis veqtors sruliad gansazRvruli mimarTuleba
n
E
aqvs.
1 ra moxdeboda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Zalwirebi
o
erTmaneTs gadakveTda (an Tundac Seexeboda) E
(sur. 9)? SesaZlebeli iqneboda Tu ara aseT
SemTxvevaSi daZabulobis veqtoris mimarTu- sur. 9
lebis calsaxad gansazRvra?
D
modi, CavataroT martivi cdebi da SevadaroT, ramdenad Seesabameba grafiku-
li suraTebi realurs.
cdebisTvis saWiroa:
eleqtroforuli manqana _ erTgvari genera-
tori, romelSic sxvadasxvaniSniani eleqtru-
li muxtebi xelis meqanikuri energiis xarjze
miiReba da gamtar burTulebze grovdeba;
2 cali eleqtruli `sulTani~. eleqtruli
sulTnis~ damzadeba Senc SegiZlia: Txeli qa-
Raldis (an folgis) furceli viwro zolebad
daWeri da ramdenime cali liTonis izoli-
rebul sadgamze ZafiT miamagre (sur. 10) an
SegiZlia, `sulTnis~ rolSi naZvisxis `wvimebi~
gamoiyeno. sur. 10
73
cda I
1. miuerTe `sulTnis~ Reros sadgami eleqtroforu-
li manqanis erT-erT burTulas;
2. abrune manqanis saxeluri: `sulTnis~ foCebi dai-
muxteba da maTi yoveli patara monakveTi erTgvari
sacdeli muxti gaxdeba, romelzec eleqtruli veli
imoqmedebs. TiToeuli monakveTi iseTi mimarTule-
biT orientirdeba, rogori mimarTulebiTac masze sur. 11
y
eleqtruli Zala moqmedebs (sur. 11).
3. daakvirdi, rogor ganlagdeba qaRaldis zolebi da Seadare wertilo-
vani muxtis eleqtruli velis grafikul suraTs (sur. 5,6).
p
gaiTvaliswine: yoveli cdis damTavrebisas eleqtroforuli manqanis
burTulebi unda ganmuxto: Seaxe burTulebi erTmaneTs.
o
cda II
1. moaTavse erTmaneTTan axlos ori `sulTani~;
2. miuerTe `sulTnebis~ Reroebi eleqtroforuli manqanis erTsa da imave
C
burTulas (anu damuxte isini erTnairniSniani muxtebiT).
3. daakvirdi: rogor ganlagdeba `sulTnebis~ foCebi da Seadare ori
erTnairniSniani muxtis eleqtruli velis grafikul suraTs (sur.7).
't
cda III
1. moaTavse erTmaneTTan axlos ori `sulTani~;
2. miuerTe `sulTnebis~ Reroebi eleqtroforuli manqanis sxvadasxva
n
burTulas (anu damuxte isini sxvadasxvaniSniani muxtebiT).
3. daakvirdi: rogor ganlagdeba `sulTnebis~ foCebi da Seadare ori
sxvadasxvaniSniani muxtis eleqtruli velis grafikul suraTs (sur. 8).
o
velis Zalwirebis `dasanaxad~ aseT cdas atareben: blant siTxeSi, romelic
kargi dieleqtrikia (mag., abusalaTinis zeTSi), eleqtrul vels qmnian da
masSi mcire zomis sxeulebs _ nawilakebs (dafqvil pilpils an Salis bususebs)
D
aTavseben. nawilakebi erTgvari sacdeli muxtebia, romlebic eleqtrul velSi
Zalwirebis gaswvriv ganlagdebian da Zalwirebs `xiluls~ xdian (sur. 12-15). am
cdis naxva SegiZlia internetSi misamarTze:
http://bitly.ws/ocPP
http://bitly.ws/ocPR
sur. 12 sur. 13
74
eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi 2.2
y
sur. 14 sur. 15
p
2. ra informacia SeiZleba miviRoT velis grafikuli
suraTidan?
1. Zalwirebis mixedviT SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT velis daZabulobis E veqtoris
o
mimarTuleba: nebismier wertilSi E veqtori am wertilSi gavlebuli mxebis
gaswvrivaa mimarTuli (sur. 16).
2. Zalwirebis sixSiris mixedviT SesaZlebelia eleqtruli velis daZabulo
bis modulis Sefaseba: wirebis sixSire metia iq, sadac velis daZabuloba ufro
C
Zlieria (sur. 16).
n 't
o
sur. 16
2 daakvirdi eleqtruli velis Zalwirebis ganlagebas:

1. or paralelur damuxtul firfitas Soris (sur. 14). firfitebs Soris,
D
Sua nawilSi, kideebisgan moSorebiT, velis Zalwirebi paraleluria.
rogor fiqrob, gansxvavebulia Tu ara daZabulobis moduli am adgilis
sxvadasxva wertilSi?
2. wawvetebuli formis damuxtuli sxeulis garSemo (sur. 15). sxeulis
ra adgilasaa veli gansakuTrebiT Zlieri? pasuxi axseni.
eleqtrul vels, romlis daZabuloba sivrcis yvela wertilSi erTnairia, er
Tgvarovani ewodeba. sivrcis gansazRvrul areSi eleqtruli veli SeiZleba er-
Tgvarovnad CavTvaloT, Tu velis daZabuloba am
areSi umniSvnelod icvleba. mag., erTgvarovnad
SeiZleba CaiTvalos eleqtruli veli or parale-
lur firfitas Soris, Tu firfitebis zedapirze
sididiT toli da sxvadasxvaniSniani muxti Tanab
radaa ganawilebuli (sur. 17).
sur. 17
75
2.3 fizika amocanebSi:
velebis superpoziciis principi
gaixsene ZalTa superpoziciis principi: Tu velis mocemul wertilSi mo-
Tavsebul sacdel q muxtze erTdroulad ramdenime sxva, q1, q2, ... qn, muxtis
eleqtruli veli moqmedebs, maSin sacdel q muxtze moqmed ZalTa tolqmedi
TiToeuli muxtis mxridan moqmedi eleqtruli Zalebis geometriuli jamis to-
lia:
y
F = F1 + F2 + ... Fn (1)
Tu 1-li tolobis orive mxares q-ze gavyofT da gaviTvaliswinebT, rom:
p
• F1 /q Sefardeba q1 muxtis eleqtruli velis daZabulobaa (E1) im wertilSi,
romelSic q muxtia moTavsebuli;
• F2 /q Sefardeba q2 muxtis eleqtruli velis daZabulobaa (E2) im wertilSi,
o
romelSic q muxtia moTavsebuli da a. S.
• F /q Sefardeba ki yvela muxtis mier erToblivad Seqmnili jamuri eleq
truli velis daZabulobaa (E ) im wertilSi, romelSic sacdeli q muxtia
C
moTavsebuli.
miviRebT, rom E = E1 + E2 + ... En (2)
't
me-2 toloba eleqtruli velebis superpo
ziciis princips gamosaxavs: Tu sivrcis moce
mul wertilSi damuxtuli nawilakebi qmnian
eleqtrul velebs (romelTa daZabulobebia
n
E1 , E2 , ... da a. S.), maSin velis jamuri daZabu
loba am wertilSi TiToeuli nawilakis velis
daZabulobaTa geometriuli jamis tolia.
o
eleqtruli velebis superpoziciis princi-
pis Tanaxmad, SesaZlebelia, sivrcis erTsa da
imave wertilSi ramdenime sxvadasxva muxtis
D
mier Seqmnili eleqtruli veli erTdrou-
lad arsebobdes. es velebi am wertilSi Se-
tanil sacdel muxtze erTmaneTisgan damou-
sur. 1
kideblad moqmedebs, anu rogorc amboben, am
wertilSi eleqtruli velebis zeddeba xdeba
(`superpozicia~ `zeddebas~ niSnavs) (sur. 1).
modi, ganvixiloT sxvadasxva amocana da vnaxoT, velebis superpoziciis prin-
cipis gaTvaliswinebiT, rogor SeiZleba vipovoT ramdenime damuxtuli nawi-
lakis mier Seqmnili eleqtruli velis daZabuloba.
amocana 1
ipove B da C wertilebSi moTavsebuli wertilovani q 1 = 10 –10 k da
q2 = 2 . 10–10 k muxtebis mier Seqmnili eleqtruli velis EA daZabuloba im
A wertilSi, romelic muxtebis SemaerTebeli wrfeze mdebareobs, Tu cno
bilia, rom AB = 3 sm, xolo BC = 9 sm. ganixileT A wertilis mdebareobis
yvela SesaZlo SemTxveva.
76
fizika amocanebSi: velebis superpoziciis principi 2.3
amoxsna
vTqvaT, A wertili B da C wertilebis Soris mdebareobs.
B C
q1 E2 A E1 q2
+ + +
rAB rAC
y
rBC
sur. 2
p
1. gaixsene: nebismier wertilSi velis daZabulobis E veqtoris mimarTu
leba am wertilSi moTavsebul dadebiT sacdel muxtze moqmedi Zalis
mimarTulebas emTxveva. davuSvaT, rom A wertilSi dadebiTi sacdeli
o
muxtia moTavsebuli. Sesabamisad, A wertilSi q1 da q2 muxtebis mier Seq
mnili velebis E1 da E2 daZabulobebis veqtorebi ise iqneba mimarTuli,
rogorc es naxazzea gamosaxuli (sur. 2).
C
2. velebis superpoziciis principis Tanaxmad, q1 da q2 muxtebis mier Seq
mnili jamuri velis daZabuloba A wertilSi ase gamoiTvleba:
EA = E1 + E2 (1)
't
3. imis gamo, rom E1 da E2 daZabulobebis veqtorebi erTi wrfis gaswvriv,
erTmaneTis sapirispirodaa mimarTuli, EA -s moduli ase gamoiTvleba:
EA= |E1- E2 | (2)
n
4. gaixsene: zogadad, wertilovani q0 muxtis eleqtruli velis daZabulo
bis moduli misgan r manZilze ase gamoiTvleba:
o
|q0|
E = k (3)
r2
ase rom, q1 da q2 muxtebis mier cal-calke Seqmnili velebis daZabulo-
bebis moduli A wertilSi, Sesabamisad, tolia:
D
|q | |q |
E1 = k 21 ; E2 = k 22
r AB r AC
5. Seitane E1 da E2-is mniSvnelobebi me-2 tolobaSi da gamoTvale A wer-

tilSi jamuri velis daZabulobis moduli EA.
6. dafiqrdi: ra mimarTulebisaa EA veqtori? ratom?
Seamowme pasuxi: unda migeRo: EA = 500 n/k. EA veqtori E1 veqtoris Ta-
namimarTulia.
1
ganixile A wertilis mdebareobis sxva SemTxvevac 1-l amocanaSi da ga-
moTvale EA.
Seamowme pasuxi: EA = 1125 n/k. EA veqtori E1 da E2 veqtorebis Tanami-
marTulia.
77
2.3 fizika amocanebSi: velebis superpoziciis principi
amocana 2 E1
ipove toli sididisa da sxvadasxvaniSnia A
ni ori wertilovani muxtis mier Seqmnili
eleqtruli velis daZabuloba im A wertil
Si, romelic mocemuli muxtebidan erTsa da E2
r r
imave r manZilze mdebareobs, Tu cnobilia,
rom muxtebic erTmaneTisgan imave r manZi
liTaa daSorebuli.
y
B r C
amoxsna
q1= +q q2= –q
1. amocanis pirobis Tanaxmad, A wertili da
p
sur. 3
orive muxti tolgverda ABC samkuTxedis
wveroebSi mdebareobs;
2. Tu warmovidgenT, rom A wertilSi dadebiTi sacdeli muxtia moTav
o
sebuli, q1 da q2 muxtebis mier am wertilSi Seqmnili velebis E1 da E2
daZabulobebis veqtorebi ise iqneba mimarTuli, rogorc es naxazzea
gamosaxuli (sur. 3).
C
3. velebis superpoziciis principis Tanaxmad, q1 da q2 muxtebis mier
Seqmnili jamuri velis daZabuloba A wertilSi ase gamoiTvleba:
EA = E1 + E2 (1)
't
E1 D
4. E1 da E2 veqtorebis paralelogramis
A
wesiT SekrebiT miviRebT, rom EA veqtori EA
E
sigrZiT ADEF paralelogramis patara AE
n
diagonals daemTxveva (sur. 4).
E2 F
5. q1 da q2 muxtebis mier cal-calke Seq r r
mnili velebis daZabulobebis moduli A
o
wertilSi, Sesabamisad, tolia:
|q1| |q2| B r C
E1 = k ; E2 = k
r 2AB r 2AC q1= +q q2= –q
D
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom |q1 |= |q2 |= q sur. 4
da rAB = rAC= r, miviRebT, rom
q
E1= E2 = k
;
r 2
6. ABC tolgverdaa, anu <BAC = <ADE = 600. es ki imas niSnavs, rom
ADEF paralelogrami rombia da amasTan AD = AF = AE. e. i. A wertilSi
jamuri velis EA daZabuloba
a) moduliT iseTivea, rogorc E1 da E2 daZabulobaTa moduli da ase
q
gamoiTvleba: EA = k 2 ;
r
b) mimarTulia horizontalurad, marcxnidan marjvniv.
2 amoxseni me-2 amocana im SemTxvevisTvis, roca q1 = q2 = + q.
q
Seamowme pasuxi. unda migeRo: EA = 3 E1 = 3 k .
r 2
EA daZabulobis veqtori mimarTulia vertikalurad zeviT.
78
2.4 gamtarebi eleqtrostatikur velSi
cda I
cdisTvis saWiroa: boTli, korpis sacobi, romelic
boTlis yels mWidrod ergeba, nemsi, rkinis makra-
teli, plastmasis savarcxeli.
y
1. moarge boTlis yels korpis sacobi, romelSic
nemsia gayrili;
2. moaTavse nemsis wverze Wiqa ise, rogorc es 1-l
p
suraTzea miTiTebuli da moaTavse zed liTonis
makrateli;
3. daaeleqtroe savarcxeli: gadaisvi ramdenjerme
o
sur. 1
Tmaze. gamoTqvi varaudi, ra moxdeba, Tu daeleq-
troebul savarcxels makratlis bolos miuaxloeb?
Caatare cda da Seamowme Seni varaudi.
C
4. Seecade, savarcxeli wriulad amoZrao da daakvirdi, rogor `moiqceva~
am dros makrateli.
axseni cdis Sedegi: ratom izidavs damuxtuli savarcxeli daumuxtav
't
sxeuls (rkinis makratels)?
Sen ukve ici, rogor moqmedebs eleqtruli veli masSi moTavsebul damux-
tul sxeulze, magram gaixsene: eleqtruli veli masSi moTavsebul neitralur
sxeulebzec moqmedebs. mag., daeleqtroebuli joxi izidavs aluminis folgis-
n
gan damzadebul daumuxtav masras, makratels, versoriumis isars, wylis wvril
Wavls, qaRaldis nakuwebs.
ratom izidavs damuxtuli sxeuli daumuxtavs? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad
o
da Cven mier Catarebuli cdis Sedegis asaxsnelad ganvixiloT, rogor moqmedebs
eleqtruli veli masSi moTavsebul gamtar sxeulze.
1. gamtari eleqtrostatikur velSi
D
gaixsene: gamtari iseT nivTierebas hqvia, romel- Egare = 0
Sic Tavisufali damuxtuli nawilakebia. gamtarebs
miekuTvneba: liTonebi, eleqtrolitebi da plazma.
eleqtrolitebisa da plazmis Tvisebebs mogvianebiT
gavecnobiT. amjerad liTonis erTgvarovani gamtaris
eleqtruli Tvisebebi ganvixiloT.
Sen ici, rom liTonis karg gamtarobas Tavisufali
eleqtronebis didi koncentracia ganapirobebs. neit
raluri atomebisgan liTonis warmoqmnisas atomebi
erTmaneTTan urTierTqmedeben, ris Sedegadac gare
savalento Sris eleqtronebi sakuTar birTvebs `swyde
bian~ da kristaluri mesris kvanZebSi ganlagebul da-
debiT ionebs Soris sivrceSi Tavisuflad, nebismieri
mimarTulebiT gadaadgildebian (sur. 2).
sur. 2
79
eleqtrul velSi moTavsebuli liTonis gam- Egare ≠ 0

taris Tavisufali eleqtronebi Zalwirebis sapi-
rispiro mimarTulebiT gadaadgildeba, dadebiT
ionebze ki eleqtruli Zala Zalwirebis mimarTu-
lebiT moqmedebs, Tumca kristaluri mesris kvan-
ZebSi ganlagebul dadebiT ionebs gadaadgileba
ar SeuZliaT (sur.).
imis gamo, rom velSi gamtaris Setanisas ele-
y
qtronebi mimarTulad gadaadgildebian, eleq-
trul velSi moTavsebisas gamtaris erT mxares
eleqtronebis, anu uaryofiTi muxtis, Warbi
p
raodenoba Seiqmneba, xolo meore mxares _
eleqtronebis danaklisi, anu dadebiTi muxtis
siWarbe. Sesabamisad, eleqtrul velSi moTavse-
o
bisas gamtaris erTi mxare dadebiTad daimuxteba,
xolo meore _ uaryofiTad (sur. 4). sur. 3
C
Egare ≠ 0
rogor fiqrob, ra moxdeba, Tu am
dros gamtars Suaze gavWriT?
't
gamtarSi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi muxtebis
gadanawilebis procesi im momentamde gagrZel-
deba, sanam am muxtebis mier gamtaris SigniT
n
Seqmnili veli mTlianad ar gaakompensirebs gare
eleqtrul vels (sur. 4).
Siga da gare velebis jamuri velis daZa-
o
buloba gamtaris SigniT nulis toli gaxdeba
da muxtebis moZraoba Sewydeba (daaxloebiT
10-13 wm-Si) (es momenti aucileblad dadgeba,
radgan winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, gamtaris SigniT
D
uwyveti eleqtruli deni aRiZvreba da siTbo
gamoiyofa. es ki, energiis mudmivobis kanonis E = Egare + ESiga = 0
sur. 4
Tanaxmad, SeuZlebelia. ase rom, eleqtrul
velSi moTavsebuli gamtaris SigniT eleqtrostatikuri veli nulis tolia.
2. eleqtrostatikuri induqcia
rogorc ukve ici, gare eleqtrul velSi gamtaris moTav
sebisas, gamtaris urTierTsapirispiro kideebze sxvadasxva
niSnis muxti grovdeba (inducirdeba). am movlenas eleq
trostatikuri induqcia hqvia. swored eleqtrostatikuri
induqciis Sedegia damuxtuli sxeulis urTierTqmedeba
daumuxtav gamtar sxeulTan, mag., damuxtuli savarcxlisa
makratelTan, versoriumis nemsTan, folgisgan damzade-
bul masrasTan da a.S.
daakvirdi me-5 suraTs: Tu daumuxtav gamtars (mak
ratels, nemss, masras) damuxtul sxeuls (savarcxels)
sur. 5
80
gamtarebi eleqtrostatikur velSi 2.4
miuaxloeb (ar Seaxeb!), am ukanasknelis eleqtruli velis gavleniT gamtaris

(mag., makratlis) Tavisufali eleqtronebi gadaadgildebian: Tu sxeuli
a) dadebiTadaa damuxtuli, eleqtronebi misken miizidebian;
b) uaryofiTadaa damuxtuli, eleqtronebi misgan ganizidebian.
dadebiTi da uaryofiTi muxtebis gacalkeveba gamtarSi manam gagrZeldeba,
sanam am muxtebis mier gamtaris SigniT Seqmnili veli gare vels ar gaakompensi-
rebs. gamtaris (makratlis) is nawili, romelSic eleqtronebis siWarbe Cndeba,
uaryofiTad daimuxteba, xolo mopirdapire mxare _ dadebiTad (dadebiTi ionebis
y
siWarbis gamo).
amasTan, damuxtuli sxeuli da gamtaris is mxare, romelic masTan axlos
imyofeba, sxvadasxvaniSniani muxtiT iqneba damuxtuli da Sedegad isini urTierT-
p
miizidebian. damuxtvis amgvar xerxs gavleniT damuxtva hqvia. swored gavleniT
damuxtva udevs safuZvlad eleqtroforul manqanaSi muxtebis inducirebas (maT
warmoqmnas eleqtrostatikuri induqciis Sedegad).
o
naxe video da daakvirdi gavleniT damuxtvas: http://bitly.ws/oexf
2 sxeulTa daeleqtroeba SesaZlebelia SexebiTa da gavleniT.
C
me-6 da me-7 suraTebze sxeulTa orive gziT daeleqtroebis
sqemaa gamosaxuli. axseni TiToeul SemTxvevaSi daeleqtroebis meqanizmi.
't
ebonitis joxi
liTonis
sfero
n
izolirebuli
sadgami
damiweba
o
a) b) a) b) g)
sur. 6. damuxtva SexebiT sur. 7. damuxtva gavleniT
D
3. eleqtrostatikuri dacva
cda II
1. damuxte izolirebul sadgamze damagrebuli gam
tari sfero (sfero erTi mxridan Riaa): Seaxe sferos
zedapirs daeleqtroebuli minis an ebonitis joxi. a)
2. Seaxe liTonis burTula (romelsac aragamtari

saxeluri aqvs) damuxtuli sferos zedapirs garedan
(sur. 8 a) da Semdeg miuaxloe eleqtroskops. gadaixa-
ra Tu ara eleqtroskopis isari? ratom?
3. ganmuxte liTonis burTula (Seexe xeliT) da
gaimeore cda. oRond amjerad liTonis burTula
sferos Sida zedapirs Seaxe (sur. 8 b) da miuaxloe
(an Seaxe) eleqtroskopis Reros. gadaixara Tu ara
b)
eleqtroskopis isari? rogor fiqrob, ratom?
sur. 8.
81
eleqtrul velSi moTavsebuli gamtaris SigniT eleqtrostatikuri veli nulis

tolia. metic, Tu damuxtuli an eleqtrul velSi moTavsebuli gamtaris SigniT
carieli sivrcea, maSin am sivrcis nebismier wertilSic daZabuloba nulis tolia.
swored es movlenaa e. w. eleqtrostatikuri dacva, romelic faradeis galiis
moqmedebas udevs safuZvlad: imisaTvis, rom gamzomi xelsawyoebi gare eleqtruli
velis arasasurveli gavlenisgan daicvan, maT liTonis yuTSi aTavseben. liTonis
yuTis garda, eleqtruli velis gavlenisgan liTonis badec icavs. Tumca gasaT
valiswinebelia is faqti, rom gare eleqtruli veli badis SigniT moculobaSi
y
aRwevs, magram mxolod badis ujredis zomis manZilebze, amitom badis ujredebi
sakmarisad patara unda iyos.
naxe video da daakvirdi eleqtrostatikuri dacvis movlenas:
p
http://bitly.ws/oexC
erTgvari `faradeis galiaa~ manqanis liTonis korpusic: Weqa-qu-
xilis dros gacilebiT usafrTxoa manqanaSi yofna, vidre mis gareT.
o
mexis dacemisas muxti manqanis SigniT swored eleqtrostatikuri
dacvis Sedegad ver aRwevs (da ara imitom, rom rezinis saburavebi
gicavs. isini SeiZleba Zlier eleqtrul velSi gamtaric ki gaxdes).
...da mainc, gaxsovdes usafrTxoebis damatebiTi zomebis Sesaxebac: Weqa-quxilis
C
dros manqanis gare antena Caswie, daxure fanjrebi da luki, ar Seexo avtomo-
bilis liTonis detalebs. gamorTe manqanis Zrava, radio da navigaciis sistema,
gadaiyvane mobiluri telefoni frenis reJimze. ar gaaCero manqana maRali xis
't
qveS!
4. gamtaris eleqtruli muxti
n
Tu muxtebi wonasworobaSia, maSin gamtaris
SigniT ara marto velis daZabuloba, aramed
muxtic nulis tolia. gamtaris mTeli stati- E = 0
o
kuri muxti mis zedapirzea gadanawilebuli
(sur. 9). winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, Tu gamtaris
SigniT muxti iqneboda, maSin mis garSemo velic
iarsebebda. gamtarSi ki eleqtrostatikuri
D
Zalwirebi gamtaris zedapi-
veli nulis tolia, rac imas niSnavs, rom gam ris marTobulia.
taris mTeli muxti zedapirzea Tavmoyrili. es sur. 9
daskvna marTebulia eleqtrul velSi moTavse-
buli rogorc daumuxtavi, ise damuxtuli gamtarisTvis.
5. velis Zalwirebi gamtaris zedapirze

gamtaris gareT eleqtrostatikuri velis Zalwirebi gamtaris zedapiris mar-
Tobulia (sur. 9). winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi iarsebebda velis daZabulobis mdge-
neli, romelic mimarTuli iqneboda gamtaris zedapiris gaswvriv da zedapirze
muxtebis mimarTuli moZraoba (eleqtrul deni) aRiZvreboda.
6. damuxtuli gamtari sferos (birTvis) veli

bunebaSi sferos (birTvis) an masTan miaxloebuli forma bevr sxeuls aqvs:
mag., atombirTvebs, wveTs, damuxtul burTulebs, romlebsac xSirad moixsenieben
amocanebSi. Sesabamisad, sainteresoa, vicodeT, rogor gamoiTvleba damuxtuli
gamtari sferos (birTvis) eleqtruli velis daZabuloba.
82
gamtarebi eleqtrostatikur velSi 2.4
E E
R q0 R
y
sur. 10 sur. 11
p
ganvixiloT R radiusiani damuxtuli gamtari sfero (birTvi), romlis zedapirze
q0 muxti Tanabradaa gadanawilebuli (sur. 10). rogorc ukve ici, gamtaris gareT
velis Zalwirebi gamtaris zedapiris marTobulia. Sesabamisad, sferos (birTvis)
o
mier Seqmnili eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi radialurad, sferos (birTvis) ra-
diusebis gagrZelebaTa gaswvrivaa mimarTuli da zedapirze ganlagebul muxtebze
iwyeba (an mTavrdeba) (sur. 10).
daakvirdi (sur. 10, 11): sferos (birTvis) gareT Zalwirebis ganawilebis gra-
C
fikuli suraTi zustad iseTivea, rogoric wertilovani muxtis velisa. mtkicdeba,
rom es ubralo SemTxveviToba ki ar aris, aramed sferos (birTvis) gareT velis
daZabuloba emTxveva wertilovani muxtis daZabulobas:
't
Tu damuxtuli gamtari sferos (an birTvis) zedapirze q0 muxti Tanabradaa
ganawilebuli, maSin sfero (an birTvi) iseTive eleqtrul vels Seqmnis sferos
(birTvis) gareT, rogorsac mis centrSi moTavsebuli q0 muxti Seqmnida.
n
gamtari sferos (an birTvis) eleqtruli velis daZabuloba:
1. sferos (birTvis) gareT ( roca r ≥ R) iseve gamoiTvleba, rogorc wertilovani
q0 muxtis velis daZabuloba (sur. 12):
o
|q0|
E=k
r 2
2. sferos (birTvis) SigniT ( roca r < R) velis daZabuloba nulis tolia (sur. 12).
D
(velis daZabulobis gamosaTvleli formulebi sxvadasxva geometriuli formis
wyaros SemTxvevaSi SegiZlia saxelmZRvanelos bolo gverdze naxo).
|q0|
E=k
E R 2
|q0|
E=k
r 2
E=0
O
r sur. 12
83
2.5 dieleqtrikebi
eleqtrostatikur velSi
1. polaruli da arapolaruli dieleqtrikebi

Sen ukve ici, ratom izidavs daeleqtroebuli joxi
neitralur gamtar sxeuls (mag., folgisgan damzadebul
burTulas): joxis eleqtruli velis gavleniT gamta-
y
ris SigniT dadebiTi da uaryofiTi muxtebis gacalke- +__ ++
veba xdeba, ris gamoc gamtaris erTi mxare dadebiTad +_ ++ +_ ++
_ _ _ __ _
daimuxteba, xolo meore _ uaryofiTad. joxi da gamta- +
p
ris is mxare, romelic masTan ufro axlosaa, sxvadasxva +
niSniT iqneba damuxtuli da joxi burTulas miizidavs +
(sur. 1). +
o
magram ratom izidavs daeleqtroebuli savarcxeli +
qaRaldis neitralur nakuwebs an wylis Wavls (sur. 2,3)? +
qaRaldi da wyali (gamoxdili) xom dieleqtrikia, ro- sur. 1 +
C
melSic eleqtrulad damuxtuli nawilakebi (eleqtro-
nebi da atombirTvebi) neitralur atomSia urTierTbmuli da maT velis eleq
truli velis gavleniT sxeulis mTel moculobaSi gadaadgileba ar SeuZliaT
't
(gansxvavebiT gamtaris Tavisufali muxtebisgan).
sur. 2
o n sur. 3
vnaxoT, rogor moqmedebs eleqtruli veli masSi moTavsebul dieleqtrikze.
D
amisaTvis jer dieleqtrikebis agebulebas gavecnoT.
dieleqtrikebi ori saxisaa: polaruli da arapolaruli.
polaruli dieleqtriki iseTi molekulebisgan Sedgeba, romlebSic dadebi-
Ti da uaryofiTi muxtebis ganawilebis centrebi erTmaneTs ar emTxveva, anu
aseTi dieleqtrikis molekulebi dipolebs warmoadgens, romlebsac ori polu-
si aqvT _ dadebiTi da uaryofiTi (sur. 4 a). polaruli dieleqtrikebia: wyali,
spirti, amiaki da sxv.
arapolaruli dieleqtrikebi iseTi molekulebisa da atomebisgan Sedgeba,
romlebSic dadebiTi da uaryofiTi muxte-
bis ganawilebis centrebi erTmaneTs emTxve-
va (sur. 4 b). arapolaruli dieleqtrikebia,
mag., inertuli airebi, Jangbadi, wyalbadi,
benzoli, polieTileni da sxv.
siTburi moZraobis gamo polaruli die-
leqtrikis dipolebi qaosuradaa orienti- b)
a)
rebuli, amitom polarul dieleqtrikSi sur. 4
84
dieleqtrikebi eleqtrostatikur velSi 2.5
y
a) b) g)
sur. 5
(rogorc zedapirze, ise mis nebismier moculobaSi) eleqtruli muxtis da Se-
p
sabamisad, eleqtruli velis daZabulobis saSualo mniSvneloba nulis tolia
(sur. 5a).
Tu polarul dieleqtriks or paralelur, sapirispiro niSniT damuxtul
o
liTonis firfitas Soris eleqtrul velSi movaTavsebT, velis mxridan Ti-
Toeul dipolze moduliT toli da mimarTulebiT sapirispiro ori Zala imo-
qmedebs (sur. 5b). Zalebi mabrunebel moments Seqmnis, dipolebi Semobrundeba
da velis Zalwirebis gaswvriv ganlagdeba: maTi
C
dadebiTi polusebi uaryofiTad damuxtuli fir-
fitisken Sebrundeba, xolo uaryofiTi polusebi
't
_ dadebiTad damuxtuli firfitisken (sur. 5g).
dieleqtrikSi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi muxtebis
sapirispiro mxares wanacvlebas dieleqtrikis po
larizacia hqvia.
n
miuxedavad imisa, rom siTburi moZraoba xels
uSlis dieleqtrikis polarizacias da is mxolod
nawilobriv polarizdeba, dieleqtrikis zedapir-
o
ze dadebiTad damuxtuli firfitis mxares metwi-
lad dipolebis uaryofiTi polusebi ganlagdeba,
uaryofiTad damuxtuli firfitis mxares ki _ met
wilad dadebiTi polusebi (sur. 6). amis gamo die-
D
sur.6
leqtrikis zedapirze Cndeba mopirdapire niSnis
bmuli muxti (anu muxti, romelsac dieleqtrikis SigniT
Tavisuflad gadaadgileba, gamtarebisgan gansxvavebiT,
ar SeuZlia). dieleqtrikis SigniT ki dipolTa dadebi-
Ti da uaryofiTi muxtebi erTmaneTs akompensirebs da + _
dieleqtrikis SigniT saSualo eleqtruli muxti isev
nulis tolia.
eleqtrul velSi moTavsebisas arapolaruli dieleq
trikic polarizdeba: misi molekula (an atomi) eleq sur.7
truli velis gavleniT TiTqos gaiweleba da dadebiTi
da uaryofiTi muxtebi sapirispiro mimarTulebiT wainacvlebs, ris gamoc ara-
polarul molekulaSi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi muxtebis ganawilebis centrebi
erTmaneTs aRar daemTxveva (iseve, rogorc polarulSi) (sur. 7). aseTi deformi-
rebuli molekulebi dipolebis msgavsad velis Zalwirebis gaswvriv orientir-
deba. dieleqtrikis zedapirze am SemTxvevaSic sapirispiro niSnis bmuli muxtebi
warmoiqmneba, swored ise, rogorc polaruli dieleqtrikis SemTxvevaSi.
85
2.5 dieleqtrikebi eleqtrostatikur velSi
ra moxdeba, Tu polarizebul dieleqtriks Suaze gavWriT? dieleqtrikis

mezobel molekulebs Soris mizidvis Zala gacilebiT sustia im eleqtromag-
nitur Zalaze, romelic molekulaSi sapirispiro niSnis muxtebs akavSirebs. Tu
dieleqtriks gavWriT, Wrilis zedapirze molekulebi mTlianobas SeinarCunebs
da Sesabamisad, dieleqtrikis orive nawili eleqtrulad neitraluri iqneba.
1
sur. 8
py sur. 9
o
Sen ukve ici, rogor moqmedebseleqtruli veli masSi moTavsebul die-
leqtrikze. axseni, ratom izidavs daeleqtroebuli sxeuli (plastmasis
savarcxeli) qaRaldis neitralur nakuwebs an wylis Wavls. gamoiyene
C
miniSnebad me-9 da me-10 suraTebi.
2. dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba
't
maS ase, rogorc polaruli, ise arapola- Egare
ruli dieleqtrikis eleqtrul velSi mo
Tavsebisas dieleqtrikis mopirdapire zeda-
ESiga
n
pirebze bmuli muxti warmoiqmneba (sur. 6).
zedapiruli bmuli muxti dieleqtrikis
SigniT Seqmnis vels, romlis ESiga daZabulo-
o
ba gare eleqtruli velis (damuxtuli fir-
fitebis velis) Egare daZabulobis sapirispi-
rod iqneba mimarTuli (sur. 10a) da Sedegad
eleqtruli veli dieleqtrikis Sig niT Se-
D
sustdeba (sur. 10b). imas, Tu ramdenjer sus-
tdeba eleqtruli veli dieleqtrikSi, gvi-
a) b)
Cvenebs sidide, romelsac dieleqtrikuli
SeRwevadoba hqvia. es sidide ε-iT (èfsilo-
sur. 10
niT~) aRiniSneba.
garemos (nivTierebis) dieleqtrikuli
SeRwevadoba fizikuri sididea, romelic gviCvenebs, ramdenjer naklebia eleq
truli velis daZabulobis moduli (E) erTgvarovan dieleqtrikSi imave muxte
bis mier Seqmnili velis daZabulobis modulze (E0) vakuumSi:
E0
ε= (1)
E
dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba damokidebulia nivTierebis agebulebasa da ga-
remo pirobebze(sxvadasxva nivTierebis dieleqtikuli SeRwevadobis cxrili
mocemulia saxelmZRvanelos boloSi). mag., wylis dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba
20°C-ze 81-ia, xolo haerisa _ 1, 0006 (dafiqrdi, ras giCvenebs es ricxvebi?).
86
dieleqtrikebi eleqtrostatikur velSi 2.5
dieleqtrikSi velis Sesustebis gamo wertilovani muxtis eleqtruli velis

daZabuloba im garemoSi, romlis dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba ε-is tolia, ga-
moiTvleba formuliT:
|q0|
E=k (2)
εr2
kulonuri Zala, msoflio mizidulobis Zalisagan gansxvavebiT, garemos Tvi-
sebebzea damokidebuli: Tu wertilovani eleqtruli muxtebi urTierTqmedeben
ara vakuumSi, aramed raime garemoSi, romlis dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba ε-is
y
tolia, maSin kulonuri Zalis moduli ε-jer Sesustdeba. Sesabamisad, kulonis
kanonis maTematikuri Canaweri aseT saxes miiRebs:
|q1| |q2|
p
F=k (3)
εr2
3. dieleqtrikebis gamoyeneba praqtikaSi
o
Tavisi Tvisebebis gamo dieleqtrikebs farTod iyeneben yofa-cxovrebasa da
teqnikaSi. mag., dieleqtrikebi, rogorc izolatorebi, gamoiyeneba maRali Zab-
vis gadamcemi xazebis anZebze dasamagreblad, eleqtruli sadenebis garsakra-
C
vad. dieleqtrikebs iyeneben aseve eleqtroteqnikaSi (mag., kondensatorebSi),
optikur xelsawyoebSi (e. w. optikis gasxivosnebisTvis) da a. S.
arsebobs gansakuTrebuli Tvisebebis mqone dieleqtrikebi, romlebsac pie
't
zoeleqtrikebs uwodeben. maT miekuTvneba, mag., kvarcis kristali.
Tu kvarcis monokristalidan gamoWrili firfitis deformacias movaxdenT,
ramdenjerme gavWimavT da SevkumSavT, maSin firfitis sapirispiro kideebs So-
n
ris eleqtruli veli aRiZvreba. aseTi monokristali iseTi sixSiris bgerebs
iWers, romelsac adamiani ver aRiqvams, mag., ultrabgeras. Tu, piriqiT, kvar-
cis monokristals cvlad eleqtrul velSi movaTavsebT, velis daZabulobis
o
mimarTulebis ganuwyveteli cvla kristalis uwyvetad deformirebas, anu rxe-
vas, gamoiwvevs, ris Sedegadac kristali ultrabgeras gamoscems.
piezoeleqtruli elementi gamoiyeneba Tanamedrove xmis Camwer xelsawyoeb
Si, piezoeleqtrul mikrofonebsa da telefonebSi, eqolokatorebSi, hidro-
D
lokatorebSi da sxv. gaige meti piezoeleqtrikebis Sesaxeb. moZebne informacia
misamarTebze:
http://bitly.ws/otQL http://bitly.ws/otQY http://bitly.ws/otR3
Tu Cveulebrivi minis an ebonitis joxs davaeleqtroebT, is sakmaod male

dakargavs eleqtrul muxts da cdebis Casatareblad misi kvlav daeleqtroeba
mogviwevs. dieleqtrikis erT-erTi saxeoba, eleqtretebi, ki unikaluri xelov-
nuri masalaa, romelic eleqtrul velSi polarizebis Semdeg Zalian didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi inarCunebs Tavis eleqtrul Tvisebebs.
87
ici Tu ara, rom...
`Gnathonemus petersii~ afrikis Wa-

obebis binadari Tevzia, romelic
Tavisi xorTumisebri wanazardiT
spilos waagavs, ris gamoc mas asec
moixsenieben: `spilo-Tevzi~.
spilo-Tevzi kudis midamoSi mde-
y
bare specialuri èleqtruli orga-
nos~ meSveobiT Tavis garSemo eleq
trul vels qmnis. Tevzis sxeulis
p
zedapirze ganlagebuli receptore-
bi am velis umniSvnelo cvlilebasac
o
ki myisierad grZnoben.
miuxedavad imisa, rom spilo-
-Tevzscudi mxedveloba aqvs, Tavisi
mgrZnobiare Sinagani eleqtrosiste-
C
ma navigaciis araCveulebriv unars
aniWebs.
spilo-Tevzi gamoscems eleqtrul signalebs, romlebsac radaris msgavsad
't
iyenebs, raTa Tavi aaridos dabrkolebas, moZebnos sakvebi, gaeqces mtace-
bels da bolos, moZebnos megobrebi. piezoeleqtruli yursasmenis saSuale-
biT eleqtruli signalebi bgerebad gardaiqmneba.
ase rom, Tu spilo-Tevzis `saubrebis~ mosmena gsurs, Sedi internetSi
n
misamarTze:
http://bitly.ws/otRy
http://bitly.ws/otRt
o
gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom zvige-
nebs unikaluri eleqtromgrZnobia-
D
re receptorebi aqvT: maT SeuZliaT,
ara marto iseTi eleqtruli Tevzebi
aRmoaCinon, romlebic Tavis garSemo
sakmaod Zlier eleqtrul vels qmnian,
aramed im susti eleqtruli velis
`danaxvac~ ki ZaluZT, romlebic mik
rofloris mieraa generirebuli.
magram aRmoCnda, rom zvigenebis
`xedvis~ diapazoni arc ise didia, ram
denime metrs ar aRemateba, magram es
sruliad sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom man
msxverpli okeanis fskerze, qviSis qveS damarxulic ki aRmoaCinos.
gaige meti zvigenebis eleqtrosensoruli sistemis Sesaxeb:
http://bitly.ws/otRF
88
2.6 eleqtrostatikuri velis muSaoba
1. eleqtruli energia m
1
1. warmoidgine usasrulo carieli sivrce
(sur. 1a), romelSic arc erTi sxeuli ar aris!
vTqvaT, aseT sivrceSi movaTavseT sxeuli.
y
a) imoqmedebs Tu ara sxeulze raime Zala?
b) imoqmedebs Tu ara sxeulze Zala, Tu cariel a)
p
sivrceSi dedamiwas `SevitanT~ da sxeuli
dedamiwis gravitaciul velSi aRmoCndeba m
(sur. 1b)?
o
g) gaixsene: rogori energia aqvs dedamiwis
gravitaciul velSi moTavsebul sxeuls de-
damiwasTan urTierTqmedebis Sedegad?
C
2. axla warmoidgine, rom usasrulo cari
el sivrceSi movaTavseT sacdeli q muxti b)
(sur. 1g).
't
a) imoqmedebs Tu ara q muxtze raime Zala? q
b) ra Seicvleba, Tu cariel sivrceSi q0 muxts
SevitanT da sacdeli q muxti mis mier Seqmnil
eleqtrul velSi aRmoCndeba?
n
g) gamoTqvi varaudi, ra saxis energia SeiZ q0
leba hqondes eleqtrul velSi moTavsebul
sacdel q muxts q0 muxtTan urTierTqmedebis g)
o
Sedegad? rogor fiqrob, aqvs Tu ara q0 mux- sur. 1
tis eleqtrul vels muSaobis Sesrulebis
unari? ratom?
D
damuxtuli sxeulebi urTierTqmedeben: erTmaneTs miizidaven an ganizidaven.
meqanikidan Sen ukve ici, rom sxeulTa urTierTqmedebis Sedegad am sxeulTa
sistemas potenciuri energia aqvs da muSaobis Sesruleba SeuZlia. potenciuri
energia aqvs damuxtul sxeulTa sistemasac. es ki imas niSnavs, rom damuxtul
sxeulTa sistemas aqvs unari, Seasrulos muSaoba. damuxtul sxeulTa potenciur
energias eleqtruli, anu kulonuri, energia hqvia.
atomSi eleqtronebis birTvTan urTierTqmedebis energia da molekulaSi
atomebis urTierTqmedebis energia ZiriTadad eleqtruli energiaa. eleqtruli
energiis uzarmazaria maragia atombirTvSi (swored am energiis xarjze gamoiyo-
fa siTbo atomuri eleqtrosadguris birTvul reaqtorSi).
2. erTgvarovani eleqtrostatikuri velis muSaoba

Sen ici, rom muxtze sxva muxtebi ara uSualod, aramed eleqtruli velis
saSualebiT moqmedebs. muxtis gadaadgilebisas swored velis mxridan moqmedi
eleqtruli Zala asrulebs muSaobas, romelsac SemdgomSi eleqtruli velis
muSaobas vuwodebT. yofa-cxovrebaSi, teqnikasa Tu warmoebaSi sxvadasxva sa-
xis eleqtrul xelsawyoebs viyenebT, romelTa moqmedeba swored eleqtruli
89
velis mier muxtebis gadaadgilebaze Sesrulebul muSaobas efuZneba. rogor

gamovTvaloT muSaoba, romelsac eleqtruli veli asrulebs?
amjerad mxolod erTgvarovan eleqtrostatikur vels ganvixilavT, romelic
uZravi muxtebiT iqmneba da drois mixedviT ucvleli, mudmivi velia. amasTan, er
Tgvarovania veli, romlis yvela wertilSi daZabuloba erTnairia. erTgvarovani
velis daZabulobis Zalwirebi paraleluri wirebia. absoluturad erTgvaro-
vani veli ar arsebobs, magram miaxloebiT erTgvarovnad SeiZleba CaiTvalos
veli or erTnair paralelur firfitas Soris (kideebidan moSorebiT), romle-
y
bic sididiT toli da sxvadasxvaniSniani muxtiTaa damuxtuli.
meqanikis kursidan ici, rom gravitaciul velSi or wertils Soris sxeu-
lis gadaadgilebisas simZimis Zalis muSaoba sxeulis moZraobis traeqtoriaze
p
damokidebuli ar aris.
kulonis kanons, romelic wertilovani damuxtuli sxeulebis urTierTqmede-
bas aRwers, iseTive maTematikuri Canaweri aqvs, rogoric msoflio mizidulobis
o
kanons. am analogiaze dayrdobiT, SegviZlia, vivaraudoT, rom eleqtrostati
kur velSi or wertils Soris muxtis gadaadgilebisas eleqtruli veli asrule
bs muSaobas, romelic muxtis moZraobis traeqtoriis formaze damokidebuli ar
aris.
C
imisaTvis, rom gamovTvaloT muSaoba, romelsac
erTgvarovani eleqtrostatikuri veli muxtis gada- E +
adgilebisas asrulebs, ganvixiloT sacdeli dadebi-
't
+
Ti q muxtis gadaadgileba velis or wertils Soris
Zalwirebis gaswvriv. +
d2 ∆d
vTqvaT, sacdeli q muxti sxvadasxvaniSniani mux-
tiT damuxtul paralelur firfitebs Soris er- +
n
2 1
Tgvarovan velSia moTavsebuli da velis moqmedebiT d1 +
1-lidan me-2 wertilSi, Zalwiris gaswvriv gadaad-
+
o
gildeba (sur. 2). Tu aTvlis nulovan doned uaryo
fiTad damuxtul firfitas miviCnevT, maSin d1 da d2
manZilebi, Sesabamisad, 1-li da me-2 wertilis daSo- sur. 2
rebaa nulovani donidan (anu muxtis sawyisi da saboloo koordinatebia).
D
erTgvarovani veli mis nebismier wertilSi moTavsebul q muxtze mudmivi Za
liT moqmedebs, romlis moduli gamoiTvleba formuliT:
F = E q (1)
romelSic E eleqtruli velis daZabulobis modulia (gaixsene: gravitaciu-
li veli dedamiwis zedapiris maxloblad sxeulze moqmedebs mudmivi ZaliT,
romlis moduli ase gamoiTvleba: F = mg, sadac g gravitaciuli velis daZabu-
lobis modulia, m ki sxeulis masa, anu gravitaciuli muxtia).
Sen ici, rom Tu sxeulze moqmedebs mudmivi Zala da sxeuli Zalis moqmedebis
mimarTulebiT gadaadgildeba, maSin Zala asrulebs meqanikur muSaobas, romelic
Zalisa da gadaadgilebis modulebis namravlis tolia:
A= F ∙ s
ase rom, muSaoba, romelsac eleqtruli veli muxtis gadaadgilebisas asru
lebs, gamoiTvleba formuliT:
A = F ∙ ∆d (2)
romelSic F velis mxridan moqmedi eleqtruli Zalis modulia, xolo ∆d
muxtis gadaadgilebisa Zalwiris gaswvriv. daakvirdi naxazs (sur. 2):
∆d = d1 - d2 (3)
90
eleqtrostatikuri velis muSaoba 2.6
Tu 1-l, me-2 da me-3 tolobebs gaviTva- 1

liswinebT, miviRebT, rom erTgvarovani velis
mier muxtis gadaadgilebisas Sesrulebuli
s
muSaoba ase gamoiTvleba: 2
A = F∆d = qE∆d= qE(d1 - d2) (4) h1
(gaixsene: gravitaciul velSi sxeulis ga-
daadgilebisas simZimis Zalis mier Sesrule- h2
buli muSaoba gamoiTvleba formuliT:
y
A = mgh1 – mgh2
nulovani done
romelSic h1 da h2 sxeulis sawyisi da sabo-
sur. 3
loo mdebareobebis koordinatebia (daSore-
p
bebia nulovani donidan (sur. 3)).
E
3. potencialuri veli +
o
D
davamtkicoT, rom erTgvarovani eleq
trostatikuri velis muSaoba, romelsac veli +
or wertils Soris muxtis gadaadgilebaze s
C
asrulebs, muxtis traeqtoriis formaze da- +
mokidebuli ar aris (samarTliania nebismieri
eleqtruli velisTvis). C F α
+
B
't
vTqvaT, erTgvarovan eleqtrul velSi, d2 ∆d
romlis daZabulobaa E , sacdeli dadebiTi q d1 +
muxti B wertilidan D wertilSi gadaadgil-
deba (sur. 4). Tu muxti BD wrfis gaswvriv +
n
imoZravebs, eleqtruli veli Seasrulebs mu-
Saobas, romelic gamoiTvleba formuliT: sur. 4
o
A = F∙s∙cosα (5)
romelSic
F – eleqtruli velis mxridan q muxtze moqmedi Zalis modulia: F = Eq;
s – muxtis gadaadgilebis modulia;
D
α – eleqtruli Zalis mimarTulebasa da gadaadgilebis veqtors Soris ku-
Txis sididea.
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom s∙cosα = ∆d (∆d = d1 - d2 ) (sur.4), miviRebT, rom
erTgvarovani velis mier muxtis gadaadgilebisas Sesrulebuli muSaoba ase ga
moiTvleba:
A = qE∆d (6)
vTqvaT, q muxti B wertilidan D wertilSi gadaadgilebisas wrfivad moZra-
obda jer B-dan C wertilisken, Semdeg ki _ C-dan D-sken (sur. 4). am SemTxvevaSi
B wertilidan D wertilSi q muxtis gadaadgilebisas eleqtruli velis mier
Sesrulebuli muSaoba gamoiTvleba rogorc velis mier BC da CD monakveTebze
Sesrulebuli muSaobebis jami:
A = ABC + ACD = F∙BC∙cos00 + F∙CD∙cos900 = F∙BC = qE∆d (7)
Tu velis muSaobis gamosaTvlel me-4, me-6 da me-7 gamosaxulebebs Seadareb,

miiReb, rom erTgvarovani eleqtrostatikuri velis muSaoba, romelsac veli or
91
wertils Soris muxtis gadaadgilebaze asrulebs, muxtis traeqtoriis formaze

damokidebuli ar aris da gamoiTvleba formuliT:
A = qE∆d (8)
romelSic ∆d manZilia, romelzec q muxti eleqtruli velis daZabulobis
Zalwiris gaswvriv gadaadgilda nulovani donis (uaryofiTad damuxtuli fir-
fitis) mimarT.
muxtis gadaadgilebis mimarTulebis sapirispirod cvlilebisas eleqtrosta-
y
tikuri velis muSaoba, iseve rogorc simZimis Zalis muSaoba, niSans icvlis: Tu
q muxtis B wertilidan D wertilSi gadaadgilebisas veli asrulebs A muSaobas,
maSin imave muxtis D wertilidan B wertilSi gadaadgilebisas veli Seasrulebs
p
– A muSaobas. rac imas niSnavs, rom Caketil traeqtoriaze eleqtrostatikuri
velis jamuri muSaoba nulis tolia (msgavsad gravitaciuli velisa).
vels, romlis muSaoba Caketil traeqtoriaze nulis tolia, potencialuri
o
(konservatiuli) veli hqvia. gravitaciuli da eleqtrostatikuri velebi poten-
cialuri velebia.
4. muxtis potenciuri energia erTgvarovan velSi
C
daakvirdi: me-4 gamosaxulebis gardaqmnis Sedegad miviRebT:
A= qE(d1 – d2) = qE d1 – qE d2 = – (qEd2 – qEd1) (9)
't
2 gaixsene: gravitaciuli velis (simZimis Zalis) mier Sesrulebuli
muSaoba tolia potenciuri energiis cvlilebisa mopirdapire niSniT:
Asim = – (mg h2- mgh1) = – ∆Epot
n
gamoTqvi varaudi: ra fizikuri sidide SeiZleba iyos me-9 formulaSi
qEd, romlis cvlileba sapirispiro niSniT eleqtrostatikuri velis
muSaobis tolia?
o
Tu velis muSaoba sxeulis traeqtoriis formaze damokidebuli ar aris, maSin
is tolia potenciuri energiis cvlilebisa sapirispiro niSniT. erTgvarovan
eleqtrostatikur velSi uaryofiTi firfitidan d manZilze muxts aqvs po-
D
tenciuri energia (Wp), romelic gamoiTvleba formuliT:
Wp = qE d (10)
masisgan gansxvavebiT, q muxti SeiZleba iyos rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofi-
Ti. Sesabamisad, muxtis potenciuri energia SeiZleba iyos dadebiTic (Tu q >0)
da uaryofiTic (Tu q <0). garda amisa, Tu simZimis Zalis mimarTuleba ucvlelia,
eleqtruli velis (Zalis) mimarTuleba SeiZleba martivad Seicvalos: amisaTvis
sakmarisia, damuxtuli firfitebis niSani sapirispiroTi SevcvaloT. Tu nu-
lovan dones ucvlelad SevinarCunebT, potenciuri energia uaryofiTi iqneba.
me-9 gamosaxulebis gaTvaliswinebiT miviRebT, rom eleqtrostatikuri velis
muSaoba muxtis potenciuri energiis cvlilebis tolia sapirispiro niSniT:
A= – ∆ Wp (11)
gaiTvaliswine:
1. me-10 formuliT mxolod erTgvarovan velSi moTavsebuli muxtis poten-
ciuri energia gamoiTvleba;
2. me-11 formula samarTliania ara marto erTgvarovani, aramed nebismieri
92
eleqtrostatikuri velis muSaoba 2.6
eleqtrostatikuri velisTvis, mag., wertilovani muxtis eleqtrostati-

kuri velisTvis, romelic erTgvarovani ar aris.
daakvirdi me-10 formulas: Tu potenciuri energiis nulovani done uaryofiT
firfitas emTxveva, muxtis potenciuri energia uaryofiTad damuxtuli firfi-
tis zedapirze nulis tolia. muSaoba, romelsac eleqtruli veli mocemuli wer-
tilidan nulovan donemde muxtis gadaadgilebaze asrulebs, ase gamoiTvleba:
A= – ∆ Wp = – (0 – qEd ) = qEd
y
anu muxtis potenciuri energiis fizikuri azri aseTia: muxtis potenciuri
energia, romelic eleqtrostatikuri velis mocemul wertilSia moTavsebuli, im
muSaobis tolia, romelsac veli am wertilidan nulovan donemde muxtis gadaad
p
gilebisas asrulebs.
iseve rogorc gravitaciuli velis SemTxvevaSi, nulovani done eleqtrul
velSic nebismierad SeiZleba SeirCes, radgan fizikuri azri aqvs ara poten-
o
ciur energias (romelic damokidebulia nulovani donis arCevaze), aramed po-
tenciuri energiis cvlilebas, romlis saSualebiTac eleqtruli velis muSa-
oba ganisazRvreba.
C
3
1. gaaanalize me-(11) formula da dafiqrdi: rogor Seicvleba dadebiTi
sacdeli muxtis potenciuri energia, Tu veli asrulebs:
't
a) dadebiT muSaobas? b) uaryofiT muSaobas?
2. rogor Seicvleba dadebiTi sacdeli muxtis kinetikuri energia, Tu
veli asrulebs:
n
a) dadebiT muSaobas? (gaavle paraleli vardnili qvis moZraobasTan);
b) uaryofiT muSaobas? (gaavle paraleli zemoT asrolili qvis moZrao-
basTan).
o
3. gadaixaze samuSao rveulSi I da II cxrilebi da Seavse:
cxrili I
Tu sxeuli moZraobs dadebiTia Tu uaryo- izrdeba Tu mcirdeba izrdeba Tu mcir-
gravitaciul velSi g fiTi velis mier sxeulis potenciuri deba muxtis kineti-
D
daZabulobis Sesrulebuli muSaoba? energia? kuri energia?
1. mimarTulebiT (verti- A*0
kalurad qveviT Tavisu-
o w i g n S i
ar Cawer
flad vardeba)
2. sapirispiro mimarTu- A*0
lebiT (vertikalurad
zeviTaa asrolili)
SeniSvna: CaTvale, rom sxeulze mxolod simZimis Zala moqmedebs
cxrili II
Tu dadebiTi sacdeli dadebiTia Tu uaryo- izrdeba Tu mcirdeba izrdeba Tu mcir-
muxti moZraobs eleq fiTi velis mier muxtis potenciuri deba muxtis kineti-
trul velSi E daZabu- Sesrulebuli muSaoba? energia? kuri energia?
lobis
o w i g n S i
ar Cawer
1. mimarTulebiT A*0
2. sapirispiro mimarTu- A*0

lebiT
SeniSvna: CaTvale, rom muxtze mxolod eleqtruli Zala moqmedebs
93
2.7 eleqtrostatikuri velis
potenciali. Zabva
statikuri eleqtrobis Seswavlisas
Sen sakmaod saintereso da STambeWdav
movlenas gaecani: damuxtuli sxeulis
ganmuxtvisas SesaZlebelia, naperwkali
warmoiqmnas da damaxasiaTebeli xma
y
(tkacuni) gaismas.
mag., Tu adamianis sxeuli xa
liCasTan, tansacmelTan Sexebisas
p
maod Zlierad daeleqtrovdeba,
sak
sxva gamtar sxeulTan Sexebisas (an sur. 1
miax
lo ebisas) ganimuxteba, rasac xan
mokle gaelveba (naperwkali) da tkacuni
o
mohyveba. am dros adamiani msubuq dartymas grZnobs. es yvelaferi ki imaze
metyvelebs, rom ganmuxtvisas (muxtis erTi sxeulidan meoreze gadasvlisas)
muxtebis eleqtruli energia sxva saxis (sinaTlis, bgeris, meqanikur) energiad
gardaiqmneba (sur. 1). aseT SemTxvevaSi amboben, rom damuxtuli sxeuli maRali
C
Zabvis an potencialis qveS imyofeba.
ra aris potenciali, Zabva? ras axasiaTebs es fizikuri sidideebi, eleqtrul
vels Tu masSi moTavsebul eleqtrul muxts? rogor aRiwereba isini
't
raodenobrivad? am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasamartiveblad gamoviyenoT analogia
eleqtrul da gravitaciul velebs Soris.
1. gravitaciuli potenciali
n
gravitaciuli velis daZabuloba (g ) dedamiwis ze
h1
dapiris maxloblad SegviZlia ucvlelad CavTvaloT
o
(g = const). aseT SemTxvevaSi, im sxe ulze moqmedi
simZimis Zala, romelic dedamiwis zedapiridan mcire
manZiliTaa (h<<R) daSorebuli, mud mivia. nulovan
h2
doned dedamiwis zedapiri avirCioT.
D
gaixsene: sxeuls, romelic dedamiwis zedapiridan
(nu
lovani donidan) gar kveul simaRlezea aweuli
(sur. 2), potenciuri energiis maragi aqvs im SemTxve
vaSic, Tu sxeuli uZravia. dedamiwis gravitaciuli nulovani done
veli masSi moTavsebul nebismier sxeulze moqmedebs sur. 2
simZimis ZaliT, romlis gavleniTac sxe uli dedamiwaze (nulovan doneze)
vardeba. vardnisas sxeulis potenciuri ener gia mcirdeba da moZraobis, anu
kinetikur energiad gardaiqmneba. simZimis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba
ki sxeulis potenciuri energiis cvlilebiT ganisazRvreba da nulovani donis
arCevaze damokidebuli ar aris:
A = – (Epot2 – Epot1) = – (mgh2 - mgh1) (1)
roca sxeuli dedamiwis zedapirze (nulovan doneze) mdebareobs, misi
potenciuri energia nulis tolia. potenciuri energiis fizikuri azri aseTia:
nulovani donidan h simaRleze atanili sxeulis potenciuri energia (Epot = mgh)
im muSaobis tolia, romelsac gravitaciuli veli (simZimis Zala) sxeulis
nulovan donemde daSvebisas asrulebs:
94
eleqtrostatikuri velis potenciali. Zabva 2.7
A = – (Epot2 – Epot1) = – ( 0 – mgh ) = mgh (2)

1 cxadia, rac metia h, miT metia sxeulis potenciuri energia, miT met
muSaobas asrulebs simZimis Zala nulovan donemde vardnisas. SeiZleba
Tu ara velis mocemuli wertili potenciuri energiiT davaxasiaToT?
SeiZleba Tu ara, rom dedamiwidan did simaRleebze ganlagebul wer-
tilebs maRali potenciuri energiis mqone wertilebi vuwodoT? iqneba
Tu ara es marTebuli? ratom?
potenciuri energia damokidebulia ara marto nulovani donis mimarT sxeu-
y
lis mdebareobaze (h simaRleze), aramed sxeulis m masazec. sxvadasxva masis
sxeuls SeiZleba erTnairi potenciuri energia hqondes: mag., 1 kg masis, sxeuls,
romelic nulovani donidan 2 m-zea atanili, iseTive potenciuri energia aqvs,
p
rogoric 2 kg masis sxeuls 1 m simaRleze (sur. 3).
gravitaciuli
o
potenciali, Epot/m
1 kg, 2 m 20 j/kg 2 kg, 2 m maRali
Epot = 20 j Epot = 40 j potenciali
g
C
1 kg, 1 m 10 j/kg 2 kg, 1 m dabali
Epot = 10 j Epot = 20 j potenciali
't
0 j/kg
sur. 3
potenciuri energia axasiaTebs sxeuls da ara velis mocemul wertils: mis

mixedviT SegviZlia vimsjeloT, ra muSaobis Sesruleba SeuZlia sxeulis sim-
n
Zimis Zalas nulovan donemde daSvebisas. Tumca arsebobs fizikuri sidide,
romliTac SegviZlia velis mocemuli wertilebi davaxasiToT. aseTi sidide
gravitaciuli potencialia, romelic ase gamoiTvleba:
o
Epot
m = gh (3)
(me-3 formula samarTliania, roca h<<R. Tu dedamiwas materialur werti-
D
lad miviCnevT, gravitaciuli potencialis gamosaTvlel formulas sxva saxe
aqvs).
daakvirdi me-3 formulas: gravitaciuli potenciali (gh) sxeulis masaze da-
mokidebuli ar aris da ganisazRvreba:
a) velis mocemuli wertilis mdebareobiT (h-iT) dedamiwis (nulovani donis)
mimarT;
b) dedamiwis gravitaciuli velis daZabulobis moduliT (g-Ti).
ase rom, gravitaciuli gh potenciali velis mocemuli wertilis maxasiaTe
beli sididea da ara am wertilSi moTavsebuli sxeulis.
`potentia~ _ laTinuri sityvaa da `SesaZleblobas~ niSnavs. gravitaciuli po
tencialic velis mocemuli wertilis `SesaZleblobaa~, rom am wertilSi moTav
sebul sxeuls potenciuri energia mianiWos. gravitaciuli potenciali gviCve
nebs: ra sididis potenciuri energia SeiZleba hqondes am wertilSi moTavsebul
erTeulovani masis sxeuls.
me-3 formulis Tanaxmad, SI sistemaSi gravitaciuli potencialis erTeulia
1 j /kg: aseTi potenciali aqvs gravitaciuli velis im wertils, romelSic 1 kg
masis sxeuls 1 joulis toli potenciuri energia aqvs.
95
2.7 eleqtrostatikuri velis potenciali. Zabva
velis wertilebis daxasiaTeba potencialiT (da ara potenciuri energiiT)

savsebiT SesaZlebelia (sur. 3): potencialis mixedviT SeiZleba vimsjeloT,
velis romel wertilSi eqneba sxeuls meti an naklebi potenciuri energia.
dedamiwis zedapiridan (nulovani donidan) erT simaRleze ganlagebul wer-
tilebs erTnairi potenciali aqvs. rac ufro metia dedamiwis zedapiridan (nu-
lovani donidan) wertilis daSoreba, miT ufro maRalia misi potenciali. rac
ufro maRalia velis wertilis potenciali, miT meti potenciuri energia aqvs
am wertilSi moTavsebul sxeuls da Sesabamisad, miT met muSaobas asrulebs
y
gravitaciuli veli (simZimis Zala) sxeulis nulovan donemde vardnisas.
2 dafiqrdi:
1. saiTaa mimarTuli dedamiwis gravitaciuli g = const
p
velis daZabulobis g veqtori (sur. 4): poten-
cialis zrdisa Tu Semcirebis (vardnis) mxares?
o
2. ris tolia dedamiwis zedapirze (nulovan
doneze) gravitaciuli velis potenciali? nulovani done
sur. 4
2. Tu 1-l gamosaxulebas gardaqmni, miiReb
A = mgh1 – mgh2 = m (gh1 – gh2) (4)
C
rogor fiqrob, SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom sxeuli TavisiT, mxolod gra
vitaciuli velis gavleniT, gadaadgildes erTnairi potencialis mqone
't
wertilebs Soris? ratom?
2. potenciuri energia - muxtis maxasiaTebeli

gravitaciuli potencialis fizikuri Sinaarsis gacnobiereba saSualebas mo-
n
gvcems, analogiuri maxasiaTebeli eleqtruli velisTvisac ganvsazRvroT da
misi arsi ufro TvalsaCinod warmovidginoT.
Sen ici, rom eleqtruli velis mocemul wertilSi moTavsebul q muxts po
o
tenciuri energia aqvs (msgavsad m masis sxeulisa, romelic gravitaciul vel-
Sia moTavsebuli): rac metia muxtis potenciuri energia, miT met muSaobas
asrulebs eleqtruli veli muxtis nulovan donemde (uaryofiT firfitamde)
D
gadaadgilebisas. velis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobis Sedegad muxtis potenciu-
ri energia kinetikurad gardaiqmneba: mag., Tu dadebiT sacdel muxtze mxolod
eleqtruli Zala moqmedebs da sacdeli muxti velis
E daZabulobis
a) mimarTulebiT moZraobs (anu vardeba uaryofiTad
damuxtul firfitaze, msgavsad dedamiwis zedapirze
vardnili qvisa), maSin veli dadebiT muSaobas asru
lebs: muxtis potenciuri energia iklebs da kinetikuri
energia izrdeba (sur. 5);
b) sapirispiro mimarTulebiT moZraobs (msgavsad ze
viT asrolili qvisa), maSin veli uaryofiT muSaobas as
rulebs: muxtis potenciuri energia imatebs da kineti
kuri energia mcirdeba, damuxtuli nawilaki muxruW-
deba.
gaixsene: erTgvarovan eleqtrul velSi muxtis po
tenciuri energia ase gamoiTvleba:
W = qEd (5) sur. 5
96
potenciuri energia damokidebulia ara marto nulovani donis mimarT mux-

tis daSorebaze (d-ze), aramed muxtis sididezec. potenciuri energia axasiaTebs
velis mocemul wertilSi moTavsebul muxts da ara velis mocemul wertils: mis
mixedviT SegviZlia vimsjeloT, ra muSaobis Sesruleba SeuZlia eleqtrul
vels muxtis nulovan donemde gadaadgilebisas.
arsebobs fizikuri sidide, romliTac SegviZlia eleqtruli velis mocemu
li wertili (da ara am wertilSi moTavsebuli muxti!) davaxasiaToT. aseTi si
dide eleqtruli potencialia.
y
3. eleqtrostatikuri velis potenciali
W = qEd formulidan Cans, rom eleqtrostatikur velSi muxtis potenciuri
p
energia muxtis sididis proporciulia (marTebulia ara mxolod erTgvarovani
velisTvis, aramed nebismieri eleqtrostatikuri velisTvis). es ki imas niSnavs,
rom eleqtrostatikuri velis nebismier wertilSi moTavsebuli muxtis poten
o
ciuri energiis Sefardeba muxtis sididesTan mudmivia da muxtis sidideze damo
kidebuli ar aris. swored amitom W /q Sefardeba SeiZleba mocemul wertilSi
velis maxasiaTeblad miviCnioT (iseve, rogorc gravitaciuli velis mocemuli
wertilis maxasiaTebelia Sefardeba: Epot/m).
C
eleqtrostatikuri velis nebismier wertilSi moTavsebuli muxtis potenciu
ri energiis Sefardebas am muxtis sididesTan, mocemul wertilSi eleqtrostati
kuri velis potenciali ewodeba. potenciali φ asoTi aRiniSneba da ase gamoiT
't
vleba:
W
φ = q (6)
n
gaixsene: eleqtruli velis E daZabuloba veqtoruli sididea da velis Zalur
maxasiaTebels warmoadgens: daZabuloba velis mxri-
dan sacdel erTeulovan muxtze moqmed Zalas gviC- E +
o
venebs. potenciali ki skalaruli sididea, romelic
+
velis energetikuli maxasiaTebelia da gviCvenebs,
ris tolia velis mocemul wertilSi moTavsebuli +
d2 ∆d
erTeulovani muxtis energia.
D
Tu potenciuri energiis nulovan doned uaryo- 1
+
2
fiTad damuxtul firfitas miviCnevT (sur. 6), maSin d1 +
me-5 da me-6 formulis gaTvaliswinebiT miviRebT,
rom erTgvarovan eleqtrostatikur velSi im werti +
lis potenciali, romelic uar yofiTi firfitidan
sur. 6
(nulovani donidan) d manZiliTaa daSorebuli, gamoi-
saxeba formuliT:
φ = Ed (7)
potenciuri energiis msgavsad, potencialis mniSvneloba nulovani donis
arCevazea damokidebuli: Tu nulovan doned uaryofiTad damuxtul firfitas
miviCnevT, mis nebismier wertilSi potenciali nulis toli iqneba.
SI sistemaSi potencialis erTeulia 1 volti (v). me-6 formulebis Tanaxmad,
j
1v=1k
1 voltis toli potenciali eleqtruli velis im wertils aqvs, romelSic 1 ku
loni muxtis potenciuri energia 1 joulia. rac imas niSnavs, rom am wertili-
97
dan 1 k sacdeli dadebiTi muxtis uaryofiT firfitamde (nulovan donemde)

gadaadgilebisas veli 1 j muSaobas asrulebs.
potenciali potenciuri energia ar aris: is velis mocemuli wertilis
`SesaZleblobaa~, rom am wertilSi moTavsebul sxeuls potenciuri energia
mianiWos. potencialis mixedviT, SeiZleba, vimsjeloT, velis romel wertilSi
eqneba muxts meti an naklebi potenciuri energia.
uaryofiTad damuxtuli firfitidan (nulovani donidan) erTnairad daSore-
bul wertilebs erTnairi potenciali aqvs (sur. 7) rac ufro metia uaryofiTi
y
firfitidan (nulovani donidan) wertilis daSoreba, miT ufro maRalia velis
mocemuli wertilis potenciali. rac ufro maRalia velis wertilis potencia-
li, miT meti potenciuri energia aqvs am wertilSi moTavsebul sacdel dadebiT
p
muxts da Sesabamisad, miT met muSaobas asrulebs eleqtruli veli (eleqtruli
Zala) am muxtis nulovan donemde gadaadgilebisas.
φ3
o
+ + + + +
dabali potenciali maRali potenciali

m
q
+
φ2
C
φ1
't
– – – – –
sur. 7 φ0 = 0
n
rogorc gravitaciul, ise eleqtrul velSi yovelTvis arsebobs maRali da
dabali potencialis mqone wertilebi. velis gavleniT sxeuli yovelTvis maRa
li potencialis mqone wertilidan dabali potencialis mqone wertilisken gada
o
adgildeba. mag., gravitaciuli velis gavleniT sxeuli vertikalurad qveviT
vardeba, xolo imisaTvis, rom sxeulma vertikalurad zeviT (dabalidan maRali
potencialis mqone wertilisken) imoZraos, saWiroa, gare Zalam Seasrulos mu-
Saoba: sxeuls siCqare unda mivaniWoT.
D
analogiurad, eleqtruli velis gavleniT dadebiTi muxti maRali potencia-
lis mqone wertilidan dabali potencialis mqone wertilisken gadaadgildeba
(dadebiTi sacdeli muxti `vardeba~ uaryofiTad damuxtul firfitaze). imisa-
Tvis, rom dadebiTi sacdeli muxti dabalidan maRali potencialisken gadavaad-
giloT (mag., uaryofiT firfitas `movwyvitoT~), saWiroa, gare Zalam Seasrulos
dadebiTi muSaoba.
4. velis muSaoba da potencialTa cvlileba

gaixsene: eleqtrostatikur velSi muxtis gadaadgilebisas velis mier Sesru
lebuli muSaoba muxtis potenciuri energiis cvlilebis tolia. es aris Teorema
potenciuri energiis Sesaxeb da maTematikurad ase Caiwereba:
A = – ∆W (8)
me-5-isa da me-7-s gaTvaliswinebiT miviRebT:
A = – ∆W = – (W2 – W1) = – ( qEd2 – qEd1 )= – (qφ2 – qφ1) = – q (φ2 – φ1) = – q∙∆φ
e. i. erTgvarovani eleqtrostatikuri veli muxtis erTi wertilidan meoreSi
98
gadaadgilebisas asrulebs muSaobas, romelic gamoiTvleba formuliT:

A = – q∙∆φ (9)
romelSic q muxtis sididea, xolo ∆φ _ muxtis mdebareobis saboloo da
sawyis wertilebs Soris potencialTa cvlileba.
potencialis mniSvneloba velis mocemul wertilSi damokidebulia imaze, Tu
ras avirCevT aTvlis nulovan doned. daakvirdi me-9 gamosaxulebas: praqtiku-
li mniSvneloba aqvs ara potencials mocemul wertilSi, aramed potencialis
cvlilebas or wertils Soris, rac nulovani donis arCevaze damokidebuli ar
y
aris.
5. potencialTa sxvaoba - Zabva
p
me-9 gamosaxuleba SeiZleba sxva saxiTac Caiweros:
A = – q ∆φ = – q (φ2 – φ1 ) = q (φ1 – φ2) (10)
o
nacvlad potencialTa cvlilebisa (∆φ = φ2 – φ1), Semodis axali fizikuri
sidide _ potencialTa sxvaoba (φ1 – φ2). potencialTa sxvaobas xSirad Zabvas
uwodeben. Zabva U asoTi aRiniSneba:
U = φ1 – φ2= – ∆φ (11)
C
Zabva da potencialTa cvlileba mxolod niSniT gansxvavebuli sidideebia.
termin `Zabvas~, metwilad, eleqtruli denis Seswavlisas iyeneben, xolo `po-
't
tencialTa cvlileba~ eleqtrostatikaSi gamoiyeneba.
me-10 da me-11 tolobebis Tanaxmad, eleqtruli velis mier muxtis gadaadgi
lebisas Sesrulebuli muSaoba ase gamoiTvleba:
A = q (φ1 – φ2) = qU (12)
n
me-12-dan Cans, rom Zabva, anu or wertils Soris potencialTa sxvaoba, tolia
sawyisidan saboloo wertilSi muxtis gadaadgilebisas velis mier Sesrulebuli
muSaobis fardobisa am muxtis sididesTan:
o
A
U = q (13)
iseve, rogorc potenciali, Zabvac eleqtruli velis energetikuli maCvenebe
D
lia. oRond potencialisgan gansxvavebiT, Zabvis mniSvneloba nulovani donis
arCevaze damokidebuli ar aris. Zabva velis or wertils Soris ganisazRvreba da
gviCvenebs: ra muSaobas asrulebs eleqtruli veli am or wertils Soris 1
kuloni muxtis gadaadgilebisas.
3 rogor fiqrob, aris Tu ara or wertils Soris Zabva damokidebuli
am wertilebs Soris gadatanili muxtis sidideze?
j
iseve, rogorc potencialis, Zabvis erTeuli SI sistemaSi 1 voltia (1 v = 1 k ):
velis or wertils Soris potencialTa sxvaoba (Zabva)
1 voltis tolia, Tu am or wertils Soris 1 k muxtis C
gadaadgilebisas velis mier 1 j muSaoba sruldeba. B + 
A
 +
4 me-8 suraTze eleqtruli velis ramdenime
wertilia moniSnuli.
1. ipove wertilebi, romelTa Sorisac Zabva D
E
a) U ≠ 0 ; b) U = 0; g) maqsimaluria. F
sur. 8
99
2.
a) romel or wertils Soris gadaadgildeba eleqtruli velis gavleniT
dadebiTi sacdeli muxti? rodis asrulebs veli met muSaobas?
b) romel or wertils Soris gadaadgilebisas SeiZens dadebiTi sacdeli
muxti met kinetikur energias?
6. kavSiri daZabulobasa da Zabvas Soris
y
vTqvaT, dadebiTi sacdeli q muxti erT E
gvarovani velis E daZabulobis mimarTule +
biT 1‑lidan me-2 wertilSi ga da
ad gil
deba 1 d 2
+
p
(sur. 9). mocemul or wertils Soris q muxtis d2
d1
gadaadgilebaze veli asrulebs muSaobas, ro +
melic ase gamoiTvleba:
o
sur. 9
A = – ( W2 – W1 ) = – ( qEd2 – qEd1 )= – qE ( d2 – d1 )= qEd (14)
romelSic d muxtis gadaadgilebis modulia (Zalwirebis gaswvriv gavlili
manZilia): d = d1 – d2
C
me-12 tolobis Tanaxmad, velis muSaoba mocemul wertilebs Soris potencialTa
sxvaobiTac gamoisaxeba:
A = q (φ1 – φ2 ) = q U (15)
't
me-14 da me-15 formulebis SedarebiT miiReb, rom
U = E d (16)
n
me-16 tolobidan ki Cans kavSiri eleqtruli velis daZabulobis modulsa da
Zabvas Soris:
U φ 1 – φ2
E = d = d (17)
o
(me-17 formula SeiZleba nebismieri eleqtruli velisTvis gamoviyenoT, Tu
d manZili ise mcirea, rom am manZilze velis daZabulobis cvlileba umniSvne-
D
loa).
me-17 tolobidan Cans:
1. rac ufro naklebad icvleba potenciali velis or wertils Soris d man-
Zilze (rac ufro naklebia Zabva am or wertils Soris), miT ufro mcirea
velis daZabulobis moduli;
2. Tu potenciali velis nebismier or wertils Soris ar icvleba (Zabva nu-
lia), es imas niSnavs, rom velis daZabulobis moduli nulis tolia;
3. dadebiTi muxtis gadaadgilebisas eleqtruli veli dadebiT muSaobas
asrulebs (dadebiTi muxti daZabulobis E veqtoris mimarTulebiT gadaad-
gildeba): A = q (φ1 - φ2 ) > 0 anu φ1 > φ2. es ki imas niSnavs, rom eleqtruli
velis daZabuloba mimarTulia potencialis vardnis mimarTulebiT (dadebi-
Tad damuxtuli firfitidan uaryofiTisken, anu im mimarTulebiT, ra mi-
marTulebiTac potenciali iklebs. gaixsene: gravitaciul velSi g veqtori
mimarTulia vertikalurad qveviT, anu im mimarTulebiT, ra mimarTulebi-
Tac gravitaciuli potenciali iklebs).
4. SI sistemaSi daZabulobis SenTvis cnobili erTeuli, 1 n/k, daZabulobis
axali erTeulis _ 1 v / m-is ekvivalenturia: 1 n/k = 1 v/m.
100
7. ekvipotencialuri zedapirebi
5 gaixsene:
75v 50v 25v
1. ris tolia Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba, Tu 100v 0v
sxeulis gadaadgileba Zalis marTobulia?
2. rogor ganisazRvreba velis nebismier wertilSi
daZabulobis veqtoris mimarTuleba eleqtruli
Zalis mimarTulebis mixedviT? velis Zalwirebis
y
mimarTulebis mixedviT?
amrigad, Tu muxti Zalwirebisadmi marTobulad gada
adgildeba, maSin eleqtruli veli muxtis gadaadgilebisas
p
muSaobas ar asrulebs (radgan Zala gadaadgilebis mar
Tobia). Tu velis TiToeul wertilze Zalwirebis
marTobul zedapirs gavavlebT, am zedapiris gaswvriv
o
muxtis gadaadgilebisas velis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba
nulis tolia: E
sur. 10
A = q (φ1 – φ2 ) =0
C
anu Zalwirebis marTobuli zedapiris yvela wertils erTi da igive potenciali
aqvs (φ1 = φ2). aseT zedapirebs ekvipotencialuri zedapirebi hqvia.
erTgvarovani velis ekvipotencialuri zedapirebi Zalwirebis marTobuli
't
sibrtyeebia (sur. 10), wertilovani muxtis ekvipotencialuri zedapirebi ki _
koncentruli sferoebi, romelTa centrSi moTavsebulia wertilovani mux ti
(sur. 11). dipolis velis ekvipotencialuri zedapirebi gamosaxulia me-12 su
raTze.
n
E
E
E
o
q
–4 +4
+4 +3 –3
+2 +3
D
+1 –2 +2
–1 +1

sur. 11 sur. 12
daakvirdi suraTebs (sur. 11,12,13): Zalwirebis msgav

sad ekvipotencialuri
zedapirebic sivrceSi velis ganawilebas Tvisebrivad axasiaTebs: iq, sadac maTi
sixSire metia, eleqtruli veli Zlieria (muxtTan axlos).
6
1. daakvirdi naxazs (sur.13): masze araswori
formis damuxtuli gamtari sxeuli da misi
eleqtrostatikuri velis ekvipotencialu-
ri zedapirebia gamosaxuli. rogor fiqrob,
ra adgilebSia gamtaris eleqtrostatikuri
veli gansakuTrebiT Zlieri: wvetebTan Tu
CaRrmavebaSi?
sur. 13
101
2. gaixsene, rogoria wawvetebuli formis, damuxtuli sxeulis garSemo

eleqtruli velis Zalwirebis ganlagebis suraTi (ix. §2.2. sur. 15).
gamoitane daskvna: rogoraa ganawilebuli muxti araswori formis gam
taris zedapirze?
ekvipotencialuri zedapirebis ganlagebis suraTiT SeiZleba daZabulobis
veqtoris mimarTuleba ganvsazRvroT: daZabulobis veqtori ekvipotencialuri
zedapiris marTobulia da mimarTulia potencialis vardnis (Semcirebis) mxares:
a) wertilovani dadebiTi
y
muxtis velis potenciali miT
ufro mcirdeba, rac ufro
daSorebulia wertili muxtidan
p
(sur. 11,12). velis daZabulobis
–10v –10v
veqtori ki mimarTulia poten
–5v –5v
cialis vardnis mxares (sfe
–2v
o
roebis centridan gareT, ra
diusis gaswvriv);
b) uaryofiTi muxtis velis sur. 14
potenciali miT ufro mcirdeba, rac ufro axlosaa wertili muxtidan (sur. 14).
C
daZabulobis veqtori mimarTulia potencialis vardnis mxares (sferoebis
centrisken).
gaixsene: eleqtrostatikuri velis Zalwirebi gamtaris zedapiris marTobulia
't
(§ 2.4), anu eleqtrostatikur velSi nebismieri gamtaris zedapiri ekvipotencia
luria, misi yvela wertilis potenciali erTnairia.
gamtaris SigniT velis daZabuloba nulis tolia, rac imas niSnavs, rom ara
marto gamtaris zedapiris, aramed gamtaris SigniTac yvela wertils erTnairi
n
potenciali aqvs, Sesabamisad, gamtaris nebismier or wertils Soris potencialTa
sxvaoba 0-is tolia.
o
8. potencialTa sxvaobis gazomva
or damuxtul sxeuls Soris poten-
cialTa sxvaobas eleqtrometriT zo-
maven: erT maTgans eleqtrometris Re-
D
rosTan aerTeben gamtariT, xolo meores
_ korpusTan (sur. 15) (roca potencials
dedamiwis mimarT zomaven, Reros sxeul-
Tan aerTeben, xolo korpuss daamiweben).
imis gamo, rom nebismieri gamtaris
zedapiri ekvipotencialuria, Rerosa
da korpuss Soris potencialTa sxvaoba
damuxtul sxeulebs Soris potencialTa
sxvaobis tolia. eleqtroskopis SigniT sur. 15
aRiZvreba eleqtruli veli, romelic
mxolod Rerosa da korpuss Soris arsebul potencialTa sxvaobazea damokide-
buli (radgan gare veli liTonis korpusis SigniT eleqtrostatikuri dacvis
Sedegad ver aRwevs). Rerosa da korpuss Soris potencialTa sxvaoba eleqtro-
metris isris gadaxris kuTxis mixedviT ganisazRvreba.
102
dedamiwis eleqtruli veli
dedamiwa damuxtuli gamtari birTvia,
+ ionosfero +
atmosfero
+ +
romlis uaryofiTi muxti zedapirze Tanab _ _
radaa ganawilebuli (sur. 1). dedamiwa Tavis + __ _
_
+
garSemo eleqtrul vels qmnis, romlis daZa- + _ _ +
bulobis saSualo sidide dedamiwis zedapir-
Tan axlos 130 v/m-ia da simaRlis zrdasTan
+ _ _ +
_ _ +
erTad TandaTan mcirdeba: 1 km simaR leze + _ _
y
dedamiwis eleq truli velis daZa buloba + _ _ +
mxolod 40 v/m-ia, xolo 50 km simaRleze um- + _ _ +
_ _
niSvnelo sididiT ganisazRvreba. daaxloe- + +
p
biT am simaRleze atmosferos fena dadebi- ++ + ++
sur. 1
Tadaa damuxtuli _ es ionosferoa, romelic
o
ionizirebuli molekulebisgan Sedgeba. swored atmosferos am fenaSi iwyeba
dedamiwis eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi da dedamiwis zedapirze mTavrdeba.
ase rom, dedamiwis daZabulobis veqtori qveviTaa mimarTuli. gaixsene:
potenciali mcirdeba daZabulobis veqtoris mimarTulebiT (ix. § 2.7), anu
C
dedamiwis zedapiridan simaRlis zrdasTan erTad eleqtruli velis poten-
ciali matulobs.
gaixsene, rom ∆ φ = Ed da gamoTvale potencialTa sxvaoba dedamiwis eleq
't
truli velis im or wertils Soris, romelTagan erTi dedamiwis zeda
pirzea, xolo meore _ daaxloebiT 170 sm simaRleze (adamianis saSualo
simaRle).
am martivi amocanis amoxsnis Semdeg 250 v
n
darwmundebi, rom TiToeuli Cvengani qu-
CaSi gasvlisas daaxloebiT 220 v-is Zabvis 200 v
o
qveS xvdeba. maS, ratom ar SevigrZnobT?
150 v
saqme is aris, rom adamiani sakmaod
kargi gamtaria, amitom, roca deda-
100 v
miwis zedapirze vdgavarT, masTan erTad
D
Cven ekvipotencialur zedapirs vqmniT
50 v
(sur. 2): Cveni sxeulis yvela wertils
E E
erTi da igive potenciali aqvs da amitom 0 v
potencialTa sxvaoba terfsa da Tavs So- sur. 2
ris nulis tolia.
gaixsene, rom dedamiwis radiusi 6,4 . 106 m-ia da gamoTvale, ra sididisaa
dedamiwis muxti.
dedamiwis muxtis es sidide praqtikulad ucvlelia regularuli atmos-
feruli eleqtruli movlenebis (mag., Weqa-quxilis) Sedegad.
dedamiwis eleqtruli veli masSi moTavsebul muxtebze kulonuri
ZaliT moqmedebs. swored am Zalis moqmedebiT gadaadgildeba dade-
biTi muxtebi dedamiwisken, xolo uaryofiTi muxtebi _ zeviT, Rru-
blebisken.
SesaZlebelia Tu ara dedamiwis eleqtruli velis energiis gamoye-
neba? gainteresebs? moZebne informacia internetSi, misamarTze:
http://bitly.ws/p6hc http://bitly.ws/p6gg
103
2.8 fizika amocanebSi: eleqtrostatikuri
velis muSaoba. potenciali. Zabva
1, damuxtuli nawilakis moZraoba eleqtrul velSi
amocana 1
gamoTvale, ra muSaobas asrulebs televizoris
kineskopSi (sur. 1) eleqtruli veli, romlis mo
qmedebiTac eleqtroni aCqardeba, Tu cnobilia,
y
rom eleqtronis traeqtoriis sawyis da saboloo
wertils Soris potencialTa sxvaoba U = _ 10 kv-ia
p
(CaTvale, rom kineskopSi eleqtronze mxolod ku
lonuri Zalebi moqmedebs).
sur. 1 rogoria eleqtruli velis mier am dros Sesru-
o
lebuli muSaoba: dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi? gansaz
Rvre, ra siCqares SeiZens eleqtroni gzis bolos.
u.v. v
C
moc.: qe = _ 1,6 ∙10 -19 k; me = 9,1 ∙ 10−31 kg
v0 = 0; U = _ 10kv = _ 10 000 v;
't
amoxsna
1. eleqtrul velSi kulonuri Zalebis moqmedebis Sedegad eleqtroni
aCqarda da Sesabamisad, misi kinetikuri energia gaizarda (amocanis pi-
robis mixedviT, eleqtronze mxolod kulonuri Zalebi moqmedebs). ener-
n
giis mudmivobis kanonis Tanaxmad, muxtis gadaadgilebaze Sesrulebuli
eleqtruli velis muSaoba (A) kinetikuri energiis cvlilebis tolia:
mev2 mev02
o
A = 2 – 2 (1)
v0 _ eleqtronis sawyisi siCqaris modulia, v ki _ saboloo siCqaris, me

_ eleqtronis masaa;
D
2. Tu CavTvliT, rom eleqtronis sawyisi siCqare (v0) nulis tolia
(igulisxmeba velis moqmedebis Sedegad aRZruli mimarTuli moZraobis
sawyisi siCqare), 1-li toloba aseT saxes miiRebs:
mev2
A = 2 (2)
3. gaixsene: Tu cnobilia or wertils Soris Zabva (U), maSin erTi werti-

lidan meoreSi sacdeli q muxtis (q = qe ) gadaadgilebaze Sesrulebuli
eleqtruli velis muSaoba ase gamoiTvleba:
A = qeU (3)
4. me-3-is gaTvaliswinebiT, me-2 toloba aseT saxes miiRebs:
mev2
qeU = 2 (4)
5. me-4 tolobidan ki SegiZlia gamoTvalo eleqtronis siCqare, romelic
man velis moqmedebiT SeiZina.
Seamowme pasuxi. unda migeRo: v = 5,9 .107 m/wm.
104
fizika amocanebSi: eleqtrostatikuri velis muSaoba. potenciali. Zabva 2.8
amocana 2
pulverizatori
A
1910-1911 wlebSi amerikeli fi-
zikosi robert milikeni Tavis
dadebiTad damuxtuli firfita moswavlesTan, harvi fletCerTan
erTad muSaobda eqsperimentze,
B
zeTis wveTi romlis daxmarebiTac milikenma
eleqtronis muxti im droisaTvis
denis wyaro mikroskopi sakmaod didi sizustiT gansaz
y
Rvra (daaxloebiT 1%-iT gansxvav
uaryofiTad damuxtuli firfita
deba dRes aRiarebuli mniSvnelo-
sur. 2 bisgan).
p
1923 wels milikens nobelis premia mieniWa eleqtronis muxtis gan-
sazRvrisTvis.
milikenma cdisTvis orkameriani danadgari gamoiyena (sur. 2):
o
zeda (A) kameraSi pulverizatoriT zeTs aSxefebda. gaSxefebisas ze-
Tis wveTebi eleqtrovdeboda. daeleqtroebuli wveTebi simZimis Zalis
moqmedebiT vertikalurad qveviT vardeboda da zogierTi maTgani zeda
C
kameris fskerze arsebuli naxvretidan qveda (B) kameraSi xvdeboda.
qveda (B) kameraSi moTavsebuli iyo d = 1,65 sm-iT daSorebuli ori
firfita, romlebsac milikeni toli da sxvadasxvaniSniani muxtiT mux-
't
tavda: zeda firfitas dadebiTad, qvedas ki uaryofiTad. Tu firfitebs
Soris eleqtruli veli ar iyo, damuxtuli wveTebi vertikalurad qveviT
vardeboda. firfitebze potencialTa sxvaobis modebis Semdeg uaryo-
fiTad damuxtuli wveTebi eleqtruli Zalis gavleniT muxruWdeboda.
n
wveTebs milikeni mikroskopiT akvirdeboda. is erT romelime wveTs
irCevda da firfitebs Soris potencialTa sxvaobas TandaTan zrdida
manam, sanam wveTi firfitebs Soris uZravad ar gaCerdeboda.
o
roca damuxtul wveTze moqmedi eleqtruli Zala moduliT misi si-
mZimis Zalas gautoldeboda, wveTi firfitebs Soris Cerdeboda (Zabvis
mniSvneloba (U) am droisTvis 7,5 kv-mde aRwevda).
mikroskopze datanili skalis saSualebiT mecnieri wveTis radiuss
D
zomavda (r = 0,07 mm).
cdis am monacemebiT ki milikeni wveTis q muxts iTvlida.
gamoTvale wveTis muxti im monacemebiT, romlebic milikenis cdis aRwe
rilobaSia mocemuli. cnobilia, rom zeTis simkvrive ρ1 = 900 kg/m3, kame
raSi haeris simkvrive ki _ ρ2 = 1,29 kg/m3. haeris winaaRmdegobis Zalas nu
gaiTvaliswineb.
+ + + + + + + +
amoxsna
1. gaiTvaliswine: damuxtul firfitebs Soris eleq-
Fel trul velSi vardnil wveTze moqmedebs (sur. 3):
Fa a) eleqtruli velis mxridan eleqtruli Zala:
d E Uq
Fel = Eq = d ;
b) wveTis simZimis Zala: Fsim = mg (g = 9,8 n/kg);
Fsim
g) haeris mxridan amomgdebi Zala: Fa = ρ2 Vwvg;
sur. 3
105
2.8 fizika amocanebSi: eleqtrostatikuri velis muSaoba. potenciali. Zabva
2. wveTi wonasworobaSi iqneba, Tu masze moqmedi ZalTa tolqmedi 0-is

tolia. Sesabamisad, wveTis wonasworobis pirobaa: Fsim = Fel + Fa (1)
3. CaTvale, rom wveTs sferos forma aqvs. aseT SemTxvevaSi wveTis mo-
4
culoba gamoiTvleba formuliT: V = 3 π∙r 3 ;
gaixsene, rogor gamoiTvleba sxeulis masa da gamosaxe zeTis wveTis masa
simkvriviTa da moculobiT;
4. Seitane wonasworobis pirobaSi Zalebis modulebis, masis gamosaTvleli
gamosaxulebebi da gamosaxe wveTis muxti.
y
Seitane sidideTa cnobili mniSvnelobebi da gamoTvale wveTis muxti.
4πr3dg(ρ1–ρ2)
Seamowme pasuxi. unda migeRo: q = ≈ 2,4 ∙10–14 k.
p
3U
milikeni ganmeorebiT cdaSi wveTis muxts rentgenis sxivebis zemoq
medebiT amcirebda. Sedegad mcirdeboda wveTze moqmedi eleqtruli
o
Zala, wonasworoba irRveoda da wveTi isev vardnas iwyebda. milikeni
kvlav zrdida potencialTa sxvaobas, wveTs awonasworebda da Tavidan
iTvlida mis muxts.
mecnierma SeamCnia, rom wveTis muxti yovelTvis 1,6 ∙10-19 k-is jeradi
C
iyo. swored es iyo eleqtronis muxtis absoluturi sidide _ bunebaSi
damoukideblad arsebuli elementaruli muxti, romlis kidev ufro
't
Semcireba SeuZlebelia. milikenis cdis animaciuri saxiT naxva SegiZlia
internetSi, misamarTze: http://bitly.ws/p6wf
2. wertilovani muxtisa da gamtari sferos (birTvis)
n
eleqtrostatikuri velis potenciali
wertilovani muxtis eleqtruli velis potencialis manZilze damokidebu-
lebis formulis gamoyvana rTul maTematikur gardaqmnebs saWiroebs, amitom
o
am formulas gamoyvanis gareSe gTavazobT:
wertilovani muxtis eleqtruli velis potenciali vakuumSi gamoiTvleba
formuliT:
q
φ = k r (1)
D
sadac q is muxtia, romelic vels qmnis (velis wyaro), xolo r manZilia, romli
Tac q muxtidan velis mocemuli wertilia daSorebuli.
ε dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadobis mqone garemoSi wertilovani muxtis poten-
cialis formulas Semdegi saxe aqvs:
q
φ = k εr (2)
potenciali skalaruli sididea: (1)-li formulidan Cans, rom dadebiTi mux-
tis (q >0) velis wertilTa potenciali dadebiTia (φ > 0), xolo uaryofiTi
muxtis (q < 0) velis wertilTa potenciali _ uaryofiTi (φ < 0).
(1)-li formulis gamoyenebisas igulisxmeba, rom nulovan doned miCneulia
velis potenciali muxtidan usasrulod daSorebul wertilSi (roca r → ∞, ma-
Sin φ → 0). nulovani donis ase SerCeva mosaxerxebelia, magram savaldebulo ar
aris, radgan, rogorc ukve ici, praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs ara potencials
mocemul wertilSi, aramed potencialis cvlilebas or wertils Soris, rac nu-
lovani donis arCevaze damokidebuli aRar aris.
Tu usasrulod daSorebuli wertilebis potencials nulis tolad Cav
106
TvliT, maSin wertilovani muxtis velis potencials martivi fizikuri azri

eZleva: wertilovani muxtidan r manZilze eleqtrostatikuri velis potenciali
ricxobrivad im muSaobis tolia, romelsac veli sivrcis mocemuli wertilidan
usasrulobaSi erTeulovani dadebiTi muxtis gadaadgilebisas asrulebs (rad-
A
gan, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom φ2 = 0, maSin U = φ1 – φ2 = φ1 – 0 = φ1 (r) = q ).
gaiTvaliswine: Tu damuxtuli gamtari sferos (birTvis) zedapirze q muxti
Tanabradaa ganawilebuli, maSin sfero (birTvi) iseTive eleqtrul vels Seqmnis
sferos (birTvis) gareT, rogorsac mis centrSi moTavsebuli q muxti Seqmnida.
y
damuxtuli gamtari sferos (birTvis) eleqtruli velis potenciali im wer
tilebSi, romlebic sferos (birTvis) centridan radiusze ufro meti manZiliTaa
daSorebuli (r > R ), aseve 1-li formuliT gamoiTvleba:
p
q
φ = k r (3)
damuxtuli gamtari sferos (an birTvis) SigniT (r ≤ R ) da zedapirze potenciali
o
yvela wertilSi erTnairia da ase gamoiTvleba:
q
φ = k R (4)
C
E
amocana 3
't
R 1 mkk sididis dadebiTi muxti im sferos zedapirze, romlis
radiusi 10 sm-ia, Tanabradaa ganawilebuli. gamoTvale gare
Zalis muSaoba, romelic sruldeba sferos centridan 30
sm-iT daSorebuli wertilidan sferos zedapirze 10-8 k da
n
debiTi sacdeli muxtis gadaadgilebisas.
sur. 4
amoxsna:
o
1. gaixsene: muSaoba, romelsac veli or wertils Soris q muxtis gada-
adgilebisas asrulebs, ase gamoiTvleba:
A = qU = q (φ1 - φ2) (1)
D
φ1 – sawyisi wertilis, anu sferos centridan 30 sm-iT daSorebuli wer-
tilis, potencialia;
φ2 _ saboloo wertilis (sferos zedapiris) potencialia.
amocanis pirobidan Cans, rom dadebiTi q muxti dabali potencialis
mqone wertilidan maRali potencialis wertilisken gadaadgildeba. am
dros muxtis gadasaadgileblad muSaobas gare Zala asrulebs. dafiqrdi:
ris tolia gare Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba?
2. gaixsene: rogor gamoiTvleba potenciali R radiusis mqone Tanabrad
damuxtuli sferos
a) centridan r manZilze (r >R), anu φ1 ; b) zedapirze (r = R), anu φ2 .
3. gamoTvale muxtis sawyisi da saboloo mdebareobebis Sesabamis wer-
tilebSi velis potencialebi da gansazRvre muSaoba, romelic sferos
centridan 30 sm-iT daSorebuli wertilidan sferos zedapirze 10–8 k
dadebiTi sacdeli muxtis gadaadgilebisas sruldeba.
Seamowme pasuxi. unda migeRo: A gare = 6 ∙10-4 j;
107
amocana 4
eleqtrostatikuri movlenebis gacnobisas,
albaT, xSirad muxtavdi gaberil buSte-
bs Tmaze xaxuniT. garkveuli miaxloebiT
SeiZleba CavTvaloT, rom buSti sferoa
da mis zedapirze statikuri muxti Tana-
bradaa gadanawilebuli (sur. 5). cnobilia,
rom daeleqtroebisas 10 sm radiusis mqone
y
sur. 5
buStis zedapirze saSualod 0,1 mkk muxti
grovdeba. gamoTvale:
a) potenciali damuxtuli buStis zedapirze;
p
b) energia, romelic buStis ganmuxtvisas adamians gadaecema;
amoxsna:
o
1. gamoTvale damuxtuli buStis potenciali zedapirze, φ(R);
Seamowme. unda migeRo: φ( R) = 9 000 v;
2. Tmaze xaxunisas daeleqtroebuli buStis zedapirs sakmaod maRali,
C
9000 v-is toli potenciali aqvs. metic, roca tansacmlis gaxdisas na-
perkali Cndeba, am dros Tqveni sxeulis potenciali 10 000-idan 20 000
voltamde meryeobs. ratom ar iTvleba adamianisTvis saxifaTod msgavsi
't
movlenebi? ra sididis energia gamoiyofa naperwkalSi, romelic buStis
ganmuxtvas axlavs Tan?
gamovTvaloT energia, romelic daeleqtroebuli buStis ganmuxtvisas
n
adamians gadaecema:
maqsimaluri energia, romelic damuxtul buSts aqvs, ase gamoiTvleba:
o
Wmaqs = q ∙ φ(R)
ganmuxtvisas buStis potenciali maqsimaluri φ(R) mniSvnelobidan
TandaTan ecema nulamde, Sesabamisad, energia, romelic ganmuxtvisas
D
adamians gadaecema, ase gamoiTvleba:
φ (R) + 0
W = q ∙ φ saS, romelSic φ saS =
2
anu,
φ (R) + 0 q∙φ (R)
W = q ∙ φ saS = q ∙ 2 = 2 = 0,5 ∙ 10-7 k ∙ 9∙ 103 v = 4,5 ∙ 10-4 j.
es ki imdenad mcire energiaa, rom adamianisTvis safrTxes ar wamoadgens
(miT ufro, Tu gaiTvaliswineb, rom am energiis nawili sinaTlisa da
bgeris energiad gardaiqmneba).
3. damuxtul nawilakTa sistemis velis potenciali

potenciali skalaruli sididea. Sesabamisad, Tu sivrcis romeliRac wer-
tilSi eleqtruli veli ramdenime muxtis velis zeddebis Sedegad iqmneba, maSin
jamuri eleqtruli velis potenciali TiToeuli muxtis velis potencialTa
algebruli jamis tolia: φ=φ1+φ2+φ3+…+φn
nebismier sxeuli SeiZleba warmovidginoT, rogorc uamravi wertilovani mux-
tis erToblioba (sistema). superpoziciis principidan gamomdinare, damuxtuli
108
sxeulis garSemo arsebuli velis mocemul wertilSi potenciali ganisazRvreba

im potencialTa algebruli jamiT, romlebic calkeuli wertilovani muxtis
mieraa Seqmnili.
amocana 5
q1 = 10-9k da q2 = – 10-8 k muxtebs Soris manZili 55 sm-ia. ipoveT daZabuloba
velis im wertilSi, romlis potenciali nulis tolia, Tu cnobilia, rom
es wertili q1 da q2 muxtebs Soris maT SemaerTebel wrfeze mdebareobs.
y
amoxsna:
vTqvaT, A saZiebeli wertilia (sur. 6).
q1 q2
p
A _
+
o
x ℓ–x
ℓ = 0,55 m sur. 6
1. daakvirdi naxazs da dafiqrdi, rogor gamoiTvleba A wertilSi:
C
a) q1 muxtis potenciali (φ1); b) q2 muxtis potenciali: (φ2).
2. superpoziciis principidan gamomdinare, dawere, rogor gamoiTvleba
't
A wertilSi q1 da q2 muxtebis jamuri velis potenciali (φ) da pirobis
Tanaxmad gautole nuls (gaiTvaliswine, rom dadebiTi muxtis velis
wertilTa potenciali dadebiTia, xolo uaryofiTi muxtis velis wer-
tilTa potenciali _ uaryofiTi);
n
amoxseni miRebuli gantoleba x-is mimarT.
3. gamosaxe grafikulad q1 da q2 muxtebis mier Seqmnili velebis E1 da
E2 daZabulobaTa veqtorebi A wertilSi.
o
4. gaixsene, rogor gamoiTvleba wertilovani muxtis velis daZabulobis
moduli. gaiTvaliswine velebis superpoziciis principi da gamoTvale q1
da q2 muxtebis mier Seqmnili jamuri velis daZabuloba A wertilSi (EA).
D
Seamowme pasuxi. unda migeRo: x = 0,05 m; EA ≈ 4 . 103 n/k.
4. ori wertilovani muxtis urTierTqmedebis potenciuri

energia
Sen ici, rom eleqtrostatikur velSi moTavsebuli q muxtis potenciuri ener
gia gamoiTvleba formuliT:
W = φ q (1)
sadac φ eleqtrostatikuri velis potencialia im wertilSi, romelSic q
muxtia moTavsebuli.
Tu q2 wertilovani muxti q1 wertilovani muxtis eleqtrul velSia moTavse-
buli, maSin q2 muxtis potenciuri energia gamoiTvleba formuliT:
W = q2 φ (2)
sadac φ aris q1 wertilovani muxtis mier Seqmnili eleqtruli velis poten-
ciali im wertilSi, romelSic q2 muxtia moTavsebuli:
q1 q 1q 2
φ = k r , e. i. W = q2 φ = k r (3)

109
amrigad, erTi wertilovani muxtis potenciuri energia meore wertilovani

muxtis velSi, anu
ori wertilovani muxtis urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energia gamoisaxeba
formuliT:
q 1q 2
W = k r (4)
me-4 formula samarTliania vakuumSi moTavsebuli muxtebisTvis. garemoSi,
romlis dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadobaa ε, me-4 formula aseT saxes miiRebs:
q 1q 2
y
W = k εr (5)
Tu q1 da q2 muxtebi erTnairniSniania, maSin maTi urTierTqmedebis potenciuri
energia dadebiTia da misi sidide miT ufro metia, rac naklebia muxtebs So-
p
ris manZili, radgan am Sem TxvevaSi metia muxtebis
urTierTganzidvisas kulonuri Zalebis mier muxte-
o
bis usasrulod daSorebaze Sesrulebuli muSaoba
potenciuri energia, W
(sur. 7, I).
Tu q1 da q2 muxtebi sxvadasxvaniSniania, maSin maTi I
urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energia uaryofiTia
C
da misi maqsimaluri mniSvneloba nulis tolia. es 0
r
mniSvneloba maSin miiReba, roca muxtebs Soris man-
Zili usasrulod izrdeba (Tu r → ∞, maSin W → 0). rac II
't
ufro metia muxtebs Soris manZili, miT met muSaobas
Seasrulebs mizidvis Zalebi muxtebis urTierTmiax
loebisas (sur. 7, II). sur. 7
n
amocana 6
gamoTvale, ra sawyisi siCqare unda hqondes erT protons meoris mi
marT, rom isini erTmaneTs 10 -11 sm-is tol manZilze miuaxlovdnen
o
(protonis masaa 1,6 .10-27 kg).
amoxsna:
1. gaixsene, rogor gamoiTvleba:
D
a) protonebis urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energia (Wpot);
b) protonis kinetikuri energia (Ekin).
2. dafiqrdi, protonebis erTmaneTTan miaxloebisas rogor icvleba maTi:
a) kinetikuri energia? ratom?
b) urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energia? ratom?
3. gaixsene energiis mudmivobis kanoni. dafiqrdi, sad `qreba~ protonis
kinetikuri energia?
4. amocanis pirobis Tanaxmad, is umciresi manZili, romelzec protonebi
erTmaneTs miuaxlovdeba, 10-11 sm-is tolia. ratom ver `midian~ protonebi
erTmaneTTan kidev ufro axlos?
5. dawere energiis mudmivobis kanoni da gamoTvale protonis sawyisi
siCqare (v0).
Seamowme pasuxi. unda migeRo: v ≈ 1,7 .106 m/wm.
110
proeqti #6:
qila, romelmac evropa SeZra
1745 weli. versalis brwyinvale sasaxlis darbazi. sazeimo mundirSi gamowyo-
bili, samefo karis as oTxmoci xelixelCakidebuli gvardieli wreze dgas da
brZanebas elodeba (sur. 1).
brZanebas safrangeTis mecnierebaTa akademiis wevri, abati Jan antuan nole
iZleva. Jan nole sazogadoebisTvis cnobili iyo Tavisi sajaro eqsperimente-
y
biT, romlebic idumalebiT mocul eleqtrul movlenebs efuZneboda da XVIII
saukunis meore naxevarSi Zalian moduri iyo.
... noles xelSi ucnauri qila uWiravs (sur.2). es `leidenis qilaa~, pirveli
p
kondensatori _ mowyobiloba romliTac eleqtruli muxtis dagrovebaa Sesa-
Zlebeli. leidenis qilas oto gerikes mier Seqmnili èleqtruli manqaniT~
muxtavdnen da am gziT qilaSi sakmaod didi raodenobis muxts agrovebdnen
o
(sur. 3). swored amgvarad dagrovili eleqtrobis sademonstracio cdas atare-
bs abati nole versalSi…
't C
sur. 1
o n sur. 2 sur. 3
eqsperimentis msvlelobas TviT misi udidebulesoba safrangeTis mefe adev-
D
nebs Tvals. abatis brZanebaze gvardielebi èleqtrul wreds~kraven: `wredis~
erT boloSi mdgari gvardieli leidenis qilas xelSi iWers, meore boloSi
mdgari gvardieli ki qilis sacobSi gayril lursmans exeba… as oTxmocive
gvardiels moulodnelobisa da gaurkveveli SegrZnebisgan yvirili aRmoxdeba.
yvela maTgani Zlier eleqtrul dartymas iRebs!
es iyo garTobis mizniT Catarebuli eqsperimenti, romlis Sedegi eleqtro-
bis kvlevaSi gardamtexi gaxda: mecnierebs SesaZlebloba gauCndaT, daegrove-
binaT eleqtruli muxti.
abatis cda amtkicebda ara marto imas, rom adamianis sxeuli eleqtruli de-
nis kargi gamtaria, aramed eleqtruli wredis erT-erT im kanonsac, romelic
laboratoriul pirobebSi erTi saukunis Semdeg daadgines: gamtarebis mimde-
vrobiTi SeerTebisas yvela gamtarSi erTi da imave sididis deni gadis.
leidenis saocari qilis ambavma mTeli evropa SeZra: imdenad didi iyo èleq
truli cdebiT~ gamowveuli STabeWdileba, rom adamianebi (isinic ki, vinc sak-
maod Sors idga mecnierebisgan) cdilobdnen, TavianT Tavze gamoecadaT ucxo
SegrZneba an enaxaT, ra zegavlenas axdenda eleqtroba sxvebze. xmebi èleq
truli cdebis~ Sesaxeb swrafad gavrcelda da evropidan CrdiloeT ameri-
111
2.8 proeqti #6: qila, romelmac evropa SeZra
kaSi, filadelfiaSi, gamoCenili mecnierisa da sazogado moRvawis, benjamin

franklinis yuramdec miaRwia. franklini atmosferoSi mimdinare movlenebs
Seiswavlida da Rrmad swamda, rom èlva bunebis xelSi igivea, rac eleqtro-
ba _ fizikosTa xelSi~. franklinma elvis daufleba da adamianis samsaxurSi
Cayeneba gadawyvita. cxadia, is leidenis qilam Zalian daainteresa, radgan
misi daxmarebiT atmosferuli eleqtrobis dagrovebas SeZlebda. man ingli-
sidan leidenis qila specialurad gamoiwera da 1748 wlis gazafxulze cdebis
Catarebas Seudga...
y
davaleba 1. daamzade leidenis qila.
amisTvis dagWirdeba:
minis an plastmasis patara qila (Wiqa) an plastmasis ci-
p
lindruli boTli, 200-idan 500 ml-mde moculobis;
plastmasis Tavsaxuri, romelic qilas mWidrod ergeba;
o
folga; SemaerTebeli gamtarebi, romlebic saizolacio sur. 4
feniTaa dafaruli.
I. samuSaos Sesrulebis etapebi:
1. gamoWeri folgisgan zoli, romlis
C
a) simaRle qilis (Wiqis) simaRlis 2/3-ia;
b) sigane qilis garSemowerilobis tolia.
2. Semoakari qilas mWidrod folgisgan gamoWrili zoli
't
rogorc gare, ise Sida zedapirze (sur. 4,5); sur. 5
3. gamoWeri folgisgan ori wre:
a) erTze gamtari sadeni webovani lentiT miamagre da
n
fskerze Caafine ise, rom gamtaris bolo qilis gareT
gamodiodes. moarge qilas Tavsaxuri;
b) meore wre qilas Zirze garedan Semoafine (sur. 6).
o
SeniSvna: izolirebuli sadenebis nacvlad SegiZlia
folgisgan damzadebuli `sadenebi~ gamoiyeno: gamoWeri sur. 6
folgisgan zoli (30X50 mm) da gadaaxvie ise, rom wvrili
mili miiRo. gamodevne haeri folgis milidan (sur. 7).
D
4. meore gamtari sadeni qilas garedan, folgiT dafarul
kedelze, webovani lentiT miamagre (an ise, rogorc es
me-10 suraTze gamosaxul modelebzea);
5. izolirebuli sadenebis boloebs moacile saizolacio
fena, ise, rom daaxloebiT 1 sm sigrZis gamtari `SiSveli~
sur. 7
darCes;
es ukve leidenis qilaa! leidenis qilis gansxvavebuli modelebis naxva
SegiZlia internetSi miTiTebul misamarTebze:
http://bitly.ws/p6pu http://bitly.ws/p6Rk http://bitly.ws/p6nb
http://bitly.ws/p6Rn http://bitly.ws/pgCh http://bitly.ws/pgCk
112
proeqti #6: qila, romelmac evropa SeZra 2.8
II. damuxte leidenis qila:

1. gamoiyene troboeleqtruli mwkrivi (SesaZloa, Sen mier Sedgenili
mwkrivic gamoiyeno, Tu imuSave proeqtze _ `versoriumi~) da daakvirdi:
romeli ori masalis xaxunis Sedegad SeiZleba miiRo didi muxti.
aarCie daeleqtroebis TvalsazrisiT masalis yvelaze efeqtiani wyvili,
daaeleqtrove erTmaneTze xaxuniT;
2. gadaitane moxaxune sxeulebidan muxti eleqtroforis daxmarebiT
qilis Sida sadenze: Seaxe mas (gaimeore ramdenjerme).
y
III. ganmuxte leidenis qila: qilis gare da Sida zedapirebze mimagrebu-
li sadenebis gaSiSvlebuli boloebi erTmaneTs miuaxlove (sur. 8) da
daakvirdi: Tu qila sworad daamzade da damuxte, maSin sadenebs Soris
p
naperwkali unda gaCndes.
SeniSvna:
o
• ganmuxtvisas naperwklis miRebas haeris tenianoba xels uSlis. Caatare
cda mSral amindSi (haeris rekomendebuli tenianobaa 50 %);
• leidenis qila damuxtvisas aucileblad unda daamiwo: xeli mohkide
qilas an misi gare Semonafeni sadeniT `miwasTan~ SeaerTe.
C
IV. dafiqrdi:
1. daakvirdi me-3 suraTs: eqsperimentators leidenis qila (minis WurWe-
't
li, romelSic wyali asxia) xelSi uWiravs. rogor imuxteba am dros mi-
nis WurWeli, romelsac Semonafenebi ar aqvs (iseTi, rogoric Sen mier
damzadebul qilas aqvs)? ris rolSia `xeli~, `wyali~ da WurWlis `minis
kedeli~?
n
2. leidenis qilis damzadebisas gaiTvaliswine, rom SegiZlia Sida amona-
feni marilis wyalxsnariT Caanacvlo (sur.9). axseni, ratom iqcevian ase?
o
davaleba 2. gamoTvale Sen mier damzadebuli leidenis qilis eleqtro
tevadoba.
SeniSvna: Sen mier damzadebuli leidenis qila TiTqmis cilindruli
D
kondensatoria. misi tevadobis gamosaTvlelad SegiZlia brtyeli konden-
satoris tevadobis gamosaTvleli formula gamoiyeno (Tu Semonafenebs
Soris mcire manZilia). gamoTvlis Sedegi SegiZlia Seamowmo multime-
triT, romelsac eleqtrotevadobis sazomi funqciac aqvs.
davaleba 3. gamoTvale eleqtruli energiis is maragi, romlis dagrovebac
Sen mier damzadebul leidenis qilas SeuZlia.
SeniSvna: dagWirdeba Zabvis im mniSvnelobis codna, romelic qilis Se-
monafenebs (anu Sida da gare sadenebs Sorisaa).
liToni
liToni
mina
wyali
sur. 8 sur.9
113
proeqti #6: qila, romelmac evropa SeZra
liTonis
sacobi
Rero
mina
sadeni
folga
py
sur. 10. leidenis qilis gansxvavebuli modelebi
1. gaarkvie: ra sididis Zabva unda arsebobdes haerSi moTavsebul 1 sm-
o
iT daSorebul or gamtars Soris, rom haeris `garRveva~ moxdes, anu
naperwkali gaCndes;
2. gansazRvre Sen mier miRebuli naperwklis sigrZe (Sida da gare sadenebis
boloebs (ganmmuxtvelebs) Soris manZili) da proporciulad gamoTvale
C
Zabva, romelic qilis ganmuxtvisas mis Semonafenebs Soris arsebobs.
davaleba 4. daamzade leidenis ori qila da Seqmeni batarea:
't
1. SeaerTe leidenis qilebi a) mimdevrobiT; b) paralelurad;
2. Seadare naperwkali, romelic erTi qilis ganmuxtvisas warmoiqmneba,
im naperwkals, romelsac batareis ganmuxtva mogcems;
n
3. imsjele, rogor icvleba eleqtrotevadoba mimdevrobiT da parale-
lurad SeerTebuli qilebis SemTxvevaSi.
warmoadgine Sen mier damzadebuli leidenis qila da prezentacia klasis
o
winaSe. prezentaciaSi unda Candes:
1. ra aris leidenis qila da rogor xdeba muxtis dagroveba misi dax-
marebiT;
D
2. ra roli Seasrula leidenis qilis gamogonebam mecnierebis ganviTa-
rebaSi;
5. ra gamoyeneba aqvs Tanamedrove teqnologiebSi leidenis qilas;
6. usafrTxoebis ra zomebi unda davicva leidenis qilis (kondensatoris)
gamoyenebisas.
sebuli misamarTebze:
http://bitly.ws/p6Rm http://bitly.ws/p6Rg http://bitly.ws/p6Ri
114
2.9 kondensatori
1. eleqtrotevadoba
Sen ukve ici, rom eleqtrul vels muSaobis Sesrulebis unari aqvs, anu
eleqtrul vels aqvs energia. eleqtruli velis energiis gamoyeneba rom SevZloT,
misi dagroveba unda viswavloT, magram rogor davagrovoT eleqtruli energia?
modi, CavataroT cdebi da davakvirdeT, ra pirobebSi grovdeba gamtar sxeulze
y
didi eleqtruli muxti.
eleqtro
gamtari burTulebi
forebi
cda I
p
cdisTvis saWiroa: eleqtrostatikuri
manqana (sur. 1).
1. daaSore eleqtrostatikuri manqanis
o
gamtari burTulebi erTmaneTs da-
axloebiT 1 sm-is tol manZilze;
2. moiyvane manqana moZraobaSi: abrune
C
misi saxeluri.
eleqtrostatikuri manqanis eleqtroforebi leidenis
qila
brunvisas moduliT toli da sapirispiro niS-
't
nis muxtiT imuxteba. eleqtroforebidan muxti
gamtar burTulebs gadaecema da maT Soris po- sur. 1
tencialTa sxvaoba (Zabva) aRiZvreba. eleqtro-
forebis Semdgomi brunvisas burTulebze gadacemuli muxtis sidide izrdeba
n
da Sesabamisad, izrdeba maT Soris Zabvac.
Zabvis gadidebiT burTulebs Soris eleqtruli veli Zlierdeba. Zlier
o
eleqtrul velSi (didi Zabvis dros) dieleqtriki (am SemTxvevaSi, haeri) gamtari
xdeba. am movlenas dieleqtrikis `garRvevas~ uwodeben. burTulebs Soris haeris
garRvevisas naperwkali gaxteba da burTulebi ganimuxteba. Tu oTaxSi, sadac
eqsperiments atareb, haeri mSralia (tenianoba ar unda aRematebodes 50%-s),
D
naperwkali mxolod maSin Cndeba, roca burTulebs Soris Zabva 1sm-ze 30 kv-is
rigisaa!
daaSore burTulebi daaxloebiT 4 sm-is toli manZiliT. haeris `garRveva~
aseT SemTxvevaSi maSin xdeba, roca Zabva burTulebs Soris daaxloebiT 120 kv-ia.
daakvirdi eleqtrostatikuri manqanis moqmedebas videoze:
http://bitly.ws/oY62
or gamtars Soris Zabva (U) proporciulia im muxtis sididisa (q -si), romelic

TiToeul maTganze grovdeba (erTze (+ q) muxti, meoreze ki (– q) grovdeba),
amitom erT-erTi gamtaris muxtis (misi absoluturi sididis) Sefardeba gamtarebs
Soris arsebul ZabvasTan muxtis sidideze damokidebuli ar aris. is mxolod gam-
tarTa geometriuli zomebiT, maTi formiTa da urTierTganlagebiT ganisazR-
vreba (aseve damokidebulia garemos eleqtrul Tvisebebze, mis dieleqtrikul
SeRwevadobaze).
ori gamtaris mier eleqtruli muxtis dagrovebis unars axasiaTeben fizikuri
sididiT, romelsac eleqtrotevadoba hqvia.
115
2.9 kondensatori
eleqtrotevadoba C asoTi aRiniSneba da gamoiTvleba formuliT:

q
C = U (1)
romelSic q erT-erTi gamtaris muxtis absoluturi sididea, xolo U am
gamtarsa da mezobel gamtars Soris arsebuli potencialTa sxvaobaa (Zabvaa).
daakvirdi 1-l formulas: rac ufro naklebi Zabva aRiZvreba or gamtars Soris
maTze muxtis dagrovebisas, miT metia gamtarTa eleqtrotevadoba, miT ufro didi
muxtis dagrovebaa SesaZlebeli maTze ise, rom ar moxdes haeris `garRveva~ (anu,
gamtarTa ganmuxtva).
y
2. eleqtrotevadobis erTeulebi
[q] 1 k
p
eleqtrotevadobis erTeuli SI sistemaSi 1 faradia (f): [C] SI = [U] = 1 v = 1 f.
ori gamtaris eleqtrotevadoba 1 faradia, Tu maT Soris 1 v potencialTa
o
sxvaoba maSin aRiZvreba, roca gamtarebze +1 da -1 k muxti grovdeba.
Sen ici, rom 1 k muxti Zalian didi sididea, Sesabamisad Zalian didia 1 f
eleqtrotevadobac, amitom praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba eleqtrotevadobis gacilebiT
mcire erTeulebi: 1 mikrofaradi (mkf) = 10 -6 f.
C
1 nanofaradi (nf) = 10 -9 f.
1 pikofaradi (pf) = 10-12 f.
't
3. kondensatori
cnobilia, rom didi eleqtrotevadoba aqvs ori gamtaris
erTobliobas (sistemas), romelTa Soris dieleqtrikis fenaa
(fenis sisqe gamtaris zomebTan SedarebiT mcirea). gamtarTa
n
aseT sistemas kondensatori hqvia, Tavad gamtarebs ki _ kon
densatoris Semonafenebi. leidenis qila kondensatoria, anu
mowyobiloba, romelic muxtisa da, Sesabamisad, eleqtruli sur. 2
o
energiis dasagroveblad gamoiyeneba. leidenis qilaSi Semonafenebis rolSi
folgis gamtari firfitebia (an folga da marilwyali, an xeli da wyali), xolo
minis WurWeli _ dieleqtrikia Semonafenebs Soris (ix. proeqti #6).
D
saskolo laboratoriaSi umetesad umartivesi tipis brtyel kondensators
(nax. 2) viyenebT, romelic liTonis ori paraleluri brtyeli firfitisgan
(Semonafenisgan) Sedgeba. Semonafenebs Soris
manZili maT zomebTan SedarebiT mcirea da isini
erTmaneTisgan dieleqtrikis (haeris) feniTaa
gamoyofili (brtyeli kondensatoris garda,
arsebobs sferuli da cilindruli kondensa-
torebic).
kondesators muxtaven: mis Semonafenebs mo
duliT tol da sapirispiro niSnis (+q da -q)
muxtebs aniWeben. amisaTvis kondensatoris Semo-
sur. 3
nafenebs eleqtroforuli manqanis (an akumula-
toris) sxvadasxva poluss uerTeben (sur. 3).
erT-erTi Semonafenis muxtis absolutur sidides kondensatoris muxti hqvia.
1 kondensatoris damuxtva sxva gziTacaa SesaZlebelia:
1. kondensatoris erT Semonafens eleqtroforuli manqanis erT-erT
116
kondensatori 2.9
poluss uerTeben, xolo meore Semonafens amiweben, anu iseT gamtar

sxeuls uerTeben, romelic dedamiwasTanaa dakavSirebuli (eleqtro-
foruli manqanis meore polusic damiwebulia).
2. daeleqtroebul sxeuls (mag., ebonistis an minis Reros) kondensatoris
erT-erT Semonafens Seaxeben, xolo meore Semonafens amiweben.
Tu kondensatoris Semonafenebis muxti moduliT tolia da niSniT sapirispiro,
maSin kondensatoris mTeli eleqtruli veli +q E = E –q
Semonafenebs Sorisaa Tavmoyrili. daakvirdi me-4 E1 1 2
y
suraTs: E1 dadebiTi firfitis velis daZabulo- E2
baa, xoloE2 _ uaryofiTi firfitis velisa.
dadebiTi da uaryofiTad damuxtuli Semonafe
p
nebis velebis daZabulobebi moduliT tolia,
xolo mimarTulebiT:
a) sapirispiroa Semonafenebis gareT, amitom
o
Semonafenebis gareT jamuri veli nulis tolia;
b) erTnairia Semonafenebs Soris, amitom Semo- Ejam = 0 Ejam = 2E1 Ejam = 0
nafenebs Soris jamuri velis daZabulobis modu sur. 4
C
li orjer ufro metia, vidre TiToeuli Semonafenis velis daZabulobisa: E = 2E1.
garemomcveli damuxtuli sxeulebis velebi kondensatoris SigniT TiTqmis
ver aRwevs da Semonafenebs Soris potencialTa sxvaobaze gavlenas ver axdens.
't
4. kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba
2 aage kondensatoris Zabvis muxtze damokidebulebis grafiki. Caatare
cdebi virtualur laboratoriaSi: http://bitly.ws/pnHe
n
kondensatoris Semonafenebs Soris Zabva kondensato- U
ris muxtis proporciulia (sur.5). kondensatoris muxtis
o
Sefardeba firfitebs Soris arsebuli Zabvis sididesTan
kondensatoris eleqtrotevadobaa _ fizikuri sidide,
romelic arc muxtze da arc Zabvaze damokidebuli ar 0 q
aris da gamoiTvleba 1-li formuliT:
D
sur. 5
q
C = U (1)
1-li formulidan Cans, rom:
1. kondensatoris muxti gamoiTvleba formuliT: q = C U (2)
e. i. Tu sxvadasxva kondensatoris Semonafenebs Soris Zabva erTnairia, im
kondensatoriT, romlis eleqtrotevadobac ufro metia, ufro meti muxtis dag
rovebaa SesaZlebeli.
2. Zabva kondensatoris Semonafenebs Soris gamoiTvleba formuliT:
q
U = C (3)
rac imas niSnavs, rom Tu sxvadasxva kondensatoris muxti erTnairia, maSin maT
Semonafenebs Soris Zabva gansxvavebuli iqneba: meti Zabva aRiZvreba im kondensa-
toris Semonafenebs Soris, romlis eleqtrotevadobac naklebia.
razea damokidebuli kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba? am kiTxva-
ze pasuxis gasacemad CavataroT cdebi. cdebisTvis SegiZlia gamoiyeno
rogorc realuri, ise virtualuri laboratoria: http://bitly.ws/pnHe
117
2.9 kondensatori
5. razea damokidebuli brtyeli kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba?
II - IV cdebisTvis saWiroa: brtyeli kondensatori, eleqtrometri damiwebuli

korpusiT, SemaerTebeli gamtarebi.
mosamzadebeli samuSao: kondensatoris Semonafenebs Soris potencialTa
sxvaobis gasazomad kondensatoris erTi Semonafeni eleqtrometris korpuss
miuerTe, xolo meore mis Reros: eleqtrometris isris gadaxris kuTxis mi-
xedviT SesaZlebelia firfitebs Soris Zabvis cvlilebaze dakvirveba. damuxte
kondensatori.
y
cda II
1. gazarde damuxtuli kondensatoris Se-
p
monafenebs Soris manZili (sur. 6) da daak
virdi eleqtrometris Cvenebas: Seicvala
o
Tu ara firfitebs Soris Zabva?
2. dafiqrdi: ram gamoiwvia, Zabvis cvlile-
ba, roca kondensatoris muxti ucvlelia?
3. gamoitane daskvna: damokidebulia Tu ara sur. 6
C
kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba Semonafenebs Soris manZilze? rogoria
es damokidebuleba?
't
cda III
1. gadaaadgile damuxtuli kondensatoris erTi Se-
monafeni meoris mimarT ise (sur. 7), rom
n
a) Semonafenebs Soris manZili ar Seicvalos;
b) Semonafenebis mier erTmaneTis gadafarvis far-
Tobi Semcirdes. sur. 7
o
2. daakvirdi eleqtrometris Cvenebas: ram gamoiwvia Zabvis cvlileba,
roca kondensatoris muxti ucvlelia?
3. gamoitane daskvna: damokidebulia Tu ara kondensatoris eleqtrote-
vadoba Semonafenebis mier urTierTgadafarvis farTobze? rogoria es
D
damokidebuleba?
cda IV
1. Seitane damuxtuli kondensatoris firfi-
tebs Soris dieleqtrikis Txeli fena (mag.,
organuli minis firfita) (sur. 8).
2. daakvirdi eleqtrometris Cvenebas: ram
gamoiwvia Zabvis cvlileba, roca konden- sur. 8
satoris muxti ucvlelia (gaixsene, rogor icvleba eleqtruli veli
dieleqtrikSi)?
3. gamoitane daskvna: damokidebulia Tu ara kondensatoris eleqtro-
tevadoba Semonafenebs Soris garemos dieleqtrikul SeRwevadobaze?
rogoria es damokidebuleba?
II-IV cdebis Sedegebi gvaZlevs saSualebas, davaskvnaT, rom brtyeli kondensa
toris eleqtrotevadoba damokidebulia:
118
kondensatori 2.9
a) Semonafenebs Soris manZilze (d): rac metia Semonafenebs Soris manZili, miT
naklebia eleqtrotevadoba;
b) Semonafenebis S farTobze (ufro sworad ki Semonafenebis urTierTgada-
farvis farTobze): rac metia farTobi, miT metia eleqtrotevadoba;
g) im garemos dieleqtrikul SeRwevadobaze, romelic firfitebs Sorisaa (ε):
rac metia dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba (ε), miT metia kondensatoris eleqtro-
tevadoba. kondensatoris eleqtruli velis daZabuloba (Sesabamisad, Zabva
kondensatoris Semonafenebs Soris) dieleqtrikSi ε-jer mcirdeba (cxadia, Tu
y
Semonafenebs Soris manZili ucvlelia). es imas niSnavs, rom kondensatoris te-
vadoba ε-jer gaizrdeba.
ε0εS
es damokidebuleba maTematikurad ase gamoisaxeba: C = d (4)
p
sadac C _ brtyeli kondensatoris eleqtrotevadobaa;
1
ε0 _ eleqtruli mudmivaa, ε0 = 4πk = 8,85 ∙10-12 k2/nm2;
o
ε _ im garemos dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadobaaa, romelic Semonafenebs Sorisaa;
S _ TiToeuli Semonafenis farTobia (Semonafenebis urTierTgadafarvis
farTobi);
C
d _ firfitebs Soris manZilia.
6. damuxtuli kondensatoris energia
't
kondensatoris damuxtvisas sruldeba muSaoba dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mux-
tebis gacalkevebaze. energiis mudmivobis kanonis Tanaxmad, es muSaoba kon-
densatoris mier dagrovebuli energiis tolia. damuxtul kondensators rom
n
energia namdvilad aqvs, amaSi martivi cdiT darwmundebi:
cda V
o
SemaerTebeli sadenebis saSualebiT
damuxtuli kondensatoris firfi
tebs patara naTura miuerTe (sur. 9).
naTura myisierad gaanaTebs. rogor
D
fiqrob, romeli energiis xarjze ain-
To naTura? sur. 9
damuxtvisas kondensatorSi eleqtruli energia grovdeba. ganmuxtvisas ki
dagrovebuli eleqtruli energiis xarjze kondensatoris veli muxtis gadaad-
gilebaze muSaobas asrulebs:
Wel = Aveli (5)
kondensatoris mier dagrovebuli eleqtruli energia sxvadasxva formis
energiad gardaiqmneba (mag., meqanikur, siTbur, sinaTlis energiad).
razea damokidebuli kondensatoris mier dagrovebuli eleqtruli energiis
sidide? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad gamovTvaloT muSaoba, romelsac ganmux-
tvisas im kondensatoris veli asrulebs, romlis muxtia q, xolo Semonafenebs
Soris Zabva U-s tolia.
velis muSaoba gamoiTvleba formuliT:
A veli= q UsaS (6)
romelSic UsaS Zabvis saSualo mniSvnelobaa Semonafenebs Soris. ganmuxtvisas
Zabva kondensatoris Semonafenebs Soris mudmivi ar aris. is TandaTan mcirdeba
119
2.9 kondensatori
0-mde, amitom muSaobis gamoTvlisas Zabvis saSualo mniSvnelobaa:

U+0 U
UsaS = d = 2 (7)
me-6 da me-7 formulebis gaTvaliswinebiT me-5 aseT saxes miiRebs:

qU
Wel = Aveli = 2 (8)
Tu me-8 formulaSi gaviTvaliswinebT, rom
y
CU2
a) q = CU, miviRebT: Wel = 2 (9);
p
q q2
b) U = C , miviRebT: Wel = 2C (10)
ase rom, damuxtuli kondensatoris energia, anu is eleqtruli energia, romlis
o
dagrovebac kondensatoris saSualebiTaa SesaZlebeli, gamoiTvleba me-8, me-9 da
me -10 formulebiT (samive formula samarTliania ara marto brtyeli, aramed
nebismieri kondensatoris energiis gamosaTvlelad).
C
7. kondensatorebis tipebi da maTi gamoyeneba
kondensatorebi sxvadasxvagvaria (sur. 10): haeriani, qaRaldis, eleqtroli-
't
turi, keramikuli da sxv. rogorc maTi dasaxelebebidan Cans, kondensatorebis
tipi ganisazRvreba im dieleqtrikiT, romelic mis firfitebs Sorisaa.
radioteqnikaSi xSirad iyeneben cvladi tevadobis kondensatorebs (sur. 11).
aseT kondensatorebSi tevadoba firfitebis urTierTmdebareobis cvlilebiT
n
regulirdeba: Tu firfitebis mier erTmaneTis gadafarvis
farTobi izrdeba, izrdeba kondensatoris tevadoba, xolo
Tu gadafarvis farTobi mcirdeba, mcirdeba eleqtroteva-
o
dobac.
Cveulebriv, kondensatorebis energia Zalian didi ar aris
(ara umetes aseuli joulisa) da amasTan, muxtis gardauva-
D
li kargvis gamo kondensatoris energia didxans ar inaxeba.
amitom kondensators ar SeuZlia energiis iseTi wyaro Se- sur. 10
cvalos, rogoricaa, mag., akumulatori. miuxedavad amisa,
rogorc energiis damgroveblebi, kondensatorebi praqtikaSi
farTod gamoiyeneba. didi eleqtrotevadobis kondensators
SeuZlia daagrovos an gasces didi muxti Zabvis mniSvnelovnad
cvlilebis gareSe.
kondensators erTi mniSvnelovani Tviseba aqvs: ganmuxtvisas
is myisierad iZleva energias. swored kondensatoris es Tviseba
udevs safuZvlad fotoaparatis mfeTqavi naTurisa da stro-
boskopis moqmedebis princips. sur. 11
fotografi winaswar muxtavs didi eleqtrotevadobis kon-
densatorebis batareas, romelTa ganmuxtvis deniT fotografirebis momentSi
mfeTqavi mZlavri naTura ikvebeba. stroboskopi iseve muSaobs, rogorc mfe-
Tqavi naTura. eleqtronuli sqema yoveli ganmuxtvis Semdeg kondensators xe-
laxla muxtavs, ris gamoc naTura drois toli Sualedebis Semdeg erTmaneTis
miyolebiT inTeba da fotografireba xdeba.
120
2.10 amocanebi fizikaSi:
kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba
1. gamtari sferos (birTvis) eleqtrotevadoba
amocana 1
gamoTvale dedamiwis eleqtrotevadoba.
amoxsna:
y
1. sanam dedamiwis eleqtrotevadobas gamov R
TvliT, miviRoT formula, romliTac damuxtu-
li gamtari sferos (birTvis) eleqtrotevadoba
p
gamoiTvleba.
sur. 1
gaiTvaliswine: roca erTi gamtaris eleqtrote-
vadobaze vsaubrobT, igulisxmeba, rom is gacalkevebulia sxva gamtare-
o
bisgan _ maTgan iseTi manZiliTaa daSorebuli, romelic bevrad aRemateba
mis zomebs. Tu gamtari sferos (birTvis) eleqtrotevadobas ganvixilavT,
meore gamtaris rols sferosgan (birTvisgan) didi manZiliT daSorebuli
C
sxeuli asrulebs, romlis potencialic 0-is tolad miiCneva.
2. gamtari sferos (birTvis) eleqtrotevadoba gamoiTvleba formuliT:
q q q q
't
Cb = U = = = (1)
φb – φ∞ φb – 0 φb
(φ∞ sferodan usasrulod daSorebuli sxeulis potencialia, φ∞ = 0).
3. gamtari sferos (birTvis) potenciali, roca r = R, gamoiTvleba formu
n
liT:
q
φb = k (2)
R
o
4. me-2-is gaTvaliswinebiT, miviRebT, rom gamtari sferos (birTvis) eleq
trotevadoba ase gamoiTvleba:
q q R
Cb = U = = (3)
φb k
D
daakvirdi me-3 formulas: gamtari birTvis (sferos) eleqtrotevadoba
damokidebulia mxolod mis radiusze. birTvis (sferos) eleqtroteva-
doba muxtze damokidebuli ar aris!
1
5. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom k = , miviRebT: gamtari birTvis (sferos)
4πε0
eleqtrotevadoba gamoiTvleba aseTi formuliTac:
Cb = 4πε0R (4)
6. CaTvale, rom dedamiwa damuxtuli gamtari birTvia, romlis uaryofiTi
muxti zedapirze Tanabradaa ganawilebuli. im garemos dieleqtrikuli
SeRwevadoba, romelic dedamiwis garSemoa 1-is tolad miiCnie. gamoTvale
dedamiwis eleqtrotevadoba. dedamiwis radiusia R = 6,4 ∙106 m.
Seamowme. unda migeRo: Cd = 700 mkf. daakvirdi: TviT dedamiwis eleqtro-
tevadobac ki ar aris 1 faradi!
121
2.10 amocanebi fizikaSi: kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba
2. mimdevrobiT SeerTebul kondensatorTa batarea

xSirad, saWiroebidan gamomdinare, kondensatorebs erTmaneTTan aerTeben,
raTa mocemuli kondensatorebis saSualebiT sxvadasxva eleq trotevadobis
kondensatorTa batarea miiRon. mag., kondensatorTa batareas qmnis mimdevro
biT SeerTebuli ori kondensatori: erTi kondensatoris uaryofiTad damuxtul
Semonafens meore kondensatoris dadebiTad damuxtul SemonafenTan gamtariT
aerTeben (sur. 1).
y
amocana 2
daamtkice, rom mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli ori kondensatoris batareis
eleqtrotevadoba gamoiTvleba formuliT:
p
1 1 1
C = C + C
1 2
romelSic C kondensatorTa batareis eleqtrotevadobaa, xolo C1 da
o
C2 Sesabamisad, pirveli da meore kondensatoris eleqtrotevadobaa.
damtkiceba
1. mimdevrobiT SeerTebisas, kondensatorebis muxti erTnairia (sur. 1):
C
Tu pirveli kondensatoris ganapira Semonafenis muxtia (+q), maSin mo-
pirdapire Semonafenze gaCndeba (-q) muxti. radgan gamtari, romliTac
kondensatorebia SeerTebuli, neitraluria da kondensatorebs Soris
't
damatebiT muxtis wyaro ar aris, meore kondensatoris Sida Semonafenze
(+q) muxti aRiZvreba, xolo gare Semonafenze (-q).
+q –q +q –q
A C B
n
kondensatoris sqematuri aRniSvna C1 C2 sur. 1
o
2. mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli batareis boloebze arsebuli potencialTa
sxvaobaa:
U AB = φA - φB (1)
D
3. 1-li tolobis marjvena mxares davumatoT da gamovakloT φC (amiT
toloba ar dairRveva). gardaqmnis Sedegad ki miviRebT:
U AB = φA - φB + φC - φC = (φA - φc ) + (φC - φB); (2)
daakvirdi: (φA - φc ) da (φC - φB) Sesabamisad, pirveli da meore kondensa-
torebis Semonafenebs Soris arsebuli U AC da U CB Zabvebia, anu
U AB = U AC + U CB (3)
me-3 tolobidan Cans, rom Zabva mimdevrobiT SeerTebul kondensatorTa
batareis boloebze (U AB) tolia TiToeuli kondensatoris Semonafenebs
Soris arsebuli Zabvebis (U AC daU CB) jamisa.
4. gaixsene: kondensatorebis Semonafenebs Sori Zabva gamoTvleba for-
q
muliT: U = C ; Tu gaiTvaliswineb, rom mimdevrobiT SeerTebul kon-

densatorTa batareis muxti (q) TiToeuli kondesatoris muxtis (q1-isa

da q2-is) tolia (q = q1 = q2), miiReb, rom:
q q q
U AB = C ; U AC = C ; U CB = C ; (4)
1 2
122
amocanebi fizikaSi: kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba 2.10
SeniSvna: mimdevrobiT SeerTebul kondensatorebze muxti erTnairia

(q1 = q2). rac imas niSnavs, rom mimdevrobiT SeerTebul kondensatorebze
saerTo Zabva eleqtrotevadobebis ukuproporciulad gadanawildeba:
U1 C2
U2 = C1
5. me-4 tolobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, me-3 aseT saxes miiRebs:
q q q
C = C + C (5)
1 2
y
6. me-5 tolobis gamartivebis Sedegad ki miviRebT, rom
mimdevrobiT SeerTebul kondensatorTa batareis tevadoba ase gamoiTvle
ba:
p
1 1 1
C = C + C (6)
1 2
daakvirdi: kondensatorTa mimdevrobiT SeerTebisas batareis tevadoba
o
ufro naklebia, vidre cal-calke TiToeuli kondensatoris.
SeniSvna: me-6 toloba samarTliania nebismieri raodenobis mimdevrobiT
SeerTebul kondensatorTa batareisTvis:
C
1 1 1 1
C = C1 + C2 + C3 ...
't
3. paralelurad SeerTebul kondensatorTa batarea
+q1 –q1
kondensatorTa batareas qmnis paralelurad Se-
erTebuli ori kondensatoric. paralelurad Seer-
n
Tebisas kondensatorTa erTnairniSniani Semonafene- C1
bi erTmaneTTanaa mierTebuli: erTi kondensatoris
A B
+q2 –q2
o
dadebiTi Semonafeni meoris dadebiT SemonafenTanaa
gamtariT mierTebuli, xolo uaryofiTi Semonafeni
_ uaryofiTTan (sur. 2).
C2
sur. 2
D
amocana 3
daamtkice, rom paralelurad SeerTebul kondensatorTa batareis teva
doba gamoiTvleba formuliT: C = C 1 + C2
gaiTvaliswine: kondensatorTa paraleluri SeerTebisas
1. potencialTa sxvaoba TiToeuli kondensatoris Semonafenebs Soris
tolia da igivea, rac batareis boloebze arsebuli Zabva:
U = U 1 = U2
2. batareis muxti kondensatorebis jamuri muxtis tolia:
q = q1 + q 2
SeniSvna: paralelurad SeerTebul kondensatorebze Zabva erTnairia
(U1 = U2). rac imas niSnavs, rom paralelurad SeerTebul kondensato-
rebze saerTo, batareis muxti eleqtrotevadobebis proporciulad
q1 C1
gadanawildeba: q = C ; muxtis gadanawileba gagrZeldeba manamde,
2 2
sanam kondensatorebze Zabvebi erTmaneTs gautoldeba.
123
daakvirdi: kondensatorTa paraleluri SeerTebisas batareis tevadoba

ufro metia, vidre cal-calke TiToeuli kondensatoris.
amocana 4
brtyeli haeriani kondensatori (ε ≈ 1) , C1
romlis firfitebs Soris Zabva U1 = 800 v-ia, A B
paralelurad SeaerTes iseTive daumuxtav
kondensatorTan, romlis firfitebs Soris
y
dieleqtrikia.
C2 sur. 3
ipove dieleqtrikis dieleqtrikuli SeRwe
vadoba ε, Tu SeerTebis Semdeg paralelurad SeerTebul kondensatorTa
p
batareis boloebze Zabva U = 100 v-is toli gaxda (sur. 3).
amoxsna:
o
1. gaixsene: kondensatoris eleqtruli velis daZabuloba (Sesabamisad,
Zabva kondensatoris Semonafenebs Soris) dieleqtrikSi ε-jer mcirdeba
(Semonafenebs Soris ucvleli manZilis dros). es imas niSnavs, rom kon-
densatoris tevadoba ε-jer gaizrdeba (igulisxmeba, rom kondensatoris
C
muxti q = const).
vTqvaT, haeriani kondensatoris tevadobaa C1 , xolo dieleqtrikiani
kondensatorisa _ C2 . cxadia, radgan kondensatorebi erTnairia, die-
't
leqtrikiani kondensatoris tevadoba ε-jer aRemateba haeriani konden-
satoris tevadobas:
C2= ε C1 (1)
n
2. kondensatorTa paralelurad SeerTebis Sedegad miRebuli batareis
tevadoba ase gamoiTvleba:
o
C = C1 + C2 = C1 + ε C1 = C1 (1+ ε) (2)
3. vTqvaT, SeerTebamde damuxtuli kondensatoris muxti q1-s tolia,
maSin misi tevadoba (C1) muxtiTa (q1) da ZabviT (U1) ase gamoisaxeba:
q1
D
C1 = U (3)
1
4. muxtis Senaxvis kanonidan gamomdinare, damuxtuli kondensatoris

daumuxtavTan SeerTebiT, batareis muxti damuxtuli kondensatoris
Tavdapirveli muxtis tolia:
q = q1 (4)
Sesabamisad, kondensatorTa batareis tevadoba (C) batareis muxtiTa (q)
da batareis boloebze arsebuli ZabviT (U) ase gamoisaxeba:
q q1
C = U = U (5)
5. gaiTvaliswine me-3 da me-5 gamosaxulebebi, Seitane me-2 tolobaSi.
gamosaxe dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba ε da gamoTvale.
U1
Seamowme pasuxi. unda migeRo: ε = U – 1 = 7
124
testi #2
gaiTvaliswine: TiToeul davalebas, sirTulis mixedviT, garkveuli feri da qula See-
sabameba:
umartivesi _ 1 qula; martivi _ 2 qula;
saSualo sirTulis _ 3 qula; rTuli _ 4 qula.
y
1. eleqtrul velSi moTavsebul q = 10-6 k muxtze 2 n sididis eleqtruli Zala
moqmedebs. ra sididis Zala imoqmedebs muxtze, Tu velis daZabuloba 3-jer
p
gaizrdeba?
a) 6 n; b) 2 n; g) 2/3 n; d) 4-jer Semcirdeba.
2. eleqtrul velSi, romlis daZabulobis moduli E0-ia, sacdeli dadebiTi muxti
o
moaTavses. rogor Seicvleba velis daZabulobis moduli, Tu sacdeli muxtis
sidides 2-jer gavzrdiT?
a) ar Seicvleba; b) 2-jer Semcirdeba;
C
g) 2-jer gaizrdeba; d) SeuZlebelia gansazRvra.
3. rogor Seicvleba wertilovani muxtis eleqtruli velis daZabulobis moduli

A wertilSi, Tu 2-jer gavzrdiT rogorc wertilovani muxtis sidides, ise,
't
manZils muxtidan A wertilamde.
a) ar Seicvleba; b) 2-jer Semcirdeba; A
g) 2-jer gaizrdeba; d) 4-jer Semcirdeba. B
n
4. ra mimarTuleba aqvs eleqtrostatikuri velis daZa C
bulobis veqtors O wertilSi (sur. 1), Tu vels am O
wertilSi toli sididisa da sawinaaRmdego niSnis
o
muxtebi qmnis?
D
a) OA; b) OB; g) OC; d) OD; e) OE; v) OF. F E
sur. 1
5. ra SeiZleba iTqvas eleqtrostatikuri velis daZabulobis modulsa da poten-
D
cialze velis O wertilSi (sur. 2), Tu vels am wertilSi ori toli dadebiTi
muxti qmnis? O
r r
a) E = 0, φ = 0; b) E = 0, φ ≠ 0;
g) E ≠0, φ = 0; d) E ≠0, φ ≠ 0. q1 q2
sur. 2
6. liTonis neitraluri burTula dadebiTi muxtis eleqtrul velSi Seitanes

da Suaze gaWres (sur. 3). ra niSnis muxtiTaa burTulis TiToeuli nawili
damuxtuli?
a) orive dadebiTad; b) orive neitraluria.
g) 1 -li uaryofiTad, me-2 dadebiTad; 1 2
d) 1 -li dadebiTad, me-2 uaryofiTad;
sur. 3
7. dieleqtrikis neitraluri burTula dadebiTi mux-
tis eleqtrul velSi Seitanes da Suaze gaWres (sur. 3). ra niSnis muxtiTaa
burTulis TiToeuli nawili damuxtuli?
a) orive dadebiTad; b) orive neitraluria;
g) 1 -li uaryofiTad, me-2 dadebiTad; d) 1 -li dadebiTad, me-2 uaryofiTad;
125
8. rogor Seicvala or erTnairniSnian wertilovan muxtebs Soris manZilis, Tu

maTi urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energia 9-jer gaizarda?
a) 3-jer Semcirda; b) 9 -jer gaizarda; g) 9 -jer Semcirda; d) 3 -jer gaizarda.
9. Tanabrad damuxtuli gamtari sferos romel wertilSia

eleqtruli velis daZabuloba nulis toli (sur. 4)?
a) A da B; b) A da C; g) B da C; d) A, B da C; A B C
10. rogor Seicvleba wertilovani uZravi muxtebis urTierTq-
y
medebis Zalis moduli, Tu muxtebs im garemodan, romlis
dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba 7-is tolia, vakuumSi gadai- sur. 4
tanen. muxtebs Soris manZili ucvlelia.
p
a) ar Seicvleba; b) 7-jer gaizrdeba;
g) 7-jer Semcirdeba; d) SeuZlebelia gansazRvra.
11. ori wertilovani uZravi muxti vakuumSi da aragamtar siTxeSi erTnairi m
o
ZaliT urTierTqmedebs, Tu manZili maT Soris vakuumSi 4 sm-ia, xolo siTxeSi
_ 2 sm. gansazRvre aragamtari siTxis dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba.
a) 8; b) 4; g) 2; d) 1/4.
C
12. brtyeli haeriani kondensatoris Semonafenebs Soris Semonafenebis parale-
lurad minis firfita Seitanes. kondensatorisTvis damaxasiaTebeli romeli
fizikuri sidideebi Seicvleba am dros, Tu cnobilia, rom kondensatori denis
't
wyarosTan mierTebuli ar aris.
a) eleqtrotevadoba, velis daZabuloba da kondensatoris muxti;
b) eleqtrotevadoba, muxti da Zabva Semonafenebs Soris;
g) eleqtrotevadoba, daZabuloba da Zabva; d) daZabuloba, muxti da Zabva.
n
testSi dagrovili qulebis mixedviT Sen sakuTari codnis Sefasebas SeZleb:
dagrovili
o
Sedegis aRwera Sefaseba
qulebi
1-3 1
4-6 im davalebebidan, romlebic sworad gaqvs Sesrulebuli, Cans, 2
7-8 rom zogierTma sakiTxma dagainteresa. vfiqrob, kargi iqneba, 3
D
Tu gavlil masalas xelaxla gadaxedav.
9 - 11 4
12 - 13 bevri davaleba sworad gaqvs Sesrulebuli. Sedegis gasau- 5
mjobeseblad aucileblad gaaanalize, ra tipis Secdomebi dauS-
vi da ram ganapiroba es Secdomebi. xelaxla gadaxede gavlil
14 - 16 6
masalas da misi ukeT gaazrebisTvis damatebiTi savarjiSoebi
gamoiyene.
17 - 18 sakmaod bevri davaleba sworad gaqvs Sesrulebuli. Cans, rom 7
mimdinare davalebebs yuradRebas aqcevdi. gadaxede daSvebul
Secdomebs da gaaanalize, ra tipis Secdomebs uSveb ZiriTadad
19 - 21 8
da ratom. gaakeTe damatebiTi savarjiSoebi da amocanebi im kate-
goriidan, romelSic ufro meti Secdoma gaqvs daSvebuli.
Sedegi kargia. aucileblad gaaanalize mcire xarvezebi, rom
22 - 23 lebic testis Sesrulebisas dauSvi. es sxva dros wvrilmanebze 9
yuradRebis koncentrirebaSi dagexmareba.
gilocav! Sedegi Zalian kargia. Cans, rom damoukideblad mu-
24 - 25 Saobdi, saklaso da saSinao davalebebs sistematurad da gaaz 10
rebulad asrulebdi.
126
II Tavis damatebiTi kiTxvebi
amocanebi
gaiTvaliswine: TiToeul davalebas, sirTulis mixedviT, garkveuli feri Seesabameba:
umartivesi ; martivi ;
saSualo sirTulis ; rTuli ;
y
2.1 eleqtruli veli
yuradRebiT waikiTxe paragrafi da № 1-15 kiTxvebze pasuxrbi Seni sityvebiT
Camoayalibe.
p
1. ra gziT xorcieldeba damuxtul sxeulebs Soris eleqtromagnituri
urTerTqmedeba?
o
2. ra aris veli da riT gansxvavdeba is nivTierebisgan?
3. rogor SeiZleba eleqtruli velis aRmoCena, ra Tviseba aqvs mas?
4. ras ewodeba eleqtruli Zala?
5. rogor eleqtrul vels hqvia eleqtrostatikuri?
C
6. ra aris gravitaciuli muxti? rogor ganisazRvreba is?
7. ra aris gravitaciuli velis daZabuloba? rogori sididea is da ras gviC-
venebs?
't
8. ras axasiaTebs gravitaciuli velis daZabuloba: vels Tu masSi moTavsebul
sxeuls? razea is damokidebuli?
9. ra aris eleqtruli velis daZabuloba? rogori sididea is da ras gviCve-
nebs?
n
10. ras axasiaTebs eleqtruli velis daZabuloba: vels Tu masSi moTavsebul
muxts? razea is damokidebuli?
11. rogor gamoiTvleba eleqtruli velis daZabuloba da ratom uwodeben mas
o
velis Zalur maxasiaTebels?
12. ra aris eleqtruli velis daZabulobis erTeuli SI sistemaSi?
13. rogor gamoiTvleba wertilovan sacdel muxtze velis mxridan moqmedi
D
eleqtruli Zala daZabulobis daxmarebiT?
14. rogor ganisazRvreba eleqtruli velis daZabulobis veqtoris mimar-
Tuleba?
15. rogor gamoiTvleba wertilovani q0 muxtis eleqtruli velis daZabulobis
moduli misgan r manZilze?
16. 0,02 mkk muxtze, romelic eleqtruli velis mocemul wertilSia Setanili,
moqmedebs 10 mkn Zala. gansazRvre daZabulobis moduli velis mocemul
wertilSi.
17. 3 . 10-8 k muxti moTavsebulia eleqtruli velis im wertilSi, romelSic
daZabulobis moduli 60 kn/k-is tolia. gansazRvre muxtze moqmedi ele-
qtruli Zalis moduli.
18. aage sqematurad wertilovani muxtis eleqtruli velis daZabulobis
modulis im manZilze damokidebulebis grafiki, romliTac misgan sacdeli
muxtia daSorebuli.
19. gansazRvre eleqtruli velis daZabulobis moduli im wertilebSi, romle-
bic 25 nk wertilovani muxtidan 5 sm-iTaa daSorebuli.
127
II Tavis damatebiTi kiTxvebi amocanebi
20. wertilovani muxtis eleqtruli velis daZabuloba misgan 30 sm-is manZilze

900 n/k-is tolia. gamoTvale, ris tolia eleqtruli velis daZabuloba
muxtisgan 10 sm-ze.
21. eleqtroni moTavsebulia erTgvarovan eleqtrul velSi, romlis daZabu-
lobaa 2 . 106 n/k. gamoTvale:
a) eleqtronze velis mxridan moqmedi Zalis moduli;
b) eleqtronis aCqareba velSi;
g) ra siCqares SeiZens eleqtroni eleqtrul velSi 10-19 wm-is ganmavlobaSi.
y
22. gansazRvre, ra aCqarebiT imoZravebs wyalbadis ioni erTgvarovan ele-
qtrul velSi, romlis daZabulobaa 10 n/m. ra droSi gaivlis ioni 5 sm-ian
monakveTs, Tu misi sawyisi siCqare 0-is tolia?
p
23. vertikalur erTgvarovan eleqtrul velSi moTavsebuli zeTis wveTi, rom-
lis masaa 4 . 10-7 g, wonasworobaSi aRmoCnda. gansazRvre wveTis muxti da
masze Warbi (an danaklisi) eleqtronebis ricxvi, Tu cnobilia, rom velis
o
daZabuloba 2 . 104 n/k-ia.
24. vertikalur erTgvarovan eleqtrul velSi moTavsebulia 10-9 g masisa da
3,2 . 10_17 k muxtis mqone nawilaki. ipove eleqtruli velis daZabuloba, Tu
nawilaki wonasworobaSia.
C
25. wvimis wveTis muxti eleqtronis muxtis tolia. gamoTvale wveTis masa da
radiusi, Tu vardnisas wveTis simZimis Zala dedamiwis eleqtruli velis
moqmedebiT iyo gawonasworebuli. cnobilia, rom dedamiwis eleqtruli
't
velis daZabuloba dedamiwis centriskenaa mimarTuli, xolo moduliT 130
n/k-is tolia.
n
Camoayalibe.
o
1. ra aris eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi, anu daZabulobis wirebi? rogor
ageben maT?
2. rogoria gacalkevebuli dadebiTi muxtis mier Seqmnili velis grafikuli
D
suraTi? uaryofiTi muxtis?
3. sad iwyeba da sad mTavrdeba eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi?
4. raze miganiSnebs is faqti, rom eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi erTmaneTs ar
kveTs?
5. rogor eleqtrul vels ewodeba erTgvarovani? daxaze erTgvarovani
eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi.
6. gansazRvre muxtis (muxtebis) niSnebi, romelTa mier Seqmnili velis Zalwi-

rebi gamosaxulia 1-l suraTze.
a) b) g) d)
sur. 1.
128
7. me-2 suraTze eleqtruli velis Zalwirebis suraTia

mocemuli. romel wertilSia sacdel muxtze moqmedi C
Zala maqsimaluri?
8. zogjer amboben, rom velis Zalwiri traeqtoriaa, B
A
romelzec imoZravebda velSi moTavsebuli dadebiTi
sacdeli muxti. sworia Tu ara es mosazreba.
sur. 2
gaiTvaliswine: traeqtoria aris wiri, romlis mxebis
gaswvrivacaa siCqaris veqtori mimarTuli.
y
2.3 fizika amocanebSi: velebis superpoziciis principi
1. Camoayalibe eleqtruli velebis superpoziciis principi.
p
2. q1 = 5 nk da q2 = _2 nk muxtebs Soris manZili 40 sm-ia. ipove q1 da q2 mux-
tebis mier Seqmnili eleqtruli velis daZabuloba im wertilSi, romelic
o
muxtebis SemaerTebel wrfeze mdebareobs da q1 muxtisgan 10 sm-iTaa da-
Sorebuli. ganixile yvela SesaZlo SemTxveva.
3. q1 = 9 nk da q2 = _4 nk wertilovan muxtebs Soris manZili 20 sm-ia. gaarkvie,
sad mdebareobs muxtebis SemaerTebel wrfeze wertili, romelSic q1 da
C
q2 muxtebis mier Seqmnili eleqtruli velis daZabuloba nulis tolia.
4. tolgverda samkuTxedis or wveroSi moTavsebulia q1 = 20 nk da q2 = 40
nk wertilovani muxtebi. gamoTvale q1 da q2 muxtebis mier Seqmnili ele-
't
qtruli velis daZabuloba samkuTxedis mesame wveroSi, Tu cnobilia, rom
samkuTxedis gverdi 2 m-is tolia.
5. q1 = 10 nk da q2 = _20 nk muxtebs Soris manZili 5 m-ia. ipove q1 da q2 mux-
n
tebis mier Seqmnili eleqtruli velis daZabuloba im wertilSi, romelic
pirveli muxtisgan 4 m-iTaa daSorebuli, xolo meor _ 3 m-iT.
6. kvadratis wveroebSi moTavsebulia q1= q2= 1 nk da q3 = q4= _1 nk wertilovani
o
muxtebi. gamoTvale muxtebis mier Seqmnili eleqtruli velis daZabuloba
kvadratis centrSi, Tu cnobilia, rom kvadratis gverdi 30 sm-is tolia.
7. tolgverda samkuTxedis or wveroSi q1 = q2 = 10 nk wertilovani muxtebia
moTavsebuli, xolo samkuTxedis mesame wveroSi _ q2= _10 nk muxti. gamoT-
D
vale muxtebis mier Seqmnili eleqtruli velis daZabuloba samkuTxedis
centrSi, Tu cnobilia, rom samkuTxedis gverdi 30 sm-ia.

Camoayalibe.
1. rogor nivTierebas hqvia gamtari? ra ganapirobebs aseTi nivTierebis gam-

tarobas?
2. aRwere liTonis agebuleba da axseni, riTaa misi kargi gamtaroba gamowveu-
li?
3. aRwere, ra moxdeba, Tu gamtar sxeuls eleqtrul velSi SevitanT? rogor
gadanawildeba muxtebi gamtarSi?
4. ris tolia eleqtrul velSi moTavsebuli gamtaris SigniT eleqtrostati-
kuri veli? axseni, ratom?
5. ra aris eleqtrostatikuri induqcia? axseni movlenis meqanizmi.
129
6. ra gansaxvavebaa SexebiT damuxtvasa da gavleniT damuxtvas Soris? axseni

TiToeul SemTxvevaSi daeleqtroebis meqanizmi.
7. ra aris eleqtrostatikuri dacvis arsi? ras efuZneba es movlena?
8. rogor gamoiTvleba Tanabrad damuxtuli gamtari sferos (an birTvis)
eleqtruli velis daZabuloba:
a) sferos (birTvis) zedapirze da mis gareT, roca r ≥ R?
b) sferos (birTvis) SigniT vels Seqmnis, roca roca r < R?
y
9. daamzade eleqtrofori da axseni misi damuxtvis meqanizmi.
eleqtrofori umartivesi mowyobilobaa, romelic erTgvari eleqtrosta-
tikuri generatoria (sur. 3). misi daxma-
p
rebiT martivad da efeqtianad SeZleb
eleqtruli muxtis miRebas (ix. proeqti
#3). eleqtroforis damuxtva eleqtrosta-
o
tikuri induqciis Sedegad xdeba. xelsawyo
1762 wels Svedma mecnierma iohan karl
vilkem Seqmna, Tumca samecniero sazoga-
doeba mas, rogorc voltas eleqtrofors, sur. 3
C
ise icnobs. italielma mecnierma alesandro voltam (1745 _ 1827) rilkes
mier Seqmnili xelsawyos pirvandeli versia gaaumjobesa da saxelic daar-
qva. eleqtrofori berZnulad èleqtrobis matarebels~ niSnavs.
't
I. eleqtroforis dasamzadeblad dagWirdeba (sur. 4):
1. dieleqtrikis (penoplastis) firfita;
2. bewvi an Salis qsovili; 5
3
n
3. aluminis folgis erTjeradi, sakvebisTvis
gankuTvnili TefSi; 4
4. erTjeradi plastmasis an penoplastis Wiqa;
o
5. webovani lenti;
6. folga.
2
samuSaos Sesrulebis etapebi: 1
1. miamagre aluminis TefSs dieleqtrikis sa-
D
xeluri _ plastmasis an penoplastis Wiqa _
webovani lentiT (sur. 5 a); sur. 4
2. moaTavse penoplastis firfita folgis furcelze (daamiwe);
3. gaaxaxune penoplastis firfitaze Salis qsovili an bewvi daaxloebiT
10-15 wm-is ganmavlobaSi (am dros penoplastis firfita uaryofiTad
imuxteba);
4. moaTavse aluminis TefSi dieleqtrikis (penoplastis firfitaze) (sur
5 b.);
a) b) g)
sur. 5
130
5. aswie aluminis TefSi da Seaxe TiTi jer TefSis zeda nawils, xolo
Semdeg _ qvedas (sur. 5 g). naperwklebi, romlebic TefSis zeda da qve-
da nawilTan Sexebisas warmoiqmneba, miganiSnebs, rom aluminis TefSi
damuxtulia.
naxe videoinstruqcia, romelic eleqtroforis damzadebaSi da-
gexmareba: http://bitly.ws/ps8m
II. axseni, rogor imuxteba aluminis TefSi. gamosaxe naxazze (sur. 6) sqema
turad muxtebis gadanawileba aluminis TefSis (gamtaris) qveda da zeda
y
nawilSi mas Semdeg, rac aluminis TefSs (gamtars) dieleqtrikis firfitis
velSi moaTavseb.
p
? ?
o
????? ?? ? ? ?
? ??? ? ? ??? ?
sur. 6
C
10. dafiqrdi:
rogor gadanawildeba gamtar sferoSi muxtebi, Tu mas uaryofiTad
damuxtul Reros mivuaxlovebT (sur. 7a): ra niSniT daimuxteba sferos
't
marcxena mxare (is, romelic damuxtul RerosTan axlosaa)? marjvena mxare
(sur. 7 b)? ra niSniT daimuxteba sfero, Tu mas davamiwebT da damuxtul
Reros movacilebT (sur. 7g)?
a) b) g)
? ?? ? ?
n
? ? ? ?
? ? ? ?
?
? ?? ?
?
?
?
?
o
sur. 7
11. me-8a suraTze gamosaxulia ori neitraluri gamtari sfero, romlebic
D
erTmaneTs exeba. sferoebs uaryofiTad damuxtuli buSti miuaxloves
(sur. 8 b). gansazRvre A da B sferoebis muxtis niSnebi b, g da d SemTxvevebSi.
a) b) g) d)
?? ?
? ?? ?
?
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ?
sur. 8
12. ori eleqtroskopi liTonis ReroTia SeerTebuli (sur. 9). erT-erTs

dadebiTad damuxtuli A sxeuli miuaxloves (ar Seaxes!). rogori niSniT
daimuxteba B eleqtroskopi? C eleqtroskopi? pasuxi axseni.
13. eleqtroskops damuxtuli sxeuli miuaxloves ise, rom ar Seaxes (sur. 10).
eleq
troskopis furclebi dadebiTad daimuxta. rogori niSnis muxti
hqonda joxs? ra niSniT daimuxta eleqtroskopis sfero?
131
C B A
y
14. Zafze dakidebuli cilindri jer liTonis neitralur Reros exeboda,
p
xolo mas Semdeg, rac Reros damuxtuli sfero miuaxloves, cilindri
pirvandeli mdebareobidan gadaixara (sur. 11). axseni, ratom?
15. or erTnair gamtar birTvs absoluturi sididiT toli muxti gadasces
o
da erTmaneTTan axlos moaTavses. Seadare, romel SemTxvevaSi iqneba bir-
Tvebis urTierTqmedebis Zalis moduli ufro meti: roca birTvebi erT-
nairniSniani muxtebiTaa damuxtuli, Tu roca birTvebs sxvadasxvaniSniani
muxtebiT muxtaven?
C
igulisxmeba, rom birTvebs Soris manZili orive SemTxvevaSi erTnairia.
daxaze urTierTmoqmed birTvebSi muxtebis gadanawilebis sqematuri su-
raTi da pasuxi daasabuTe.
't
16. 3 sm radiusis mqone gamtari sfero 16 nk muxtiT damuxtes. ipove velis
daZabuloba sferos centrisgan 2 da 4 sm-iT daSorebul wertilebSi.
17. 3 sm radiusis mqone gamtari sferos eleqtruli velis daZabuloba, sferos
zedapiridan 1 sm-ze, 1000 n/k-is tolia. gansazRvre:
n
a) sferos muxti;
b) eleqtruli velis daZabuloba sferos centridan 2 sm-iT daSorebul
o
wertilebSi.
18. gamoTvale, ris tolia wyalbadis birTvis mier Seqmnili eleqtruli velis
daZabuloba im wertilebSi, romlebic eleqtronis orbitaze mdebareobs,
Tu cnobilia, rom wyalbadis atomSi eleqtronis wriuli orbitis radiusi
D
5 ∙ 10_11 m-ia.
gansazRvre, ra sididis eleqtruli Zala moqmedebs eleqtronze birTvis
mxridan.
19. gamoTvale dedamiwis muxtis sidide, Tu dedamiwis eleqtruli velis da-
Zabuloba dedamiwis zedapirze 130 n/k-is tolia (dedamiwis radiusi 6400
km-ia). SeniSvna: CaTvale, rom dedamiwis zedapirze uaryofiTi muxti Ta-
nabradaa ganawilebuli. maSin dedamiwa iseTive eleqtrul vels Seqmnis
zedapirze, rogorsac mis centrSi moTavsebuli muxti Seqmnida.
132
2.5 dieleqtrikebi eleqtrostatikur velSi

Camoayalibe.
1. rogor nivTierebas/masalas hqvia dieleqtriki? daasaxele SenTvis cnobili
dieleqtrikebi.
2. rogori saxis dieleqtrikebs icnob?
3. rogor dieleqtriks hqvia polaruli dieleqtriki? daasaxele polaruli
dieleqtrikebis magaliTebi;
y
4. rogor dieleqtriks hqvia arapolaruli dieleqtriki? daasaxele arapo-
laruli
dieleqtrikebis magaliTebi;
p
5. aRwere, ra moxdeba, Tu polarul dieleqtriks eleqtrul velSi SevitanT?
rogor gadanawildeba muxtebi dieleqtrikSi?
o
6. ras ewodeba dieleqtrikis polarizacia?
7. aRwere, ra moxdeba, Tu arapolarul dieleqtriks eleqtrul velSi Sevi-
tanT?
8. axseni, ratom izidavs daeleqtroebuli sxeuli (plastmasis savarcxeli)
C
qaRaldis neitralur nakuwebs an wylis Wavls?
9. ras ewodeba garemos (nivTierebis) dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba? ras
gviCvenebs is?
't
10. rogor gamoiTvleba wertilovani muxtis eleqtruli velis daZabuloba
im garemoSi, romlis dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba ε-is tolia?
11. rogor Caiwereba kulonis kanoni im garemoSi moTavsebuli wertilovani
muxtebisTvis, romlis dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba ε-is tolia?
n
12. ra praqtikuli gamoyeneba aqvs dieleqtrikebs yofa-cxovrebasa da teqnikaSi?
13. saSinao cda: èleqtrostatikuri Teatri~
o
1. am cdis Casatareblad `msaxiobebi~ dag-
Wirdeba: Txeli qaRaldis furclisgan
gamoWeri adamianis formis figurebi da
D
miamagre `fexebze~ qinZisTavebi.
2. 5-6 sm sisqis ori wigni moaTavse erTma-
neTis gverdiT ise, rom maT Soris manZili
15-20 sm iyos.
3. dade wignebze minis firfita da mis sur. 12
qveS `msaxiobebi~ moaTavse (sur.12).
4. daiwye abreSumis naWriT minis zedapiris gaprialeba.
Tu am samuSaos gulmodginebas ar daakleb, aucileblad dagi-
fasdeba: `msaxiobebi gacocxldebian~ da sakmaod saintereso
`warmodgenasac~ SemogTavazeben. axseni, rogor `moaxerxes~
qaRaldis figurebma `gacocxleba~.
14. Tu Zafze dakidebul bambis fTilas sxvadasxvaniSniani mux-
tiT damuxtul burTulebs Soris moaTavseb (sur. 13), bamba
sur. 13
rxeviT moZraoba daiwyebs. axseni es movlena.
15. zeTSi or sxvadasxvaniSniani muxtiT damuxtul firfitas
Soris eleqtruli velis daZabuloba 1,5 ∙ 106 n/k-ia. ris toli gaxdeba amave
velis daZabulobis moduli, Tu firfitebs zeTidan amoviRebT?
133
16. Txevad dieleqtrikSi 4 nk wertilovani muxtidan 3 sm manZilze daZabulobis

moduli 20 kn/k-ia. gamoTvale dieleqtrikis dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba.
17. gansazRvre, ra manZilze iqneba Txevad dieleqtrikSi wertilovani muxtis
daZabuloba moduliT iseTive, rogoric CaSvebamde, haerSi iyo muxtidan
29 sm-ze.
18. vakuumSi wertilovani muxtis eleqtruli velis daZabuloba velis moce-
mul wertilSi 5,41 ∙ 108 n/k-is tolia. bariumis titanatSi ki imave velis
daZabuloba imave wertilSi 4,5 ∙ 105 n/k-ia. gansazRvre bariumis titanatis
y
dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba.
19. haerSi erTmaneTisgan 5 sm manZiliT daSorebuli ori wertilovani muxti 120
mkn ZaliT urTierTqmedebs, aragamtar siTxeSi ki, roca maT Soris manZili
p
10 sm-ia, urTierTqmedebis Zala 15 mkn-ia. gansazRvre siTxis dieleqtriku-
li SeRwevadoba.
20. gamoTvale kulonuri urTierTqmedebis Zalis moduli or wertilovan
o
muxts Soris eTilis spirtSi, Tu cnobilia, rom muxtebis sidideebia:
q1 = 2 ∙ 10-8 k da q2 = _ 4 ∙ 10-8 k. muxtebs Soris manZili ki 3 sm-ia.
21. ori erTnairi wertilovani muxti, romelTa Soris manZili 90 mm-ia, wyalSi
4 ∙ 10-5 n ZaliT urTierTqmedebs. gansazRvre muxtebis sidideebi.
C
22. gansazRvre r1 manZili or wertilovan erTnair muxts Soris zeTSi, romlis
dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba ε = 3-is tolia, Tu urTierTqmedebis Zala maT
Soris iseTivea, rogoric vakuumSi r2 = 30 sm manZilze.
't
23. haerSi (ε1 = 1) ori wertilovani muxti erTmaneTisgan 20 sm-iTaa daSore-
buli. ramdeni santimetriT unda mivuaxlovoT muxtebi erTmaneTs, rom
navTSi maTi urTierTqmedebis Zalis moduli igive darCes?
24. haerSi (ε1 = 1) ori wertilovani muxti r1 manZiliTaa daSorebuli. ra r2
n
manZilze unda movaTavsoT es muxtebi ε2 SeRwevadobis dieleqtrikSi, rom
maTi urTierTqmedebis Zalis moduli igive darCes?
o
25. 0,18 g masisa da 1800 kg/m3 simkvrivis dadebiTad damuxtuli burTula
Txevad dieleqtrikSi Seqmnil eleqtrul velSi moaTavses. damuxtuli
burTula wonasworobaSi aRmoCnda maSin, roca vertikalurad mimarTuli
eleqtruli velis daZabulobis moduli 45 kn/k-is toli iyo. cnobilia,
D
rom dieleqtrikis simkvrivea 900 kg/m3. gansazRvre: a) burTulis muxtis
sidide; b) Warbi an danaklisi eleqtronebis raodenoba burTulaze.

Camoayalibe.
1. ratom SegviZlia imis mtkiceba, rom

a) damuxtul sxeulTa sistemas potenciuri energia aqvs?
b) damuxtul sxeulTa sistemas aqvs unari, Seasrulos muSaoba?
2. ras ewodeba eleqtruli, anu kulonuri energia?
3. damokidebulia Tu ara eleqtrostatikur velSi or wertils Soris mux-
tis gadaadgilebisas eleqtruli velis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba muxtis
moZraobis traeqtoriis formaze?
4. rogor vels hqvia potencialuri (konservatiuli) veli?
5. rogor gamoiTvleba muxtis potenciuri energia da ra aris misi fizikuri
azri?
134
6. rogor irCeven nulovan dones eleqtrul velSi? ratom?

7. rogor gamoiTvleba muxtis gadaadgilebisas erTgvarovani eleqtrosta-
tikuri velis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba
a) eleqtruli Zalisa da muxtis gadaadgilebis modulis mixedviT?
b) muxtis potenciuri energiis mixedviT?
+ + + + +
8. erTgvarovan eleqtrostatikur velSi sacdeli
muxti Tavd apirvelad 1 → 2 traeqtoriaze
gadaadgildeba (sur. 14), xolo Semdeg 1 → 3-ze. 1
y
SeadareT am traeqtoriebze muxtis gadaadgile-
bisas Sesrulebuli velis muSaobebi. 2 3
9. erTgvarovan eleqtrostatikur velSi sacdeli
p
muxti 1-lidan me-2 wertilSi naxevarwrewiris - - - - -
gaswvriv gadaadgildeba (sur. 15). ris tolia sur. 14
muSaoba, romelsac eleqtruli veli asrulebs
o
muxtis gadaadgilebisas?
10. eleqtrostatikur velSi moTavsebuli q muxtis + + + + +
potenciuri energia 1 j-is tolia. ris tolia
C
imave wertilSi moTavsebuli 2q muxtis poten-
ciuri energia?
11. 1 kv/m daZabulobis erTgvarovan velSi Zalwirebis 1 2
't
gaswvriv 2 sm manZiliT gadaaadgiles (_25) nk muxti.
ipove velis muSaoba da muxtis velTan urTierTq- – – – – –
medebis potenciuri energiis cvlileba. sur. 15
12. 60 kn/k daZabulobis erTgvarovan velSi gadaaadgiles muxti. gadaadgilebis
n
veqtoris moduli 20 sm-ia da Zalwirebis mimarTulebasTan 60-gradusian
kuTxes adgens. ipove velis muSaoba da muxtis velTan urTierTqmedebis po-
tenciuri energiis cvlileba. ganixile SemTxvevebi, roca im muxtis sidide,
o
romelic velSi gadaaadgiles, aris:
a) 5 nk; b) _5 nk.
2.7 eleqtrostatikuri velis potenciali
D
Camoayalibe.
1. razea damokidebuli muxtis velTan urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energia?

ras axasiaTebs potenciuri energia: vels Tu masSi moTavsebul eleqtrul
muxts?
2. romeli fizikuri sididiT axasiaTeben eleqtrostatikuri velis mocemul
wertils?
3. rogoraa damokidebuli eleqtrostatikur velSi moTavsebuli muxtis
potenciuri energia muxtis sidideze?
4. ras ewodeba eleqtrostatikuri velis potenciali? rogori sididea po-
tenciali: skalaruli Tu veqtoruli? ra aris misi fizikuri azri?
5. rogor gamoiTvleba eleqtrostatikuri velis potenciali da ra aris misi
erTeuli SI sistemaSi?
6. ganmarte potencialis erTeuli SI sistemaSi: velis romel wertils aqvs
1 voltis toli potenciali?
135
7. damokidebulia Tu ara potenciali velis mocemul wertilSi nulovani

donis arCevaze? potencialTa cvlileba?
8. rogor gamoiTvleba muxtis gadaadgilebaze Sesrulebuli eleqtruli
velis muSaoba potencialis daxmarebiT?
9. ra aris Zabva? riT gansxvavdebs is potencialTa sxvaobisgan?
10. rogori fizikuri sididea Zabva skalaruli Tu veqtoruli? ras gviCvenebs
is?
11. ra aris Zabvis erTeuli SI sistemaSi? rogor ganimarteba is?
y
12. rogor gamoiTvleba muxtis gadaadgilebaze Sesrulebuli eleqtruli
velis muSaoba, Tu mocemulia muxtis sidide da Zabva?
13. ra kavSiria daZabulobasa da Zabvas Soris?
p
14. daamtkice, rom daZabulobis SenTvis ukve cnobili erTeuli 1 n/k ekvi-
valenturia erTeulisa – 1 v/m.
15. rogor zedapirebs hqvia ekvipotencialuri zedapirebi? ra fizikuri azri
o
aqvs am zedapirebs?
16. Seadare eleqtrostatikur velSi gamtaris nebismieri ori wertilis
potenciali;
17. ris tolia gamtaris zedapiris da mis SigniT nebismier or wertils Soris
C
potencialTa sxvaoba?
18. q muxti moTavsebulia eleqtrostatikuri velis im wertilSi, romlis po-
't
tenciali 2 v-ia. ris toli gaxdeba eleqtrostatikuri velis imave wertilis
potenciali, Tu masSi 2q muxts movaTavsebT?
19. gamoTvale, ris tolia muSaoba, romelsac eleqtrostatikuri veli asru-
lebs 2 k muxtis erTi wertilidan meoreSi gadaadgilebisas, Tu pirveli
n
wertilis potenciali 20 v-ia, xolo meoris _ 5 v.
20. ra muSaobas asrulebs veli 20 nk muxtis gadaadgilebisas or wertils Soris,
o
Tu cnobilia, rom muxtis:
a) sawyisi wertilis potencialia 700 v, saboloosi ki _ (+200) v.
b) sawyisi wertilis potencialia (_100) v, saboloosi ki _ (+400) v.
21. gansazRvre, ris tolia eleqtrostatikuri velis or wertils Soris poten-
D
cialTa sxvaoba, Tu erTi wertilidan meoreSi 4 k muxtis gadaadgilebisas
eleqtruli Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba 8 j-is tolia.
22. 1 kv/m daZabulobis erTgvarovan velSi Zalwirebis gaswvriv 2 sm manZiliT
gadaaadgiles (_25) nk muxti. ipove Zabva muxtis sawyis da saboloo werti-
lebs Soris.
23. 60 kn/k daZabulobis erTgvarovan velSi gadaaadgiles muxti. gadaadgile-
bis veqtoris moduli 20 sm-ia da Zalwirebis mimarTulebasTan 60-gradusian
kuTxes adgens. ipove Zabva muxtis sawyis da saboloo wertilebs Soris. ga-
nixile SemTxvevebi, roca im muxtis sidide, romelic velSi gadaaadgiles,
aris: a) 5 nk; b) _ 5 nk.
24. gansazRvre damuxtul paralelur firfitebs Soris eleqtruli velis
daZabuloba, Tu cnobilia, rom firfitebs Soris potencialTa sxvaoba 100
v-ia, xolo firfitebs Soris manZili _ 2 sm.
25. gamoTvale potencialTa sxvaoba erTgvarovani velis im or wertils Soris,
romlebic daZabulobis erTi Zalwiris gaswvriv mdebareobs da erTmaneTis-
gan 30 sm-iTaa daSorebuli. cnobilia, rom eleqtruli velis daZabuloba
30 v/m-ia.
136
2.8 fizika amocanebSi: eleqtrostatikuri velis muSaoba.

potenciali. Zabva
Camoayalibe.
1. rogor gamoiTvleba wertilovani muxtis eleqtruli velis potenciali

vakuumSi muxtidan r manZilze? garemoSi, romlis dieleqtrikuli SeRwe-
vadobaa ε ?
y
2. ra aris wertilovani muxtis velis potencialis fizikuri azri?
3. Tu damuxtuli gamtari sferos (birTvis) zedapirze q muxti Tanabradaa
ganawilebuli, rogor gamoiTvleba sferos (birTvis) eleqtruli velis
p
potenciali im wertilebSi, romlebic:
a) sferos (birTvis) centridan radiusze ufro meti manZiliTaa daSore-
buli (r > R );
o
b) sferos (an birTvis) SigniT (r ≤ R) da zedapirze mdebareobs?
4. rogor gamoiTvleba ramdenime damuxtuli nawilakis mier Seqmnili jamuri
velis potenciali?
5. rogor gamoiTvleba eleqtrostatikuri velis mocemul wertilSi moTa-
C
vsebuli q muxtis potenciuri energia potencialis daxmarebiT?
6. rogor gamoiTvleba ori wertilovani muxtis urTierTqmedebis potenciuri
energia?
't
7. gamoTvale eleqtronis kinetikuri energia kineskopis milSi, Tu im fir-
fitebs Soris potencialTa sxvaoba, romlebic vels qmnian, 5 kv-ia.
8. damuxtuli horizontaluri firfitebis eleqtrul velSi m =10-10 g ma-
n
sis zeTis wveTia moTavsebuli. wveTi wonasworobaSia, roca potencialTa
sxvaoba firfitebs Soris U = 200 v-ia. ultraiisferi sxivebiT dasxivebis
o
Semdeg wveTma vardna daiwyo da wonasworoba mxolod maSin aRdga, roca
potencialTa sxvaoba ∆U = 50 v-iT gazardes. gamoTvale, ra sididis muxti
dakarga wveTma dasxivebis Semdeg, Tu cnobilia, rom firfitebs Soris man-
Zili d =1,6 sm-ia.
D
9. eleqtrul velSi moZraobisas eleqtronis siCqare 107 m/wm-idan 3.107 m/wm-
mde gaizarda. ipove potencialTa sxvaoba eleqtronis gadaadgilebis sawyis
da bolo wertilebs Soris, Tu cnobilia eleqtronis muxtis Sefardeba mis
masasTan: e/m = 1,76 ∙ 1011 k/kg.
10. wertilovani muxtis velis potenciali misgan 40 sm manZilze 200 v-ia. ra
ZaliT imoqmedebs veli sacdel 1 nk muxtze, romelic mocemul wertilSia
moTavsebuli?
11. usasrulobidan eleqtruli velis romeliRac wertilSi 1,3 ∙ 10-7 k muxtis
gadmosatanad 6,5 ∙ 10-5 j muSaoba Sesrulda. gansazRvre velis mocemuli
wertilis potenciali.
12. haerSi moTavsebul liTonis sferos, romlis radiusia 3 sm, muxtaven. ra
potencialamde SeiZleba daimuxtos is, Tu cnobilia, rom Tu sferos ele-
qtruli velis daZabuloba 3 mgv/m-s miaRwevs, sfero ganimuxteba (ra drosac
naperwkali warmoiqmneba).
13. q1 = 20 nk da q2 = _5 nk muxtebs Soris manZili 12 sm-ia. ipove potenciali
velis im wertilSi, romelSic velis daZabuloba nulis tolia. sad mde-
bareobs da ra manZilzea es wertili q2 muxtidan?
137
14. q1 = 3 nk da q2 = _2 nk muxtebi erTmaneTisgan 20 sm manZiliTaa daSorebuli.

maTi SemaerTebeli wrfis romel wertilSia velis potenciali nulis toli?
q1 muxtisgan ra x manZilzea moTavsebuli es wertili? ris tolia velis
daZabuloba am wertilSi?
15. ramdeniT Seicvleba 25 da (_4) nk muxtebis urTierTqmedebis potenciuri
energia, Tu maT Soris manZili 10 sm-idan 20 sm-mde gaizarda?
16. ori erTnairi q muxti erTmaneTisgan r manZiliTaa daSorebuli. ra muSaoba
unda SevasruloT, rom isini erTmaneTs 0,5 r manZilze mivuaxlovoT?
y
2.9 kondensatori
p
Camoayalibe.
1. rogoraa or gamtars Soris Zabva (U) damokidebuli im muxtis sidideze
o
(q‑ze), romelic TiToeul maTganze grovdeba (erTze (+ q) muxti, meoreze
ki (– q))?
2. ra movlenaa dieleqtrikis `garReveva~ da ra SemTxvevaSi xdeba is?
3. ori gamtaris romel unars aRwers fizikuri sidide, romelsac eleqtrote-
C
vadoba hqvia?
4. rogor gamoiTvleba ori gamtaris eleqtrotevadoba da ra erTeulebSi
izomeba is?
't
5. ra aris kondensatori da ra saxis kondensatorebi arsebobs formis mixed-
viT?
6. aRwere brtyeli kondensatori.
7. rogor muxtaven kondensators?
n
8. ras ewodeba kondensatoris muxti?
9. ratomaa kondensatoris mTeli eleqtruli veli Tavmoyrili kondensato-
ris Semonafenebs Soris?
o
10. rogoraa damokidebuli kondensatoris Semonafenebs Soris Zabva konden-
satoris muxtze?
11. rogor gamoiTvleba kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba?
D
12. rogor gamoiTvleba kondensatoris muxti? Zabva Semonafenebs Soris?
13. razea damokidebuli kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba?
14. rogoraa damokidebuli kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba:
a) Semonafenebs Soris manZilze (d)?
b) Semonafenebis S farTobze (ufro sworad ki Semonafenebis urTierT-
gadafarvis farTobze)?
g) im garemos dieleqtrikul SeRwevadobaze, romelic Semonafenebs Sorisaa?
15. rogor gamoisaxeba maTematikurad kondensatoris damokidebuleba kon-
densatoris geometriul parametrebsa da dieleqtrikul SeRwevadobaze?
16. razea damokidebuli kondensatoris mier dagrovili eleqtruli energiis
sidide da rogor gamoisaxeba es damokidebuleba maTematikurad?
17. ra praqtikuli gamoyeneba aqvs kondensatorebs?
18. gamoTvale, ris tolia kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba, Tu cnobilia, rom,

roca kondensatoris muxti 2.10-4 k-ia, mis firfitebs Soris potencialTa
sxvaoba 40 v-is tolia.
138
19. ra sididis muxti dagrovdeba 1 mkf tevadobis kondensatorze, Tu mis fir-

fitebs Soris Zabva 100 v-is toli gaxdeba?
20. erTi da imave Zabvis dros erT kondensatorze 3-jer naklebi muxti grovdeba,
vidre meore kondensatorze. gansazRvre meore kondensatoris tevadoba,
Tu cnobilia, rom pirveli kondensatoris tevadoba 10 pf-ia.
21. SeiZleba Tu ara kondensatori gamoviyenoT 50 nk muxtis dasagroveblad,
Tu mis teqnikur monacemebSi miTiTebulia: 100 pkf, 300 v.
22. gamoTvale, ris tolia kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba, Tu misi firfitebis
y
zoma 1x1 m-ia, xolo manZili maT Soris 1 mm-ia. ra sididis eleqtruli en-
ergiis dagrovebaa SesaZlebeli aseTi kondensatoriT?
23. gansazRvre kondensatoris Semonafenebis farTobi, Tu cnobilia, rom kon-
p
densatoris eleqtrotevadobaa 1 mkf, mis Semonafenebs Soris ki 0,1 mm sisqis
minis firfita eteva.
24. kondensatoris Semonafenebis farTobi 1 m2-ia, misi eleqtrotevadoba ki
o
1 mkf-is tolia. kondensatoris Semonafenebs Soris 0,1 mm sisqis dieleqtrikis
firfita eteva. gansazRvre dieleqtrikis dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba.
25. kondensatoris Semonafenebi damuxtulia sididiT toli da sapirispiro niS-
nis muxtiT, romlis absoluturi sidide 10-8 k-is tolia. gansazRvre Zabva
C
kondensatoris Semonafenebs Soris, Tu Semonafenebis farTobi 100 sm2-ia,
xolo manZili maT Soris 0,9 mm-ia.
26. haeriani kondensatoris firfitebs Soris myari dieleqtrikis Setanisas
't
firfitebs Soris potenciali 400 v-idan 59 v-mde Semcirda. gamoTvale myari
dieleqtrikis dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba.
27. brtyeli haeriani kondensatori eleqtroforuli manqanis daxmarebiT 100 v
n
Zabvamde damuxtes da manqanidan Caxsnes. ris toli gaxdeba Semonafenebs So-
ris Zabva, Tu maT Soris manZils 2-jer SevamcirebT?
28. brtyel haerian kondensators eleqtroforuli manqanis daxmarebiT muxta-
o
ven. rogor Seicvleba kondensatoris muxti da Zabva Semonafenebs Soris, Tu
Semonafenebs Soris dieleqtriks SevitanT, romlis dieleqtrikuli SeRwe-
vadoba ε-is tolia.
29. gansazRvre, ramdenjer Seicvleba kondensatoris energia masze Zabvis
D
4-jer gadidebisas.
30. 20 mkf tevadobis kondensatorze modebuli Zabvis 2-jer gazrdisas velis
energia 0,3 j-iT gaizarda. ipove Zabvisa da velis energiis sawyisi mniSvne-
loba.
31. rogor Seicvleba damuxtuli haeriani brtyeli kondensatoris energia, Tu
kondensatoris firfitebs Soris manZils 2-jer gavzrdiT (manZili Semonafenebs
Soris gacilebiT naklebia Semonafenebis zomebze)? ganixile ori SemTxveva:
a) kondensatori mierTebulia eleqtroforul manqanasTan da misi daxmare-
biT muxtaven;
b) kondensatori damuxtes eleqtroforuli manqaniT da Caxsnes misgan.

1. im batareis boloebze, romelic ori kondensatoris mimdevrobiT SeerTe-
biTaa miRebuli, 300 v Zabvaa modebuli. ris tolia Zabva TiToeuli kon-
densatoris Semonafenebs Soris, Tu pirveli kondensatoris tevadobaa
2 pf, meorisa ki _ 3 pf?
139
2. 10000 da 1500 pf eleqtrotevadobis ori kondensatori paraleluradaa

SeerTebuli. ris tolia meore kondensatoris muxti, Tu pirvelis muxtia
2.10-6 k?
3. gansazRvre kondensatorTa batareis eleqtrotevadoba, Tu cnobilia, rom
TiToeuli kondensatoris eleqtrotevadobebi, Sesabamisad, aris: C1 = 1 mkf,
C2 = 2 mkf da kondensatorebi SeerTebulia: a) mimdevrobiT; b) paralelurad.
4. gansazRvre, ris tolia me-16 _ 23-e suraTebze gamosaxuli kondensatorTa
batareebis eleqtrotevadoba.
y
2 mkf 2 mkf
2 mkf 8 mkf 2 mkf 1 mkf
p
o
sur. 16 sur. 17 sur. 18
C
8 mkf 1 mkf

't
sur. 19 sur. 20
1 mkf 2 mkf 2 mkf

1 mkf
n
2 mkf
1 mkf 1 mkf 3 mkf 4 mkf 4 mkf 2 mkf
o
3 mkf 6 mkf 2 mkf 2 mkf 3 mkf

sur. 21 sur. 22
D
C 2C 3C
sur. 23
5. erTi gamtaris eleqtrotevadobaa 10 pf, xolo muxti 6.10-7 k. meore gamta-

ris eleqtrotevadoba da muxti, Sesabamisad, 30 pf da _4.10-7 k-ia. gamtarebi
liTonis wvrili mavTuliT SeaerTes. gansazRvre TiToeuli gamtaris muxti
SeerTebis Semdeg.
6. mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli ori kondensatoris batareis boloebze Zabva
120 v-ia. gansazRvre Zabva TiToeuli kondensatoris Semonafenebs Soris,
Tu kondensatorebis eleqtrotevadobebia: C1 = 2 mkf, C2 = 4 mkf.
7. me-17 suraTze batareaSi kondensatorTa SeerTebis sqemaa gamosaxuli.
gansazRvre, TiToeuli kondensatoris muxti, Tu kondensatorebis eleq-
trotevadobebia: C1 = 1 mkf, C2 = 2 mkf, C3 = 3 mkf. Zabva batareis boloebze
12 v-is tolia.
140
II Tavis mokle Sinaarsi

eleqtruli veli
damuxtuli sxeulebis urTierTqmedebas sakmaod rTuli xasiaTi aqvs. eleqtro-
magnituri urTierTqmedebis Tanamedrove Teoriis Tanaxmad, nebismieri damuxtuli
sxeuli Tavis garSemo qmnis eleqtrul vels, romlis saSualebiTac sxva damuxtul
sxeulTan eleqtromagnituri urTierTqmedeba xorcieldeba. am Teoriis Tanaxmad,
or damuxtul nawilaks Soris urTierTqmedeba ase aRiwereba: damuxtuli nawilake
bi uSualod ar moqmedeben erTmaneTze. erTi damuxtuli nawilakis eleqtruli veli
y
meore nawilakze moqmedebs da piriqiT.
eleqtruli velis mTavari Tvisebaa, garkveuli ZaliT imoqmedos velSi moTavse
bul sxva damuxtul sxeulze (sacdel eleqtrul muxtze).
p
Zalas, romliTac eleqtruli veli masSi moTavsebul damuxtul sxeulze (nawi-
lakze, muxtze) moqmedebs, eleqtruli Zala hqvia.
uZravi muxtebis eleqtrul vels eleqtrostatikuri veli hqvia. eleqtrostati-
o
kuri veli drois mixedviT ucvleli, mudmivi velia. erTgvarovania veli, romlis
yvela wertilSi daZabuloba erTnairia. erTgvarovani velis daZabulobis Zalwi-
rebi paraleluri wirebia. absoluturad erTgvarovani veli ar arsebobs, magram
miaxloebiT erTgvarovnad SeiZleba CaiTvalos veli or erTnair paralelur fir-
C
fitas Soris (kideebidan moSorebiT), romlebic sididiT toli da sxvadasxvaniSnia-
ni muxtiTaa damuxtuli.
't
eleqtruli velis maxasiaTeblebi
Zaluri maxasiaTebeli energetikuli maxasiaTebeli
fizikuri daZabuloba _ veqto- potenciali _ skalaruli Zabva, potencialTa
sidide ruli sididea (mimarTu- sididea. sxvaoba _ skalaruli
n
leba emTxveva dadebiT sididea.
sacdel muxtze moqmedi
Zalis mimarTulebas).
fizikuri gviCvenebs Zalas, rom gviCvenebs, ris tolia velis gviCvenebs, ra muSaobas
o
Sinaarsi liTac eleqtruli veli mocemul wertilSi moTavse- asrulebs eleqtruli
masSi moTavsebul er- buli erTeulovani muxtis veli am or wertils So-
Teulovan sacdel muxt- energia. ris 1 kuloni muxtis
ze moqmedebs. gadaadgilebisas.
W U =φ1 – φ2= E∆d
D
rogor F φ= = Ed
gamoiTvleba E= q
q Zabva velis or wertils
potencialis mniSvneloba nu- Soris ganisazRvreba da
lovani donis arCevazea damo- misis mniSvneloba nulo-
kidebuli: Tu nulovan doned vani donis arCevaze da-
uaryofiTad damuxtul fir- mokidebuli ar aris.
fitas miviCnevT, mis nebismier
wertilSi potenciali nulis
toli iqneba.
erTeuli 1 n /k = 1 v/m 1 volti. 1 v = 1j /k 1 volti. 1 v = 1j /k
SI sistemaSi
vakuumSi |q0| q
E=k 2 φ=k
wertilova r r
ni q0 muxtis dadebiTi muxtis (q >0) velis
eleqtru wertilTa potenciali dade-
li veli biTia (φ > 0), xolo uaryofi-
muxtidan r Ti muxtis (q < 0) velis wer-
manZilze tilTa potenciali _ uaryo-
fiTi (φ < 0).
141
q0 muxtiT Tanabrad damuxtuli gamtari sferos (an birTvis) eleqtruli veli

roca r ≥ R , maSin q
roca r > R, maSin φ = k
|q0| r
E = k 2
r q
roca r ≤ R, maSin φ = k
roca r < R, maSin E = 0 R
erTgvarovani eleqtrostatikuri velis mier q muxtis erTi wertilidan meoreSi

gadaadgilebisas Sesrulebuli muSaoba
y
A = qE∆d = qE(d1 - d2) A = q (φ1 – φ2) = – q ∙ ∆φ A = qU
romelSic ∆d manZilia, rome lzec
∆φ _ muxtis mdebareobis sabo-
q muxti eleqtruli velis da Za
loo da sawyis wertilebs
bulobis Zalwiris gaswvriv ga da
p
Soris potencialTa cvlileba
adgilda nulovani donis (uaryo
fiTad damuxtuli firfitis) mimarT.
o
damuxtul sxeulTa sistemas potenciuri energia aqvs, anu damuxtul sxeulTa sis
temas aqvs unari, Seasrulos muSaoba. damuxtul sxeulTa potenciur energias eleq
truli, anu kulonuri, energia hqvia.
erTgvarovani eleqtrostatikuri velis muSaoba, romelsac veli or wertils So
C
ris muxtis gadaadgilebaze asrulebs, muxtis traeqtoriis formaze damokidebuli ar
aris. Caketil traeqtoriaze eleqtrostatikuri velis jamuri muSaoba nulis tolia.
vels, romlis muSaoba Caketil traeqtoriaze nulis tolia, potencialuri (konser
't
vatiuli) veli hqvia.
erTgvarovan eleqtrostatikur velSi uaryofiTi firfitisgan d manZilze muxts
potenciuri energia (Wp) aqvs, romelic gamoiTvleba formuliT:
n
Wp = qE d
muxtis potenciuri energia, romelic eleqtrostatikuri velis mocemul
wertilSia moTavsebuli, im muSaobis tolia, romelsac veli am wertilidan nulovan
o
donemde muxtis gadaadgilebisas asrulebs.
nulovani done eleqtrul velSi nebismierad SeiZleba SeirCes, radgan fizikuri
azri aqvs ara potenciur energias (romelic damokidebulia nulovani donis
arCevaze), aramed potenciuri energiis cvlilebas, romlis saSualebiTac
D
eleqtruli velis muSaoba ganisazRvreba.
Tu velis muSaoba sxeulis traeqtoriis formaze damokidebuli ar aris, maSin is
tolia potenciuri energiis cvlilebisa sapirispiro niSniT: eleqtrostatikuri
velis muSaoba muxtis potenciuri energiis cvlilebis tolia sapirispiro niSniT:
A= – ∆ Wp
ori wertilovani muxtis urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energia gamoisaxeba
formuliT:
q 1q 2
W = k r
garemos (nivTierebis) dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba fizikuri sididea, romelic
gviCvenebs, ramdenjer naklebia eleqtruli velis daZabulobis moduli (E)
erTgvarovan dieleqtrikSi imave muxtebis mier Seqmnili velis daZabulobis modulze
(E0) vakuumSi:
E0
ε =
E
dieleqtrikSi velis Sesustebis gamo im garemoSi, romlis dieleqtrikuli
SeRwevadoba ε-is tolia,
142
a) wertilovani muxtis eleqtruli velis daZabuloba gamoiTvleba formuliT:

|q0|
E = k
εr2
b) kulonuri Zalis moduli ε-jer Sesustdeba. Sesabamisad, kulonis kanonis
maTematikuri Canaweri aseT saxes miiRebs:
|q | |q |
F = k 1 2 2
εr
g) wertilovani q muxtis potencialis formulas Semdegi saxe aqvs:
y
q
φ = k εr
p
d) ori wertilovani muxtis urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energia gamoisaxeba
formuliT:
q 1q 2
W = k εr
o
kondensatori
ori gamtaris erTobliobas (sistemas), romelTa Soris dieleqtrikis fenaa (fenis
C
sisqe gamtaris zomebTan SedarebiT mcirea), kondensatori hqvia, Tavad gamtarebs
ki _ kondensatoris Semonafenebi.
erT-erTi Semonafenis muxtis absolutur sidides kondensatoris muxti hqvia.
't
Tu kondensatoris Semonafenebis muxti moduliT tolia da niSniT sapirispiro,
maSin kondensatoris mTeli eleqtruli veli Semonafenebs Sorisaa Tavmoyrili.
kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba - fizikuri sididea, romelic kondensatoris
mier eleqtruli muxtis dagrovebis unars axasiaTebs. eleqtrotevadoba arc
n
kondensatoris muxtze (q) da arc Semonafenebs Soris Zabvaze (U) damokidebuli ar
aris. kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba gamoiTvleba formuliT:
q
C = U
o
eleqtrotevadobis erTeuli SI sistemaSi 1 faradia (f). praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba
eleqtrotevadobis gacilebiT mcire erTeulebi: 1 mikrofaradi (mkf) = 10 -6 f;
1 nanofaradi (nf) = 10 -9 f;
D
1 pikofaradi (pf) = 10-12 f.
kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba damokidebulia:
a) Semonafenebs Soris manZilze (d);
b) Semonafenebis S farTobze (ufro sworad ki, Semonafenebis urTierTgadafarvis
farTobze);
g) im garemos dieleqtrikul SeRwevadobaze, romelic firfitebs Sorisaa (ε);
ε0εS
es damokidebuleba maTematikurad ase gamoisaxeba: C = d
1
ε0 _ eleqtruli mudmivaa, ε0 = 4πk = 8,85 ∙10-12 k2/nm2;
R radiusis mqone gamtari birTvis (sferos) eleqtrotevadoba gamoiTvleba aseTi
formuliTac: Cb = 4πε0R.
damuxtuli kondensatoris energia, anu is eleqtruli energia, romlis dagrovebac
kondensatoris saSualebiTaa SesaZlebeli, gamoiTvleba formulebiT:
qU CU2 q2
Wel = 2 ; Wel = 2 ; Wel = 2C .
143
kondensatorTa batarea
kondensatorTa mimdevrobiTi paraleluri
SeerTebis tipi:
SeerTebis sqema +q –q +q –q +q1 –q1
A C B
C1 C2 C1
A B
y
+q2 –q2
C2
p
Zabva Ubatarea = U 1 + U2 Ubatarea = U 1 = U2
o
muxti qbatarea = q 1 = q2 qbatarea = q 1 + q2
batareis 1 1 1 C = C 1 + C2
eleqtrotevadoba C = C1 + C2
C
damaxasiaTebeli Zabvebi mimdevrobiT muxti paralelurad
kanonzomiereba SeerTebul kondensatorebze SeerTebul kondensatorebze
tevadobebis tevadobebis
't
ukuproporciulad pirdapirproporciulad
gadanawildeba: gadanawildeba:
U1 C2 q1 C1
U2 = C1 q2 = C2
n
muxtis gadanawileba
gagrZeldeba manamde, sanam
o
kondensatorebze Zabvebi
erTmaneTs ar gautoldeba.
D
144
sagnobrivi saZiebeli
a
aditiuroba muxtis _ muxtis Sekrebadobis Tviseba: nebismieri sistemis muxti sistemaSi
Semavali sxeulebis (nawilakebis) jamuri muxtis tolia:
q sist = q1 + q2 + q3+... + qn
aragamtari, dieleqtriki, izolatori _ nivTiereba (masala), romelSic damuxtuli
y
nawilakebi, eleqtronebi da atobirTvebi, ZiriTadad atomSi arian urTierTbmuli
da maT, gamtaris Tavisufali muxtebisgan gansxvavebiT, nivTierebis mTel mocu
lobaSi gadaadgileba ar SeuZliaT (dieleqtrikebSi Tavisufali eleqtronebis
p
koncentracia Zalian mcirea).
• aragamtarebi, anu dieleqtrikebia: mina, faifuri, eboniti, qarva, plastmasa, gamox-
dili wyali, airebi Cveulebriv mdgomareobaSi (garkveul pirobebSi airebi gamtarebi
o
xdeba).
arapolaruli dieleqtriki _ Sedgeba iseTi molekulebisa da atomebisgan, romlebSic
dadebiTi da uaryofiTi muxtebis ganawilebis centrebi erTmaneTs emTxveva.
• arapolaruli dieleq trikebia, mag., inertuli airebi, Jangbadi, wyalbadi, ben-
C
zoli, polieTileni da sxv.
atomis planeturi modeli _ igive atomis rezerfordiseuli modeli: atomis centrSi
dadebiTad damuxtuli birTvia, romlis garSemoc wriul orbitebze eleqtronebi
't
zustad iseve moZraoben, rogorc mzis garSemo planetebi.
• atomis birTvi, Tavis mxriv, dadebiTad damuxtuli nawilakebis, protonebisa da
umuxto, neitraluri nawilakebis _ neitronebisgan Sedgeba.
• Cveulebriv, atomis birTvSi zustad imdeni protonia, ramdeni eleqtronic moZ
n

raobs birTvis garSemo wriul orbitaze.
• mTlianobaSi atomi neitraluria.
o
b
birTvuli Zalebi _ Zalebi, romliTac birTvSi Semavali nawilakebi (protonebi da nei-
tronebi) urTierTqmedebs;
D
• birTvuli Zalebi moduliT daaxloebiT 100-jer aRemateba eleqtromagnitur
Zalebs. isini bunebaSi arsebul ZalTa Soris yvelaze mZlavria, amitom birTvuli
nawilakebis urTierTqmedebas Zlier urTierTqmedebas uwodeben. birTvuli Zalebis
mniSvnelovani Taviseburebaa axloqmedeba. `moklexelebiani goliaTi~_ ase uwodeben
birTvul Zalebs, romelTa moqmedeba mxolod iseT manZilebze vlindeba, romlebic
birTvis zomis (10-12 _ 10-13 sm) rigisaa.
g
gavleniT damuxtva _ damuxtva Sexebis gareSe, roca damuxtuli sxeuli da gamtaris is
mxare, romelic masTan axlos imyofeba, sxvadasxvaniSniani muxtiT daimuxteba.
gravitacia _ miziduloba, romelic samyaroSi masis mqone nebismier sxeuls Soris
arsebobs.
gravitaciuli mudmiva _ igive msoflio mizidulobis mudmiva, G _ proporciulobis
koeficienti msoflio mizidulobis kanonSi. G universaluri mudmivaa: samyaroSi
arsebuli yvela sxeulisTvis erTi da igive mniSvneloba aqvs:
G = 6,67 . 10 -11 nm2 /kg2.
gravitaciuli muxti _ sxeulis masa, romelic or sxeuls Soris gravitaciuli urTier-
145
Tqmedebis intensivobas gansazRvravs. eleqtrodinamikaSi misi analogia eleqtruli

muxti.
gravitaciuli velis daZabuloba _ gravitaciuli velis Zaluri maxasiaTebeli:
g = Fsim
m
• gviCvenebs Zalas, romliTac dedamiwis gravitaciuli veli masSi moTavsebul erTeu-
lovani masis sxeulze (sacdel gravitaciul muxtze) moqmedebs.
• SI sistemaSi gravitaciuli daZabulobis erTeulia 1 n/kg.
y
• Tu CavTvliT, rom dedamiwa M masis wertilovani sxeulia, maSin misi gravitaciuli
velis daZabulobis moduli ase gamoiTvleba:
Fsim M
p
g(r) = = G 2
m r
sadac r velis wyarodan (M masis wertilovani sxeulidan) sacdeli gravitaciuli
o
muxtis daSorebaa.
gamtari _ nivTiereba (masala), romelSic damuxtuli nawilakebi Tavisuflad gadaad-
gildeba nivTierebis mTel moculobaSi.
• gamtarebs miekuTvneba: liTonebi, marilebisa da mJavebis wyalxsnarebi (eleqtro-
C
litebi), grafiti, Cveulebrivi wyali (radgan is marilebs Seicavs), niadagi. muxtis
kargi gamtaria adamianis (cxovelis, frinvelis) sxeulic.
't
d
daeleqtroeba _ movlena, romlis drosac urTierTSemxeb sxeulebs Soris eleqtruli
muxtebi gacalkevdeba, gadanawildeba: eleqtronebis nawili erTi sxeulidan meo-
n
reze gadadis.
daZabuloba _ eleqtruli velis Zaluri maxasiaTebeli. veqtoruli sididea, romelic
gviCvenebs Zalas, romliTac eleqtruli veli masSi moTavsebul erTeulovan sacdel
o
muxtze moqmedebs.
• eleqtruli velis daZabuloba tolia sacdel wertilovan muxtze velis mxridan
F
moqmedi Zalis Sefardebisa muxtis sididesTan: E=
q
• daZabulobis erTeuli SI sistemaSi 1 n/k-ia;
D
• daZabulobis veqtoris mimarTuleba dadebiT sacdel muxtze moqmedi Zalis mi-
marTulebas emTxveva.
dieleqtriki _ nivTiereba, romelic muxts ar atarebs.
dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba garemosi (nivTierebis) _ fizikuri sidide (ε), romelic
gviCvenebs, ramdenjer naklebia eleqtruli velis daZabulobis moduli (E) erTgva
rovan dieleqtrikSi imave muxtebis mier Seqmnili velis daZabulobis modulze (E0)
vakuumSi:
E0
ε=
E
diskretuloba muxtis _ bunebaSi elementarul muxtze ufro mcire muxti damoukideblad
ar arsebobs, yvela nawilaksa da makroskopul sxeulze arsebuli muxtis absoluturi
sidide an elementaruli muxtis tolia, an misi jeradia. es ki imas niSnavs, rom muxti
diskretulia, misi sidide naxtomiseburad icvleba (e-Ti, 2e-Ti, 3e-Ti... da a. S.).
146
e
ekvipotencialuri zedapiri _ Zalwirebis marTobuli zedapiri, romlis yvela wertils
erTi da igive potenciali aqvs.
• daZabulobis veqtori ekvipotencialuri zedapiris marTobulia da mimarTulia
potencialis vardnis (Semcirebis) mxares;
• eleqtrostatikur velSi nebismieri gamtaris zedapiri ekvipotencialuria, misi
yvela wertilis potenciali erTnairia.
eleqtruli movlena _ movlena, romlis drosac zogierTi sxeuli sxva sxeulebTan xaxunis
y
Sedegad mizidulobis unars iZens.
• am Tvisebis mqone sxeulebs daeleqtroebuli sxeulebi hqvia.
eleqtroskopi _ xelsawyo, romlis saSualebiTac SesaZlebelia aRmovaCinoT, damuxtu-
p
lia Tu ara esa Tu is sxeuli.
eleqtrometri (`metreo~ berZnulad niSnavs `vzomav~) _ xelsawyo, romelic saSualebas
gvaZlevs, ara marto aRmovaCinoT, aramed raodenobrivadac SevafasoT damuxtuli
o
sxeulis eleqtruli muxti.
• eleqtroskopis kidev erTi saxeobaa, romelsac misgan gansxvavebiT, skalac aqvs.
eleqtroni _ subatomuri nawilaki.
• bunebaSi damoukideblad arsebuli umciresi, ganuyofeli, e. w. elementaruli
C
muxtis matarebeli uaryofiTad damuxtuli nawilaki.
• eleqtronis muxtis absoluturi sidide elementaruli muxtis tolia:
qe = _ 1,6 . 10 -19 k.
't
eleqtrostatika _ eleqtrodinamikis nawili, romelic uZrav eleqtrul muxtebsa da
maT urTierTqmedebas Seiswavlis.
eleqtrostatikuri dacva _ movlena, romlis drosac eleqtrul velSi moTavsebuli
n
gamtaris SigniT eleqtrostatikuri veli nulis toli xdeba. metic, Tu damuxtuli
an eleqtrul velSi moTavsebuli gamtaris SigniT carieli sivrcea, maSin am siv
rcis nebismier wertilSic daZabuloba nulis tolia.
o
eleqtrostatikuri induqcia _ movlena, romlis drosac gare eleqtrul velSi gamta-
ris moTavsebisas gamtaris urTierTsapirispiro kideebze sxvadasxva niSnis muxti
grovdeba (inducirdeba).
eleqtrostatikuri movlena _ movlena, romelic dakavSirebulia xaxunisas dieleqtrik-
D
Si an izolirebul gamtarSi Warbi muxtis dagrovebasTan.
• xaxunisas (Sexebisas) daeleqtroebul sxeulebze dagrovil muxts eleqtros
tatikur muxts uwodeben;
• xaxuniT daeleqtroebuli sxeulebis urTierTqmedebas eleqtrostatikuri ur
TierTqmedeba hqvia.
eleqtromagnituri urTierTqmedeba _ urTierTqmedeba, romelic damuxtul nawilakebs
(sxeulebs) Soris aRiZvreba da sxeulTa masebze damokidebuli ar aris.
• gravitaciuli urTierTqmedebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlis drosac sxeulebs So-
ris yovelTvis mizidulobis Zalebi moq medebs, eleqtromagnituri urTierTqme-
deba vlindeba rogorc mizidvis, ise ganzidvis saxiT.
eleqtrotevadoba _ fizikuri sidide, romelic kondensatoris mier muxtis dagrovebis
unars axasiaTebs.
• eleqtrotevadoba arc kondensatoris muxtze (q) da arc Semonafenebs Soris Zab-
vaze (U) damokidebuli ar aris da gamoiTvleba formuliT:
q
C = U
147
• eleqtrotevadoba damokidebulia: Semonafenebs Soris manZilze (d), Semonafenebis

S farTobze (ufro sworad ki, Semonafenebis urTierTgadafarvis farTobze), im
garemos dieleqtrikul SeRwevadobaze, romelic firfitebs Sorisaa (ε):
ε0εS
C= d ε0 _ eleqtruli mudmivaa.
eleqtroforuli manqana _ eleqtrostatikuri generatori, romelSic eleqtruli mux-
tebi eleqtrostatikuri induqciis Sedegad miiReba. mowyobiloba, romelSic meqa-
nikuri energia eleqtrulad gardaiqmneba.
y
eleqtruli muxti _ skalaruli sidide, romlic damuxtul nawilakebs (sxeulebs) Soris
eleqtromagnituri urTierTqmedebis intensivobas gansazRvravs.
• bunebaSi orgvari eleqtruli muxtia: dadebiTi da uaryofiTi.
p
• erTnairniSniani muxtis mqone nawilakebi ganizideba, xolo sapirispiro niSnis
mqoneni – miizideba.
eleqtruli Zala _ Zala, romliTac eleqtruli veli damuxtul nawilakze (sxeulze)
o
moqmedebs.
1
eleqtruli mudmiva _ ε0 = 4πk = 8,85 ∙10-12 k2/nm2.
energiis mudmivobis kanoni _ energia arafrisgan ar warmoiqmneba da arc ukvalod qre-
C
ba. igi erTi saxis energiidan meore saxis energiad gardaiqmneba an sxva sxeuls
gadaecema.
erTgvarovani eleqtruli veli _ veli, romlis daZabuloba sivrcis yvela wertilSi
't
erTnairia. sivrcis gansazRvrul areSi eleqtruli veli SeiZleba erTgvarovnad
CavTvaloT, Tu velis daZabuloba am areSi umniSvnelod icvleba. mag., erTgva
rovnad SeiZleba CaiTvalos eleqtruli veli or paralelur firfitas Soris, Tu
firfitebis zedapirze sididiT toli da sxvadasxvaniSniani muxti Tanabradaa ga-
n
nawilebuli.

o
v
volti (v) _ potencialis, Zabvis erTeuli SI sistemaSi.
veli (eleqtruli, gravitaciuli, magnituri) _ materiis arsebobis gansakuTrebuli
forma. vels ar aqvs feri, suni, gemo, ar SeiZleba misi danaxva da xeliT Sexeba. is,
D
nivTierebisgan gansxvavebiT, nawilakebisgan ar Sedgeba. veli Cveni cnobierebisgan
damoukideblad arsebobs.
• eleqtromagnituri urTierTqmedebis Tanamedrove Teoriis Tanaxmad, nebismieri
damuxtuli sxeuli Tavis garSemo qmnis eleqtrul vels, romlis saSualebiTac
sxva damuxtul sxeulTan eleqtromagnituri urTierTqmedeba xorcieldeba: da-
muxtuli nawilakebi uSualod ar moqmedeben erTmaneTze. erTi damuxtuli nawila-
kis eleqtruli veli meore nawilakze moqmedebs da piriqiT.
• eleqtruli velis mTavari Tvisebaa, garkveuli ZaliT imoqmedos velSi moTavse-
bul sxva damuxtul sxeulze (sacdel eleqtrul muxtze).
T
Tavisufali eleqtroni _ atomSi gare Sreze moZravi eleqtroni, romelic SedarebiT
sustadaa dakavSirebuli birTvTan: is birTvs swydeba da atomTaSoris sivrceSi
gadaadgildeba.
148
i
izolirebuli sistema _ sxeulTa (nawilakTa) Caketili sistema, anu iseTi sistema, ro-
melSic garedan ar Sedis da romlidanac gareT ar gamodis damuxtuli nawilakebi.
izolatori _ aragamtari sxeuli, romelsac dieleqtrikebisgan amzadeben.
invariantuloba muxtis _ sxeulis (an nawilakis) muxtis sidide aTvlis sistemaze damo-
kidebuli ar aris. muxti siCqareze damokidebuli ar aris.
ioni _ damuxtuli subatomuri nawilaki. • Tu atomi
miierTebs zedmet eleqtrons, maSin uaryofiTi ioni warmoiqmneba;
y
• Tu atomi dakargavs eleqtrons, dadebiTi ioni miiReba.
p
kavendiSi henri (1731 _ 1810) — ingliseli, qimikosi da fizikosi. eqsperimentulad gan-
sazRvra gravitaciuli mudmivas zusti mniSvneloba.
klasikuri eleqtrodinamika _ fizikis dargi, romelic makrosamyaroSi eleq
o
tromagnituri urTierTqmedebis Teorias (eleqtrul muxtebs (damuxtul sxeu-
lebs) Soris urTierTqmedebasa da maTze eleqtruli velis zemoqmedebas) Seiswav
lis, mikrosamyaroSi ki aseTi tipis urTierTqmedebas kvanturi eleqtrodinamika
swavlobs.
C
• klasikuri eleqtrodinamikis ZiriTadi cnebebia eleqtruli muxti da eleqtruli
veli.
kondensatori _ ori gamtaris erToblioba (sistema), romelTa Soris dieleqtrikis fe-
't
naa (fenis sisqe gamtaris zomebTan SedarebiT mcirea). gamtarebs kondensatoris
Semonafenebi hqvia.
kuloni Sarl ogiusteni _ frangi mecnieri (1736 _ 1806).
• muxtis erTeuli SI sistemaSi.
n
kulonis kanoni _ eleqtrostatikis ZiriTadi kanoni: vakuumSi or wertilovan uZrav
damuxtul sxeuls Soris urTierTqmedebis Zalis moduli pirdapirproporciulia
o
muxtebis modulebis namravlisa da ukuproporciulia maT Soris manZilis kvadra-
tisa.
• kulonis kanoni maTematikurad ase Caiwereba:
|q 1|∙| q 2|
D
F=k
r2
sadac k proporciulobis koeficientia, |q 1| da | q 2| muxtebis absoluturi sidi
deebia (modulebia), xolo r muxtebs Soris manZilia.
2
• SI sistemaSi k-s ricxviTi mniSvnelobaa: k = 9 ∙10 9 nm2
• k ricxobrivad im Zalis modulis tolia, romelic 1 k muxtebs Soris 1 m manZilze

moqmedebs.
• SI sistemaSi k proporciulobis koeficienti asec SeiZleba Caiweros:
1
k= ε0 eleqtruli mudmivaa.
4πε0
1 |q1| ∙ |q2|
• kulonis kanoni SeiZleba asec Caiweros: F = ∙
4πε0 r2
• kulonuri Zalebi muxtebis (maTi centrebis) SemaerTebeli wrfis gaswvrivaa mimar-
Tuli da Zalis mimarTuleba imis mixedviT ganisazRvreba, muxtebi erTnairniSniania
Tu sxvadasxvaniSniani.
149
kulonuri urTierTqmedeba _ igive eleqtrostatikuri urTierTqmedeba, anu uZravi

eleqtruli muxtebis urTierTqmedeba.
kulonuri Zala _ Zala, romelic kulonuri urTierTqmedebisas aRiZvreba, anu Zala,
romliTac uZravi eleqtruli muxtebi urTierTqmedeben.
m
masuri ricxvi _ birTvSi neitronebisa da protonebis saerTo raodenobas gviCvenebs
(anu mae-Si gamosaxul maT saerTo masas). masuri ricxvi A asoTi aRiniSneba.
y
maqsveli jeims klerk _ ingliseli mecnieri (1831 _ 1879).
msoflio mizidulobis kanoni _ aRwers nebismieri or sxeulis (nivTieri wertilis)
urTierTqmedebas: m1 ∙ m2
F=G
p

r
2
muxti (ix. eleqtruli muxti) _ fizikuri sidide, romelic daeleqtroebuli sxeule-

bis eleqtruli urTierTqmedebis unars axasiaTebs. eleqtruli muxti aRiniSneba q
o
asoTi.
• muxtis erTeuli SI sistemaSi 1 kulonia.
• dadebiTi muxti _ muxti, romelic miiReba minis joxze abreSumis qsovilTan misi
C
xaxunisas.
• uaryofiTi muxti _ muxti, romelic ebonitis joxze miiReba joxis Salis qsovil-
Tan gaxaxunebiT.
't
• nebismieri sxeulis muxti ase gamoiTvleba: q = ne, sadac n mTeli ricxvia da gada-
nacvlebuli eleqtronebis raodenobas gviCvenebs, xolo e elementaruli muxtia.
muxtis Senaxvis kanoni _ Caketil sistemaSi Semavali sxeulebis (nawilakebis) jamuri
eleqtruli muxti ar icvleba: q1 + q2 + q3+... + qn = const.
n
n
neitroni _ umuxto, neitraluri nawilaki, romelic Sedis atomis birTvis Semadgenlo-
baSi.
o
• neitronis muxti 0-is tolia, xolo masa 1838,7-jer metia eleqtronis masaze.
niutoni isaak _ ingliseli mecnieri (1643 _ 1727).
• Zalis erTeuli SI sistemaSi.
D
p
polaruli dieleqtriki _ Sedgeba iseTi molekulebisgan, romlebSic dadebiTi da
uaryofiTi muxtebis ganawilebis centrebi erTmaneTs ar emTxveva, anu aseTi die-
leqtrikis molekulebi dipolebs warmoadgens, romlebsac ori polusi aqvT _ da-
debiTi da uaryofiTi.
• polaruli dieleqtrikebia: wyali, spirti, amiaki da sxv.
polarizacia dieleqtrikis _ movlena, romlis drosac eleqtrul velSi moTavsebul
dieleqtrikSi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi muxtebi sapirispiro mxares wanacvldeba.
potenciali eleqtruli _ skalaruli sididea, romelic velis energetikuli maxasiaTe-
belia da gviCvenebs, ris tolia velis mocemul wertilSi moTavsebuli erTeulo-
W
vani muxtis energia. potenciali φ asoTi aRiniSneba da ase gamoiTvleba: φ = .
q
• erTgvarovan eleqtrostatikur velSi im wertilis potenciali, romelic uar
yofiTi firfitidan (nulovani donidan) d manZiliTaa daSorebuli, gamoisaxeba
formuliT: φ = Ed.
• SI sistemaSi potencialis erTeulia 1 volti (v).
150
potencialuri veli (igive, konservatiuli veli)_ veli, romlis muSaoba Caketil traeq-
toriaze nulis tolia.
• gravitaciuli da eleqtrostatikuri velebi potencialuri velebia.
potenciuri energia muxtis _ eleqtrul velSi muxts aqvs potenciuri energia (Wp),
romelic gamoiTvleba formuliT: Wp = qE d.
• muxtis potenciuri energiis fizikuri azri aseTia: muxtis potenciuri energia,
romelic eleqtrostatikuri velis mocemul wertilSia moTavsebuli, im muSaobis
tolia, romelsac veli am wertilidan nulovan donemde muxtis gadaadgilebisas
y
asrulebs.
protoni _ dadebiTad damuxtuli nawilaki, romelic atomis birTvis SemadgenlobaSi
Sedis.
p
• Cveulebriv, atomis birTvSi zustad imdeni protonia, ramdeni eleqtronic moZ
raobs birTvis garSemo wriul orbitaze.
• protonis masa 1836,1-jer aRemateba eleqtronis masas.
o
• protonis muxti dadebiTia da absoluturi sididiT eleqtronis muxtis tolia.
s
superpoziciis principi _ (`superpozicia~ `zeddebas~ niSnavs). eleqtruli velebis su-
C
perpoziciis principis Tanaxmad, SesaZlebelia, sivrcis erTsa da imave wertilSi
ramdenime sxvadasxva muxtis mier Seqmnili eleqtruli veli erTdroulad arse-
bobdes. es velebi am wertilSi Setanil sacdel muxtze erTmaneTisgan damouki-
't
deblad moqmedebs, anu rogorc amboben, am wertilSi eleqtruli velebis zeddeba
xdeba.
• Tu sivrcis mocemul wertilSi damuxtuli nawilakebi qmnian eleqtrul velebs
(romelTa daZabulobebia E1 , E2 , ... da a. S.), maSin velis jamuri daZabuloba am
n
wertilSi TiToeuli nawilakis velis daZabulobaTa geometriuli jamis tolia:
E = E1 + E2 + ... En
• Tu sivrcis romeliRac wertilSi eleqtruli veli ramdenime muxtis velis zedde-
o
bis Sedegad iqmneba, maSin jamuri eleqtruli velis potenciali TiToeuli muxtis
velis potencialTa algebruli jamis tolia: φ=φ1+φ2+φ3+…+φn
statikuri eleqtroba _ xaxunisas warmoqmnili eleqtruli muxtebi.
D
f
faradei maikl _ ingliseli mecnieri (1791_1867).
faradi (f) _ eleqtrotevadobis erTeuli SI sistemaSi.
• praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba eleqtrotevadobis gacilebiT mcire erTeulebi:
1 mikrofaradi (mkf) = 10 -6 f; 1 nanofaradi (nf) = 10 -9 f;
-12
1 pikofaradi (pf) = 10 f.
fundamenturi urTierTqmedeba _ urTierTqmedeba, romelic sxva saxis urTierTqmede-
bebiT ar aRiwereba. Tanamedrove fizikaSi bunebaSi arsebuli oTxi fundamenturi
urTierTqmedebaa cnobili: gravitaciuli, eleqtromagnituri, Zlieri da susti.
C
Caketili sistema _ sxeulTa (nawilakTa) sistema, anu iseTi sistema, romelSic garedan
ar Sedis da romlidanac gareT ar gamodis damuxtuli nawilakebi.
151
Z
Zabva eleqtruli _ or wertils Soris potencialTa sxvaoba, tolia sawyisidan sabo-
loo wertilSi muxtis gadaadgilebisas velis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobis fardo-
bisa am muxtis sididesTan:
A
U = q
•iseve, rogorc potenciali, Zabvac eleqtruli velis energetikuli maCvenebelia;
• potencialisgan gansxvavebiT, Zabvis mniSvneloba nulovani donis arCevaze damo-
kidebuli ar aris. Zabva velis or wertils Soris ganisazRvreba da gviCvenebs, ra
y
muSaobas asrulebs eleqtruli veli am or wertils Soris 1 kuloni muxtis gadaad-
gilebisas;
• kavSiri eleqtruli velis daZabulobis modulsa da Zabvas Soris ase
p
gamoisaxeba: U = E ∆d
• Zabvis erTeuli SI sistemaSi 1 voltia.
Zalwirebi _ eleqtruli velis daZabulobis wirebi, anu wirebi, romelTa nebismier
o
wertilSi gavlebuli mxebi am wertilSi daZabulobis veqtoris mimarTulebas
emTxveva.
• Zalwirebis mixedviT SegviZlia:
1. ganvsazRvroT velis daZabulobis E veqtoris mimarTuleba: nebismier wertilSi
C

E veqtori am wertilSi gavlebuli mxebis gaswvrivaa mimarTuli;
2. SevafasoT eleqtruli velis daZabulobis moduli: wirebis sixSire metia iq,
't
sadac velis daZabuloba ufro Zlieria.
w
wertilovani muxti _ realurad ar arsebobs, is iseTive abstraqciaa, rogoric materia-
n
luri wertili. Tu damuxtul sxeulTa zomebi gacilebiT mcirea maT Soris manZilze,
damuxtuli sxeulebi (maTi muxti) SeiZleba wertilovnad CaiTvalos.
o
j
jouli _ a) muSaobis erTeuli SI sistemaSi: 1 j = 1 n∙m;
b) energiis erTeuli SI sistemaSi.
D
152
Tavis Semajamebeli
testebis pasuxebi
testi #1
1. a _ III; b _ III; g_ II; d _ I; e _ IV;
y
2. a _ II; b _ IV; g _ III;
3. a _ IV; b _ II; g _ I;
4. a _ III; b _ III; g _ II; d _ II; e _ I;
p
5. g; 6. g; 7. b; 8. g; 9. g; 10. a;
11. a; 12. a; 13. g; 14. b; 15. g.
testi #2
1. a; 2. a; 3. b; 4. g; 5. b; 6. g;
C
7. b; 8. g; 9. g; 10. b; 11. b; 12. g.
n
damatebiTi kiTxvebis, amocanebis pasuxebi
't
o
Tavi I
D
§ 1.1
21.
elementi nomeri Z ricxvi raodenoba raodenoba raodenoba
A N
wyalbadi 1 1 1 1 0
heliumi 2 4 2 2 2
liTiumi 3 7 3 3 4
fosfori 15 31 15 15 16
22.
elementi nomeri ricxvi raodenoba raodenoba raodenoba
Z A N
urani 92 238 92 92 146
153
§ 1.2
15. cnobilia, rom abreSumze xaxunisas minis joxi dadebiTad imuxteba. es imas niSnavs,
rom eleqtronebi joxidan abreSumze gadadis. e. i. abreSumis atombirTvebi gaci-
lebiT ufro Zlierad izidavs eleqtronebs.
16. zamTrobiT haeris tenianoba dabalia (gansakuTrebiT SenobebSi, romlebSic gamaTbo-
beli sistemebia damontaJebuli). maRali tenianobis dros teniania ara marto haeri,
aramed sxeulTa zedapirebic. wylis Txeli apki sxeulTa zedapirze xels uSlis
eleqtronTa gadanacvlebas erTi sxeulidan meoreze.
y
§ 1.3
p
12. uaryofiTad damuxtul joxze eleqtronebis siWarbea. Tu joxs neitralur sferos
(sferos nacvlad SegiZlia daumuxtavi eleqtroskopi gamoiyeno) Seaxeb, eleqtronebi
joxidan sferoze (eleqtroskopze) gadava da es ukanaskneli uaryofiTad daimuxteba.
o
Tu uaryofiTad damuxtul sferos (eleqtroskops) xels Seaxeb, Warbi eleqtronebi
sferosa da Sens xels Soris gadanawildeba. radgan Seni sxeulis zedapiris farTobi
gacilebiT aRemateba damuxtuli sferos zedapiris farTobs, ZiriTadi muxti Sens
xelze gadava, xolo sferoze mxolod umniSvnelo muxti darCeba, anu sfero gani-
C
muxteba.
13. Tu dadebiTad damuxtul sferos xels Seaxeb, eleqtronebi xelidan sferoze gadava
da am ukanasknelis dadebiT muxts gaaneitralebs, anu sfero ganimuxteba.
't
14. a) muxti nulis toli gaxdeba _ burTula ganimuxteba.
b) burTulis masa
• Semcirdeba, Tu burTula uaryofiTad iyo damuxtuli (burTula dakargavs Warb
eleqtronebs);
n
• gaizrdeba, Tu burTula dadebiTad iyo damuxtuli (burTula Seivsebs eleqtro-
nebis danakliss).
o
§ 1.4
17. _1,28 · 10-18 k.
D
-17
19. a) _1,28 · 10 k.
20. radgan liTiumis atomis rigiTi nomeri mendeleevis tabulaSi Z = 3, maSasadame, misi
atomis birTvSi sami protonia. birTvis muxti ki ganisazRvreba protonebis muxtiT:
qbirT = + npr e = + 4,8 · 10-19 k.
21. + ,6 · 10-19 k.
22. a) 0; b) +3,2 · 10 −19 k.
23. a) _ 3,2 · 10 −19 k; b) 0
24. a) _14е;
b) 0;
g) +6е;
d) +14е.
25. q = _ nel e = _ 9,6 · 10-6 k.
26. n = q/ e = 5 · 1012.
27. dakarga. n = q/ e = 2 · 109.
154
28. n = |q| / e = 4 · 109.

29. arsebobs. n = q/e = 17.
30. a) qB = q/2, qC = q/4, qD = q/8. A eleqtroskopze darCeba muxti: qA = q/8.
b) qA = qB = qC = qD = q/4.
31. _4 nk.
32. 3 nk.
§ 1.5
y
9. 2)
10. 4)
11. 9 · 109 n.
p
12. a) 2-jer gaizrdeba;
b) 9-jer Semcirdeba.
o
g) 16-jer gaizrdeba.
d) 4-jer Semcirdeba;.
e) 8-jer gaizrdeba.
v) 36-jer Semcirdeba.
C
z) 36-jer gaizrdeba.
13.
g) 6,75 · 10-2 n.
't
14. ≈ 4,2 · 1042 -jer aRemateba.
16. 18 kn.
17. ≈ 10-5 k.
18. 10-5 k.
n
19. 2,8 nk.
20. 1,5 · 10-5 n.
21. 9 sm.
o
22. 9 · 10-2 n.
23. 10 sm.
24. 9 sm.
25. ≈ 2,3 · 10-12 n.
D
26. n = 1, 25 · 109.
27. n = 1011.
§ 1.6
2. 0,81 mn.
3. 1 mkn; ≈ 0,7 mkn.
4. a) 9/5-jer gaizrdeba; b) 5/4-jer Semcirdeba.
5. a) 16/7-jer gaizrdeba; b) 9/7-jer gaizrdeba.
7. 1,25 r.
8. 1,8 n.
9. 2 mn.
10. C wertilSi 2,25-jer metia.
11. mesame muxti pirveli da meore muxtis SemaerTebel wrfeze, maT Soris unda mova-
TavsoT: mcire muxtidan 1 sm-is daSorebiT.
155
12. mesame muxtis sididea 40 nk. mdebareobs pirveli da meore muxtis SemaerTebel
wrfeze, maT Soris: mcire sididis muxtidan 10 sm-is daSorebiT. sistemis wonaswo-
roba aramdgradia.
13. |q0| = q1 3/3 = 3 3 nk.
14. |q0| = q (1+ 2 2) /4, amasTan q0 <0.
15. a) erTnairia; b) meoris gadaxris kuTxe metia.
2mg
17. q = ℓ .
k
y
Tavi II
§ 2.1
p
16. 50 n/k.
o
17. 1,8 mn.
19. 9 · 104 n/k.
20. 8100 n/k.
21. a) 3,2 · 10-13 n; b) ≈ 3,5 · 1017 m/wm2.
C
9 2 -5
22. 10 m/wm ; 10 wm.
23. 2 · 10-14 k; wveTi uaryofiTadaa damuxtuli da masze 1,25 · 105 Warbi eleqtronia.
24. 300 kn/k.
't
3 3m
25. m = eE/g ≈ 2,1 · 10-18 kg; r= ≈ 7,9 · 10-8 m.
4πρ
§ 2.2
n
6.
++++++
o
+ – + –
a) b) g) d) – – – – – –
D
sur. 1.
7. B wertilSi (Zalwirebis sixSire metia, rac imas niSnavs, rom velis daZabulobis
moduli metia).
8. velis Zalwiri warmosaxviTi wiria, romlis nebismier wertilSi mxebis gaswvriv
mimarTulia am wertilSi Setanil sacdel muxtze moqmedi eleqtruli Zalisa da
Sesabamisad, aCqarebis veqtori (da ara siCqaris veqtori!). ase, rom, gamoTqmuli
mosazreba swori ar aris: traeqtoria aris wiri, romlis mxebis gaswvrivacaa mimar-
Tuli siCqaris veqtori da ara aCqarebis.
§ 2.3
2. 4,4 kn/k; 4,7kn/k.
3. q2 muxti moTavsebulia q1 muxtsa da saZebn wertils Soris da saZebni wertilidan 40
sm-iTaa daSorebuli.
4. E ≈ 0,12 kn/k.
5. 64 n/k.
156
|q1|
6. E = 4 2 k ≈ 0,57 kn/k.
a2
|q1|
7. E = 6k = 6 kn/k.
a2
§ 2.4
9.
–––––
++++ +
––
++++ +
py +
+
+
+
+
o
sur. 6
10.
't C
sur. 6
11.
o n
12. eleqtrostatikuri induqciis Sedegad, B eleqtroskopi uaryofiTad daimuxteba,
sur. 8
D
C eleqtroskopi ki _ dadebiTad.
13. joxi dadebiTad iyo damuxtuli, eleqtroskopis sfero ki _ uaryofiTad.
14. liTonis Reros is mxare, romelsac dadebiTad damuxtuli sfero miuaxloves,
uaryofiTad daimuxteba (am bolosken wainacvlebs liTonis Tavisufali eleqtro-
nebi). Reros is bolo, romelic cilindrs exeba da Tavad cilindric dadebiTad
daimuxteba. dadebiTad damuxtuli cilindri ki Rerosgan ganizideba.
15. eleqtrostatikuri induqciis Sedegad muxtebi ise gadanawildeba gamtar sferoebSi,
rogorc es suraTzea gamosaxuli:

a) b)
a _ roca birTvebi erTnairniSniani muxtebiTaa damuxtuli;
b _ roca birTvebi sxvadasxvaniSniani muxtebiTaa damuxtuli.
157
a-dan Cans, rom erTnairniSniani muxtebi ufro met manZilze ganlagdeba erTmaneTis-
gan, vidre sxvadasxvaniSnianebi (b). Sesabamisad, sxvadasxvaniSniani birTvebis mizidvis
Zalis moduli meti iqneba, vidre erTnairniSnianebis ganzidvis Zalisa.
16. 0; 90 kn/k.
17. a) 4,4 · 10-9 k; b) 0.
18. E ≈ 5,8 · 1011 n/k; F ≈ 9,3 · 10-8 n.
19. ≈ _ 5,9 · 105 k.
y
§ 2.5
p
15. zeTis dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadobaa 2,5. e. i. daZabulobis moduli 2,5-jer gaz-
rdeba. E = 3,75 ∙ 106 n/k.
o
16. ε = 2.
17. 20 sm.
18. 1,2 · 103·
C
F1 r1
19. ε = ∙ = 2.
F2 r2
20. 2 · 10-7 n.
't
21. 5,4 · 10-3 k.
22. r1 = r2/ ε = 10 3 sm.
23. 6 sm-iT.
24. r2 = ε1r1/ ε2.
n
25. a) 20 nk; b) 1,25 · 1011.
o
§ 2.6
8. erTnairia.
9. gadaadgileba Zalwirebis marTobulad xdeba, amitom velis muSaoba nulis tolia.
10. 2 j.
D
11. _0,5 mkj; 0,5 mkj.
12. a) 30 mkj; _30 mkj; b) _30 mkj; 30 mkj.
§2.7
18. eleqtrostatikuri velis wertilis potenciali ar aris damokidebuli im muxtis
sidideze, romelic am wertilSia moTavsebuli. potenciali isev 2 v iqneba.
19. 30 j.
20. a) 10 mkj; b) _10 mkj.
21. 2 v.
22. 20 v.
23. a) 6 v; b) 6 v.
24. 5 000 v/m.
25. 9 v.
§ 2.8
158
7. 8 ∙10-16 j.
mgd
8. q – q1 = .
(1+U/ΔU)U
9. _ 2,3 ∙103 v.
10. 0,5 mkn.
11. 500 v.
12. 90 kv.
13. saZiebeli wertili muxtebis SemaerTebel wrfeze, muxtebs gareT, q2 muxtidan 12
y
sm-ze mdebareobs. φ = 375 v.
14. x = 12 sm; E = 37,5 n/k.
15. gaizrdeba 4,5 mkj-iT.
p
16. A gare Zala = kq2 / r.
o
§ 2.9
18. 5 mkf.
19. 10-4 k.
20. 30 pf.
C
21. ar SeiZleba.
22. 8850 pf.
23. 1,6 m2.
't
24. 11,3.
25. 102 v.
26. ≈ 6,8.
27. muxti ucvleli darCeba. Zabva 2-jer Semcirdeba da 50 v-is toli gaxdeba.
n
28. Zabva ucvleli darCeba. muxti ε -jer gaizrdeba.
29. 16-jer gaizrdeba.
30. U0 = 100 v; W0 = 0,1j.
o
31. a) Semonafenebs Soris Zabva ar icvleba. kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba 2-jer
Semcirdeba. kondensatoris energia 2-jer Semcirdeba (W = CU2/2);
b) kondensatoris muxti ar Seicvleba. eleqtrotevadoba 2-jer Semcirdeba. kon-
densatoris energia 2-jer gaizrdeba (W = q2/2C).
D
§ 2.10
1. 180 v; 120 v.
2. 3 ∙ 10-7 k.
3. a) 2/3 mkf; b) 3 mkf.
5. liTonis mavTuliT SeerTebis Semdeg orive gamtaris potenciali toli gaxdeba.
jamuri muxti maTze tevadobebis proporciulad gadanawildeba. pirveli gamtaris
muxti SeerTebis Semdeg 10-7 k iqneba, xolo meorisa _ 3 ∙10-7 k.
6. 80 v; 40 v. gaiTvaliswine: mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli kondensatorebis muxti erT-

nairia.
7. q1 = 10-5 k; q2 = 4 ∙10-6 k; q3 = 6 ∙10-6 k.
159
fizikur sidideTa cxrilebi
nawilaki muxti masa masis atomuri erTeuli

(mae)
eleqtroni -1 _1,6 . 10-19 k 9,11 . 10-29 g 0,0005 (1/1840)
protoni +1 +1,6 . 10-19 k 1,6726 . 10-24g 1
neitroni 0 0 1,6749 . 10-24g 1
y
zogierTi nivTierebis dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba
haeri 1,00059
p
navTi 2,1
parafini 2,1
zeTi 2,5
o
qarsi 6
mina 7
eTilis spirti 27
wyali 81
C
velis daZabulobis gamosaTvleli formulebi sxvadasxva
geometriuli formis wyaros SemTxvevaSi
't
velis wyaro daZabulobis moduli
wertilovani muxti E = k|q|/r2
gamtari sfero (birTvi), R E = k|q|/r2, Tu r ≥ R E = 0, Tu r < R
radiusiT. muxti sferos
n
(birTvis) zedapirze
Tanabradaa ganawilebuli.
dieleqtrikis birTvi, R E = k|q|/r2, Tu r ≥ R E = k|q| r /R3, Tu r < R
o
radiusiT. muxti birTvis
moculobaSi Tanabradaa
gadanawilebuli.
Tanabrad damuxtuli E = k2λ/r, Tu r ≥ R, r ≤ h λ - xazovani simkvrivea,
D
cilindri, R radiusiT, romliTac cilindris an
simaRliT h. usasrulo gamtaris zedapirze
muxtis ganawileba xasiaTdeba.
Tu q muxti Tanabradaa
ganawilebuli gamtaris an
cilindris zedapirze ℓ
sigrZeze, maSin λ = q /ℓ
Tanabrad damuxtuli E = 4πkσ σ - zedapiruli simkvrivea,
usasrulo sibrtyis veli romliTac sibrtyeze muxtis
ganawileba xasiaTdeba.
Tu q muxti Tanabradaa
ganawilebuli S farTobis
zedapirze, maSin σ = q /S.
160
danarTi 1. qimiur elementTa periodulobis cxrili
D
o n 't C o py
danarTi II
kvleviTi samuSaos mimdinareobisa da Sedegebis angariSi
SeniSvna:
1. kvleviTi samuSaoebis angariSis forma damoukideblad unda Seqmna teqstur redaqtorSi da
Seavso kvlevis dasrulebis Semdeg;
2. kvlevis angariSis formas sarekomendacio xasiaTi aqvs. SegiZlia, kvleviTi samuSaos etapebSi
sxva etapic daaamato/moaklo;
y
3. Tu kvleviTi samuSao ramdenime eqsperiments moicavs, angariSi TiToeuli eqspe rimentis
msvlelobisa da Sedegebis mixedviT unda daiweros.
p
moswavlis gvari, saxeli ........................................................
klasi ...............
TariRi ...............
o
kvleviTi samuSao № ............
sakvlevi Tema ..................................................................
C
kvlevis etapebi cda №
1. sakvlevi kiTxva
't
2. saWiro informacia
3. hipoTeza
n
4. cdis mokle aRwera
5. damoukidebeli cvladi _ sidide/piroba,
romelic icvleba cdis Catarebis procesSi da
o
iwvevs sxva sididis/pirobis cvlilebas
6. damokidebuli cvladi _ sidide/piroba,
romelic icvleba damoukidebeli cvladis
cvlilebis mixedviT
D
7. parametri _ mocemuli cdis ganmavlobaSi
mudmivi sidide/ucvleli piroba
8. aRricxuli monacemebi /gazomvis Sedegebi
9. monacemebis/ Sedegebis analizi, interpretacia
da gamotanili daskvnebi
10. pasuxi sakvlev kiTxvaze /saboloo daskvna
11. dadasturda Tu ara Seni hipoTeza? Tu ar
dadasturda, Camoayalibe axali hipoTeza
13. TviTSefaseba:
a) ra gamogivida yvelaze kargad kvlevisas?
b) ra gamogivida warumateblad?
g) ras Secvlidi kvlevis procesSi, Tavidan rom
atarebde kvlevas?
162

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fizika

mravalganzomilebiani sivrcis aRwera maTematikurad sakmaod advilia, Tumca

't C eleqtromagnituri urTierTqmedeba

meqanizmi erTsa da imave principebze iyos dafuZnebuli (momdevno gakveTilebze

ase rom, ADD-s hipoTezis mixedviT, damatebiTi ganzomilebebis arsebobisas

4. miuaxlove erT-erT zols plastmasis Rero. ra SeamCnie? aRwere,

2. atomis agebuleba eleqtronis

imisa, rogorc masa gansazRvravs sxeulTa Soris gra-

piro niSnis mqoneni – miizidebian (sur. 3).

atombirTvis masuri ricxvi _

4. Tavisufali eleqtroni. ioni

kargavs, maSin dadebiTi ioni warmoiqm-

2. rogor eleqtrovdeba sxeuli xaxunisas

ria da am nawilakebis jamuri muxti nulis tolia). atombirTvebi eleqtronebs

3. damuxtuli sxeulebis urTierTqmedeba

5. eleqtrostatikuri movlenebi sur. 9

gaixsene: zogjer, roca tansacmels ixdi, grZnob

Sen ici, rogor eleqtrovdeba sxeulebi Sexebisas (xaxunisas): eleqtronebis

sur. 12 sur. 13 sur. 14. elva _ giganturi naper-

ra moxdeba, Tu daeleqtroebul buSts TmasTan miitan (sur. 2)? scade da am

SevaxebT, damuxtuli sxeuli `Seecdeba~, mas Warbi eleqtronebi gadasces an

xelsawyo, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs, ara marto aRmo- la

eleqtrometris Reroze damagrebulia isa­ Rero isari

3. muxtis gamtarebi da aragamtarebi

daakvirdi meore, daumuxtav eleqtroskops: gadaixara Tu ara meore

sur. 3. ideebi versoriumis

davaleba 2. axseni versoriumis moqmedebis principi.

sxeulTa wyvils SevarCevT, xaxunis Sedegad dade-

statikuri eleqtroba xSirad adamianis sicocxlisTvis

adamianma moaxerxa da statikuri eleqtroba eleqtrostatikuri

Caatare cda: daamzade eleqtrofori da Seqmeni `elva~

sasamarTlo oTx wels grZeldeboda da sabolood,

sur. 1 sur. 2 sur. 3

4. kvlav SeaerTe liTonis joxiT damuxtuli eleq­

q1 = 0 q2 = 0 q'1 = +2e q'2 = –2e

8. muxtis Senaxvis kanoni

+2e – 2e +3e – 3e +2e – 4e +3e – e

lakTa) Caketili, izolirebuli sistemisTvis, anu iseTi sistemisTvis, romelSic

mecnierma maxvilgonivruli da martivi gamosavali ipova: Tu damuxtul bur-

3. proporciulobis koeficienti kulonis kanonSi

me- 4 tolobis gaTvaliswinebiT, kulonis kanoni SeiZleba asec Caiweros:

5. kulonuri Zalis mimarTuleba

kulonuri Zalebi muxtebis (maTi centrebis) SemaerTebeli wrfis gaswvrivaa

q1 + q2 = q1' + q2' (1) q1 q2

sadac q1 + q2 sistemis jamuri muxtia Sexebamde,

q1' = q2' = q' (2)

3. 1-li da me-2 tolobis gaTvaliswinebiT miviRebT: gacalkevebis Semdeg

|q 1|∙| q 2| |q|∙|α q| |α| ∙ q2

2. ZalTa superpoziciis principi

mxridan F1 ; F2 ; F3 ; ... ; Fn kulonuri Zalebi F = F1 + F2 + F3

muxtebis mxridan erTmaneTisgan damouki­

2. ZalTa superpoziciis principidan gamomdinare, q1 muxtze moqmedi

7. ganzidvis F3,2 Zala moduliT metia mizidvis F1,2 Zalaze, amitom q2

2. vTqvaT, q3 < 0. ganixile q3 muxtis mdebareoba sxvadasxva (A, B, C, D, E)

3. imsjele sistemis wonasworobaze im SemTxvevaSi, roca q3 > 0. ganixi-

5. davweroT wonasworobis piroba

8. amoxseni me-5 da me-6 gantolebaTa sistema. Seamowme pasuxi. unda migeRo:

3. gamoiyene kulonis kanoni, gamoTva- r3,1 = 1 sm

davaleba 4. Seqmeni van de graafis generatoris modeli. amisaTvis naxe

daxmarebiT trialebs da tyavze

eleqtrometris Reroze damagrebulia isa Rero isari

4. kvlav SeaerTe liTonis joxiT damuxtuli eleq

muxtebis mxridan erTmaneTisgan damouki