University of Eastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
University Town, Northern Samar

Prepared by:

LORNA VICTORIA B. RAMIS, CE

Professor
1. OVERVIEW OF THE MODULE

This module will provide basic information on the way in which steel and concrete combine
to provide a versatile construction material. It also discusses the basic principles underlying the
behavior of prestressed concrete.

1.1 Purpose of the Module

After completing this module, the students are expected to:

1. Know the basic load combinations that should be integrated into the design of the
structure.

2. know the minimum load requirement prescribed by the National Structural Code of
the Philippines

3. Learn how to design one-way slab through the guidance of the NSCP 2015

1.2 Module Title and Description

MODULE NO.2 – LOAD COMBINATIONS AND DESIGN OF ONE – WAY SLAB

1.3 Module Guide

Before proceeding to the design, you should know the objectives of the design of
concrete structures. The objectives of the design are as follows:

• The structures so designed should have an acceptable probability of performing

satisfactorily during their intended life.
• The designed structure should sustain all loads and deform within limits for
construction and use.
• The designed structures should be durable.
• The designed structures should adequately resist to the effects of misuse and fire.

1.4 Module Outcomes

After studying this module, you must be able to:

1. Know the basic load combinations that should be integrated into the design of the
structure.

2. know the minimum load requirement prescribed by the National Structural Code
of the Philippines

3. Learn how to design one-way slab through the guidance of the NSCP 2015
1.5 Module Requirements

• Solve the exercises and write them in an A4 bond paper with 1” x 1” borderline
for uniformity.
• Have it stapled at the upper left hand corner of the bond paper. Please do not
use folder, however you can place it inside an envelope to avoid from getting
lost during its transportation.
• Activities with erasures will not be accepted. If you fold it I will not accept it.

2. KEY TERMS

To understand meaning of Key Terms, please refer to NSCP 2015, Chapter 2, Section
202 and Chapter 4, section 402.

3. LEARNING PLAN

3.1 Activating Student’s Schemata

In the previous module, we have discussed the properties of reinforced

/prestressed concrete and the deformed steel reinforcement used in the design as well as in the
construction of the structures. In this module, you need to read, understand and memorize the
formulas found in the code. These formulas will be your guide in the design computation of
your structures.

3.2 Learning Objectives

3.2.1 Basic Load Combinations

From Section 203.3.1 of NSCP 2015, we are given the following Load combinations:

1) 1.4(D + F) where:

2) 1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or R)

3) 1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(Lr + H) + (f1Lr or 0.5W)

4) 1.2D + 1.0W + 0.5(Lr or R)

5) 1.2D + 1.0E + f1L

6) 0.9D + 1.0W + 1.6H

7) 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H

From the formulas above, we will use:

1) 1.2D + 1.6L
2) 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5W
3) 1.2D + 1.6L + 1.0E
 Minimum Design Load Computations:

To compute for the total load of the building you need to compute for the load
from slab to beam to column then to footing.

D= Dead load, this is the self-weight of the structure. You can also use Table
204-2, Minimum design Dead Load, from NSCP 2015
L= Live load, this load depends on the use or occupancy of a structure. The value
for each occupancy can be taken from Table 205-1, Minimum Design
Uniform and Concentrated Live loads.
W= Wind load, this can be computed through Section 207– Wind Loads from
NSCP 2015. The occupancy category of your structure will determine which
provision is applicable for use in your design load computations.

E= Earthquake load. Section 208 of NSCP 2015 will determine the earthquake
design load of your structure.

The illustration below shows that the load is transferred from (1)slab to (2)beam to (3)column then
(4)footing.

What Is Slab?

A slab is constructed to provide flat surfaces, typically horizontal, in building roofs, floors, bridges,
and other types of structures. The slab could be supported by walls, by
reinforced concrete beams normally cast monolithically with the slab, by structural steel beams,
either by columns or from the ground.

A slab is a plate element having a depth (D), very small as compared to its length and width. A slab
is used as floor or roof in buildings, carry distribution load uniformly.

Slab May Be
• Simply Supported.
• Continuos.
• Cantilever.
 Slabs may span in one direction or in two directions depending on the slab dimensions and
the surrounding supporting elements. Slab spanning in one-direction are referred to as one-way
slabs while those spanning in two directions are referred to as two-way slabs.

ONE-WAY SOLID SLABS

One-way solid slabs are extensively used in buildings, especially for spans less than 4
meters. To be classified as a one-way slab, the ratio of the long side to the short side of the slab
panel must exceed 2. They are referred to as one-way slabs because the bending is mainly in the
short direction. Typically, a 1m wide strip of the slab is analyzed and the reinforcement required
for this strip is used in all parts of the slab.
Structural Behavior

The direction in which slab bends is called the main direction as shown in Fig. 1.1. The main
reinforcement is placed in this direction as illustrated in Fig 1.2.

For a one-way slab supported on four beams like the one shown in Fig. 1.2, the strip near
the middle acts as one-way slab. However, at the slab part near edges, some of the load is
transferred in the longitudinal direction producing a two-way slab action. Thus, top reinforcement
should be added on each side of the girder to account for this action. If this reinforcement is
ignored, wide cracks may develop on the top of the slab along edges (A - B) and (A’ – B’).

The load transferred to the perpendicular direction is almost equal to zero except near the
edge beams (Beams AB and A’B’). Thus, a secondary mesh is required in this direction (as shown in
Figs. 1.2 and 1.3) to carry this small portion and to keep the main reinforcement in place. Also, the
secondary reinforcement is placed to control cracks produced by shrinkage or temperature
changes and to help in distributing concentrated loads transversely.

It should be noted that if a slab is supported only on two sides, it would act as one-way
slab regardless of the ratio of the long side to the short side. Figure 1.3.a and 1.3.b show examples
of slabs act as one way because of having supporting beams on two sides only.

DESIGN LIMITS

Effective Span

The effective span (Leff) for solid slabs is given by the following equation:
 𝐿
𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 +𝑡𝑠
max 𝑜𝑓{1.05 𝑥𝐿
Leff = min of { 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 for simple or continuous slabs ……….. (1.1)
𝐶𝐿 𝑡𝑜 𝐶𝐿 (𝐿)

𝐿𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 +𝑡𝑠
1.05 𝑥 𝐿𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟
Leff = min of { for cantilever slabs ………………………………….. (1.2)
edge 𝑡𝑜 𝐶𝐿 (𝐿)

407.3.1 Minimum Slab Thickness

NSCP 2015, Table 407.3.1.1 below gives the Minimum Thickness of Solid Non-Prestressed
One-Way Slabs reinforced with high grade steel.
407.3.2 Calculated Deflection Limits

407.3.3 Reinforcement Strain Limit in Non-Prestressed Slabs

REQUIRED STRENGTH

407.4.1 General

407.4.2 Factored Moment

407.4.3 Factored Shear

DESIGN STRENGTH

407.5.1 General

407.5.2 Moment
REINFORCEMENT LIMITS

407.6.1 Minimum Flexural Reinforcement in Non-Prestressed Slabs

407.6.4 Minimum Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement

407.7.2 Reinforcement Spacing

3.2.2 SAMPLE PROBLEM

Compute and draw the reinforcement details for the reinforced concrete floor shown in
the figure below. The floor is to be designed to carry a live load of 3 kN/m2 and a flooring material
of 1.5 kN/m2 using concrete strength of 30N/mm2 and yield strentg of steel of 400 N/mm2. Consider
the width of the beam to be 250 mm.
 S1 S2 S3

Solution:

Step 1: Determine slab thickness

Assume that the slab thickness ts is 120mm for all slabs in the floor and will be check as
follows:
NSCP 2015, Table 407.3.1.1; minimum thickness is given by

Note: fy of 420 Mpa is equivalent to Grade 60. Based from experience, fy of 275 Mpa or
Grade 40 is specified for use for deformed steel bar from 10mm diameter to 20mm
diameter. Therefore, we have to include section 407.3.1.1.1 in our computation.

Slabs S1 and S3 are continuous on one end, S2 are both ends continuous.

𝑙 𝑓𝑦 3.0 𝑥 1000 275

tmin = (0.4 + )= (0.4 + )= 99.11mm (<ts…ok) for S1 and S3
24 700 24 700

𝑙 𝑦 𝑓 3.0 𝑥 1000 275

tmin = 28 (0.4 + 700 )= 28
(0.4 + 700)= 84.95mm (<ts…ok) for S2

➢ Deflection calculation is not necessary

Step 2: Calculate the Effetive Span, Leff

Since the width of all beams is 250mm, the clear span is equal to
Lclear = L – 0.25
Where L is the centerline to centerline distance
 For the interior panel, the effective span is equal to
𝐿
𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 +𝑡𝑠
max 𝑜𝑓{1.05
Leff = min { 𝑥𝐿 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝐶𝐿− 𝐶𝐿

(3−0.25)+0.12=2.87 𝑚
Leff = min {max 𝑜𝑓 {1.05 𝑥 (3−0.25)=2.89𝑚

Leff = 2.89 m

Step 3: Calculate the Loads

Dead load, D = slab weight + flooring

D = Unit weight of concrete x ts + flooring
D = (25 x 0.12) + 1.5
D = 4.5 kN/m2
Live load, L = 3 kN/m2

Wu = U = 1.4D + 1.6L
Wu = U = 1.4(4.5) + 1.6(3)
Wu = U = 11.10 kN/m2

Taking a strip width of 1m (b = 1000 mm), the load acting on this strip is equal to
Wu = 11.10 x 1 = 11.10 kN/m

Load transferred in x-direction = 11.10 kN/m2 (main direction)

Load transferred in y-direction = 0 (secondary direction)

Step 4: Bending Moments

Since the slab is continuous with equal spans and equal loading, the bending
moments can be obtained using the Table 406.5.2.

1 1 1
−𝑀𝑢 = 𝑤𝑢 𝐿2𝑒𝑓𝑓 −𝑀𝑢 = 𝑤𝑢 𝐿2𝑒𝑓𝑓 −𝑀𝑢 = 𝑤𝑢 𝐿2𝑒𝑓𝑓 −𝑀𝑢 =
12 12 12
1
𝑤 𝐿2
12 𝑢 𝑒𝑓𝑓

1 1 1
+𝑀𝑢 = 𝑤𝑢 𝐿2𝑒𝑓𝑓 +𝑀𝑢 = 𝑤𝑢 𝐿2𝑒𝑓𝑓 +𝑀𝑢 = 𝑤𝑢 𝐿2𝑒𝑓𝑓
14 16 14

𝑀𝑢 = −7.72 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 𝑀𝑢 = −7.72 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 𝑀𝑢 = −7.72 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 𝑀𝑢 =

−7.72 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

𝑀𝑢 = 6.62 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 𝑀𝑢 = 5.79 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 𝑀𝑢 = 6.62 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

 Step 5: Design of Reinforcement

Assuming concrete cover of 20 mm

d = 120-20 = 100 mm

𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = .0020𝐴𝑔 = 0.0020 x 1000 x 100 = 200 mm2

Design of Section 1

Mu = -7.72 kN.m
𝑀𝑢 7.772 𝑥 106
𝑀𝑛 = Ø
= 0.90
= 8.58 𝑥 106
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑑 𝜔(1 − .59𝜔)
2
8.58 𝑥 106
ω = 30 𝑥 1000 𝑥 1002 =0 .02859
ω 𝑓𝑐′ 0.02859 𝑥 30
ρ= 𝑓𝑦
= 275
= 0.0031
1.4 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓𝑦
= 275 = .0051< ρ
Use ρ = 0.0031
𝐴𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 𝜌 𝑏 𝑑 = 0.0031 x 1000 x 100 = 310𝑚𝑚2 > 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝐴𝑠 = 310𝑚𝑚2
𝜋
𝐴Ø 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 122 = 113.10 𝑚𝑚2
4
Use: No. of Rebar = 4 – 12 mm diameter/m

Design of Section 2

Mu = 5.79 kN.m
𝑀𝑢 5.79 𝑥 106
𝑀𝑛 = Ø
= 0.90
= 6.43 𝑥 106
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑑 𝜔(1 − .59𝜔)
2
6.43 𝑥 106
ω = 30 𝑥 1000 𝑥 1002 =0 .0233

ω 𝑓𝑐′ 0.0233 𝑥 30
ρ= 𝑓𝑦
= 275
= 0.000255
1.4 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓𝑦
= 275 = .0051> ρ
Use ρ = 0.0051
𝐴𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 𝜌 𝑏 𝑑 = 0.0051 x 1000 x 100 = 509.1𝑚𝑚2 > 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝐴𝑠 = 509.09𝑚𝑚2
𝜋
𝐴Ø 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 122 = 113.10 𝑚𝑚2
4
Use: No. of Rebar = 6 – 12 mm diameter/m

Because the slabs are one-way in the x-direction, the moment in the y-direction
equals to zero. However, a secondary reinforcement mesh with cross sectional area of at
least 25% of the main steel should be provided

3.3 ASSIGNMENT

Draw a complete rebar detail of the slab computed above.

3.6 Assigned Readings:

Read your NSCP 2015, Chapter 4.

3.7 Assessment

Assessment will be given in the form of quizzes, midterm and final

examinations.

3.8 Feedback

From this module, I hope that you now understand the importance of having a
printout or hardcopy of your NSCP 2015, Chapters 2 and 4. Your code will serve as
your guide in the design computation of any structure.

4. Suggested Readings:

Please read more books regarding concrete design to enhance your knowledge
more of the concept and analysis of concrete slabs.

5. References:
• Mosley, W.H., Bungey, J.H., & Hulse, R. Reinforced Concrete Design, 5th
Edition
• McCormac, Jack C. & Nelson, James, Design of Reinforced Concrete,
Seventh Edition
• Guide to Concrete Construction, Principles of Reinforced and Prestressed
Concrete
• Kong & Evans, Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete
• ASEP, National Structural Code of the Philippines, 2015 Edition