CE 105b and trilateralization, missing data computation, and subdivision of lots.

Laying out of horizontal curves, compound curve, reversed curve, spiral

curve and mass diagramming.
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING 2
Number of Units:
Overview:
3-units Lecture and 1-unit Laboratory
Self-Learning activity will be focused in this module, the
student must learn on their selves with the guidance of this book, Prerequisite:
they can use other references to easily understand each topic. In
every topic there are Instructive Problems to be solved by the ES 103 (Engineering Drawings and Plans)
student with their own understanding. At the end of each chapter
Program Learning Outcomes:
there is solutions and answers in the instructive problem to check
their work. After completing this course, the student must be able to:
To evaluate their self for each chapter, the students must 1. Apply the basic surveying concepts, principles and theories
solve the Review Exercises at the end of each chapter. Their will be on distance and angular measurements as well as area
an evaluation at every end of the Chapter to be given by the computation;
instructor with time allotted. 2. Solve for distances, elevations and areas from a provided set
of survey data;
Each Chapter will have a laboratory exercises to be given by
3. Apply the basic surveying concepts, principles and theories
the instructor provided the Laboratory Manual.
on determining horizontal and vertical distances using
stadia;
Course Description: 4. Compute for the missing data from an incomplete traverse
This course deals with measurement of distance and distance data;
corrections, the se of surveying instruments, area computations, 5. Acquire a working knowledge in design and lay-out of
balancing the traverse, elevation determination, and leveling. Stadia horizontal or vertical curves in highway or railway;
surveying, topographic surveying, triangulation and trilateration, missing 6. Determine and use the appropriate methodology in
data, irregular boundaries and global positioning system. calculating earthworks in various civil engineering
Proper handling and utilization of surveying instrument will be constructions;
taken. Students will learn how to perform measurement of distance and 7. Apply the basic surveying concepts, principles and theories
apply distance corrections, use and proper handling of surveying on distance and angular measurements as well as area
instruments, and perform calculations related to area computations, computation;
latitude and departure computations, DMD and DPD methods of land
area determination, balancing the traverse, elevation determination, and
leveling. Perform stadia surveying, topographic surveying, triangulation
 8. Conduct fieldwork exercises to measure distances and TABLE OF CONTENTS
angles/direction leading towards the determination of area
MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING
and elevation and report the results in an organized manner;
9. Recognize the importance of various team member’s roles 1.1 Importance of Surveying
and cite examples of team behaviors that are helpful in the 1.2 Types of Surveys
implementation of the fieldwork exercise; 1.3 Surveying Safety
10.Write a near and orderly field report detailing the result and 1.4 Surveying Theory
analyses of the fieldwork activity; 1.5 Surveying Measurements
11.Apply the basic surveying concepts, principles and theories 1.6 Errors
on stadia and topographic surveying as well as subdivision 1.7 Classification of Error
of lots; 1.6 Precision and Accuracy
12.Utilize modern surveying equipment such as the total 1.7 Theory of Probability
station and handheld GPS in obtaining vertical and Solutions and Answers to Instructive Problems
horizontal distances, angles and coordinates; Review Exercises
13.Conduct fieldwork exercises in laying out horizontal curves
and report the results in an organized manner; and MODULE 2: HORIZONTAL MEASUREMENTS
14.Utilize modern surveying equipment and software such as 2.1 Pacing
the total station and surveying calculator software in 2.2 Odometer Readings
obtaining vertical and horizontal distances, angles and 2.3 Optical Rangefinders
coordinates. 2.4 Tacheometry
2.5 Subtense Bar
REFERENCES:
2.6 Taping
Anderson, J.M. and Mikhail, E.M., Surveying: Theory and 2.7 Electronic Distance Measurement
Practice, 7th Edition, 2002 Solutions and Answers to Instructive Problems
Kavanagh, Barry F., Surveying: Principles and Applications, Review Exercises
9th Edition, 2014
MODULE 3: ANGLES, AZIMUTHS AND BEARINGS
Ghilani, C.D., and Wolf, P.R., Elementary Surveying: An
Introduction to Geomatics, 13th Edition, 2011 3.1 Units of Angle Measurement
Schofield W., and Breach, M., Engineering Surveying, 6 th 3.2 Direction of Lines
Edition, 2007 3.3 The Compass
La Putt, J.P., Elementary Surveying, 3rd Edition, 2013 Solutions and Answers to Instructive Problems
La Putt, J.P., Higher Surveying, 2nd Edition, 2013 Review Exercises
Bayogo, J.B., The Art of Civil Engineering, Volume 1:
MODULE 4: TRAVERSING
Surveying and Transportation Engineering, 1st Edition, 2018
4.1 Observation of Traverse Angles or Directions 8.6 Equation for Elevation of the Line of Sight
4.2 Angle Misclosure 8.7 Spherical Excess
4.3 Traverse Computation 8.8 Trilateration
4.4 Traverse Adjustment Solutions and Answers to Instructive Problems
4.5 Missing Sides Review Exercises
Solutions and Answers to Instructive Problems
Review Exercises MODULE 9: TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY
MODULE 5: AREA 9.1 Different Methods of Representation of Reliefs
9.2 Contour Mapping
5.1 Methods of Measuring Area
9.3 Characteristics of Contour
5.2 Area with Irregular Boundaries
9.4 Systems of Contour Points
Solutions and Answers to Instructive Problems
Solutions and Answers to Instructive Problems
Review Exercises
Review Exercises
MODULE 6: LEVELING: THEORY, METHODS AND EQUIPMENT
MODULE 10: HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING
6.1 Definitions
10.1 Definition of Terms
6.2 Curvature and Refraction
10.2 Equipment for Hydrography
6.3 Leveling Methods
10.3 Tides
Solutions and Answers to Instructive Problems
10.4 Velocity
Review Exercises
Solutions and Answers to Instructive Problems
MODULE 7: TACHYMETRIC SURVEY Review Exercises

7.1 The Stadia Method MODULE 11: HORIZONTAL CURVES

7.2 Stadia Leveling
11.1 Degree of Circular Curve
7.3 Stadia Traverse
11.2 Derivation of Circular Curve Formulas
Solutions and Answers to Instructive Problems
11.3 Compound and Reversed Curves
Review Exercises
11.4 Spiral Curves
MODULE 8: CONTROL SURVEYS Solutions and Answers to Instructive Problems
Review Exercises
8.1 Triangulation
8.2 Triangulation System MODULE 12: VERTICAL CURVES
8.3 Adjustment of a Chain Triangles
12.1 Equation of an Equal Tangent Vertical
8.4 Strength of Figure
Parabolic Curve
8.5 Reduction to Sea Level
12.2 Equation of an Unequal Tangent Vertical MODULE 1
Parabolic Curve
Solutions and Answers to Instructive Problems COMPACTION
Review Exercises OBJECTIVE:
MODULE 13: EARTHWORKS To define the compaction of soils, and to determine the different tests
13.1 Methods of Volume Measurement used in compaction.
13.2 Mass-Haul Diagrams
Solutions and Answers to Instructive Problems
Review Exercises INTRODUCTION:

MODULE 14: GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM Very often, the existing ground conditios are not suitable for the proposed
engineering work. Poor ground conditions can lead to shear failure within the
14.1 Global Positioning System subsoil and/or excessive deformation. Compaction is one of the oldest, simplest,
Solutions and Answers to Instructive Problems and most economical means of ground improvement and is still very popular in
Review Exercises the modern world.
Compaction means pressing of soil particles close to each other by
mechanical methods. Air during compaction is expelled from the void space in the
soil mass and therefore the mass density is increased. Compaction is done to
improve the engineering properties of the soil. Compaction of soil is required for
the construction of earth dams, canal embankments, highways, runways and many
other structures.
Smooth-wheel rollers, sheepsfoot rollers, rubber-tired rollers, and
vibratory rollers are generally used in the field for soil compaction. Vibratory
rollers are used mostly for the densification of granular soils. Vibroflot devices are
also used for compacting granular soil deposits to a considerable depth.
Compaction of soil in this manner as vibroflotation.

1.1. GENERAL PRINCIPLES

Compaction, in general, is the densification of soil by removal of air,
which requires mechanical energy. When water is added to the soil during
compaction, it acts as a softening agent on the soil particles. The soil particles slip
over each other and move into a densely packed position. The dry unir weight The soil is mixed with varying amounts of water and then compacted in three
after compaction first increases as the moisture content increases. equal layers by a hammer that delivers 25 blows to each layer. The hammer has a
mass of 2.5kg (6.5lb) and has a drop of 30.5mm (12 in).
Beyond a certain moisture content, any increase in the moisture content
tends to reduce the dry unit weight. This phenomenon occurs beyond the water For each test, the moist unit weight of compaction, γ , can be calculated as
takes up the spaces that would have been occupied by the solid particles. The
moisture content at which the maximum dry unit weight is attained is generally W
γ=
referred to as the optimum moisture content. V

The laboratory test generally used to obtain the maximum dry unit weight For each test, the moisture content of the compacted soil is determined in
of compaction and the moisture content is called the Proctor Compaction Test. the laboratory. With the known moisture content, the dry unit weight can be
calculated as
γ
1.2. STANDARD PROCTOR TEST γd =
1+ ω
In the Proctor Test, the soil is compacted in a mold that has a volume of Gs γw
944 cu.m. The diameter of the mold is 101.6mm. (4 in.) During the laboratory test, γd =
1+ e
the mold is attached to a baseplate at the bottom and to an extension at the top.

1.3. FACTORS AFFECTING COMPACTION

Other important factors that affect compaction are soil type and
compaction effort (energy per unit volume). The importance of each of these two
factors is described in more detail in the following two sections.

Effect of Soil Type

The soil type - that is, grain-size distribution, shape of the soil grains,
specific gravity of soil solids, and amount and type of clay minerals present - has a
great influence on the maximum dry unit weight and optimum moisture content.
Lee and Suedkamp (1972) studies compaction curves for 35 soil samples.They
observed that four types of compaction curves can be found. These curves are
shown in Figure 6.5.
Effect of Compaction Effort
The compaction energy per unit volume used for the Standard Proctor
Test described can be given as

( ¿ of blows / Layer ) × ( ¿ of Layers ) × ( Wt . of Hammer ) × ( Ht . of drop )

E=
Volume of Mold
 If the compaction effort per unit volume of soil is changed, the moisture- 1.4. COMPACTION EQUIPMENT
unit weight curve also changes. This fact can be demonstrated with the aid of
Figure 6.6, which shows four compaction curves for a sandy clay. Most of the compaction in the field is done with rollers. The four most
common types of rollers are:
1. Smooth-wheel rollers (or smooth-drum rollers)

2. Pneumatic Rubber-tired Rollers

 3. Sheepsfoot Rollers For the compaction of granular soils, specifications sometimes are written
in terms of the required relative density, D, or the required relative compaction.
Relative density should not be confused with relative compaction.

Dr =
[ γ d (field ) − γ d (min)
γ d (max) − γ d (min) ][ ]
γ d (max)
γ d (field )

Ro
R=
1 − Dr ( 1 − R o )

γ d (min)
Ro =
γ d (max )

INSTRUCTIVE PROBLEMS:
1.1. An earth embankment is compacted at a water content of 18% to a bulk
density of 19.2 kN/m3. If the specific gravity of the sand is 2.7, find the void
4. Vibratory Rollers ratio and the degree of saturation of the compacted embankment.
Solution:

1.5. SPECIFICATIONS FOR FIELD COMPACTION

In most specifications for earthwork, the contractor is instructed to
achieve a compacted field dry unit weight of 90% to 95% of the maximum dry
unit weight determined in the laboratory by either the standard or modified proctor
test. This is a specification for relative compaction, which can be expressed as
γ d (field )
R(%)= ×100
γ d (max −lab)

Where R = relative compaction

1.2. A moist soil sample compacted into a mould of 1000cm^3 capacity and 1.4. A soil in the borrow pit is at a dry density of 17 kN/cu.m. with a moisture
weight 35N, weighs 535 N with the mould. A representative sample of soil content of 10%. The soil is excavated from this pit and compacted in an
taken from it has an initial weight of 0.187 N and even dry weight of 0.1691 embankment to a dry density of 18 kN/cu.m. with a moisture content of 15%.
N. Determine (a) water content, (b) wet density, © dry density, (d) void ratio Compute the quantity of soil to be excavated from the borrow pit and the
and (e) degree of saturation of sample. amount of water to be added for 100 cu.m. of compacted soil in the
embankment.
Solution:
Solution:

1.5. Given standard soil compaction test results as follows:

1.3. The soil in a borrow pit has a void ratio of 0.90. A fill-in-place volume of
20,000 cu.m. is to be constructed with an in-place dry density of 18.84 Moisture Content Wet unit weight of
Trial No.
kN/cu.m. If the owner of borrow area is to be compensated at Php 5 per cu.m. by dry weight compacted soil
of excavation, determine the cost of compensation.
1 8.30 19.8
Solution:
2 10.50 21.3

3 11.30 21.6

4 13.40 21.2
 5 13.80 20.8

Specific gravity of the soil is 2.65. Plot the following: (a) Moisture-dry density
curve, (b) zero air voids curve and (c) ten percent air content curve. Determine the
optimum moisture content and the corresponding maximum dry density of the
soil.
.
Solution: