1.

Introduction to Sport

Etymologically, the term sport comes from the Old French desport meaning leisure.
American English uses the term sports to refer to this general type of recreational
activity, whereas the regional dialects uses the singular sport. The Persian word for
sport is based on the root word bord meaning winning. The Chinese term for sport,
“tiyu” connotes physical training. The modern Greek term for sport is “athlitismos” which
directly cognates with the English term athlete and athleticism.

Sport is an organized, competitive, entertaining and skillful activity requiring

commitment, strategy, and fair play in which a winner can be defined by objective
means. It is governed by a set of rules or customs. Sport is also an activity involving
physical exertion and skill and is often undertaken competitively.

Moreover, sport also pertains to a lifetime activity for some people. Individuals engage
to sport as part of their leisure or recreation. Activity can be vigorous and competitive or
mild and recreational, depending on the sport.

Sports in Primitive Times

There is almost no direct knowledge available about the earliest times of sport. Physical
education historians believe that people perform gymnastics and gymnastics-related
activities like tumbling, jumping, swinging movements and group acrobatics early in the
history of mankind in a number of areas around the world.

There are artifacts and structures that the Chines engaged in sports activities as early
as 4000 BC. Monuments to the Pharaoh indicate that a number of sports, including
swimming and fishing were well-developed and regulated several thousands of years
ago in ancient Egypt. Other Egyptian sports included javelin throwing, high jump, and
wrestling. Ancient Persian sports focused in combative sports such as the traditional
Iranian martial art of Zourkhaneh had a close connection to the warfare skills.

In 776 BC, the Greeks held the first Olympic Games, which was a festival dedicated to
their god, Zeus. It was held every four years until it ended in 394 A.D. because of
financial corruption. The ancient Greeks practiced physical routines and exercises; and
a result, gymnastics was added in the ancient Olympic Games. This involved boxing,
wrestling, throwing, jumping, track and field events and weight lifting, which later in
history became separate sports. The ancient Olympic Games were , as they are today,
quite a happening. People came from far and wide to participate in the games or watch
the athlete. The games did not reappear in the public arena until the 16th century.

General Classifications of Sports

 1. AthleticsEx: Running, Jumping and Throwing events
2. Ball (Games) Sports Ex: Basketball and Volleyball
3. Club-and-Ball SportsEx: Golf
4. Combat Sports Ex: Taekwpndp, Karatedo
5. Dance SportEx: Standard and Latin Dance Sports
6. Cue Sports Ex: Billiards
7. Extreme SportsEx: BMX, UFC, Motorcross
8. Gymnastics Ex: artistic and Rhythmic Gymnastics
9. Mind Sports.Ex: Chess
10. Motor Sports Motocross
11. Racket SportsEx: Badminton, Table Tennis
12. Riding Sports Ex: Equestrian
13. Shooting and Target SportsEx: Riffle/Gun Shooting, Archery
14. Water SportsEx: Swimming, Water polo
15. Weight SportsEx: Weightlifting
16. Winter SportsEx: Figure/Ice Skating
17. Wheels SportsEx: Cycling

Classifications of Sport According to Player/s Composition

1. Individual Sports- consist of 1 player against an opponent

2. Dual Sports- consist of duo/pair against another 2 player.
3. Team Sports- consist of 3 or more players per team

Classifications of Sport According to Level

1. Amateur - pertains to a proletarian/popular type of sport consisting of one

player or more acting as ambassador/s of a place competing in a highly
organized game

Ex: National Games, SEA Games, Asian Games and Olympics

2. Professional- a popular type of sport elevated as an entertainment

Ex: Manny Pacquiao (boxing ) and Tiger Woods (Golf)

Benefits of Playing Sport

1. Chance at sport scholarships

2. Develop emotional traits and personality
3. Develop mental and physical skills
4. Encourage goal setting and achieving this goal
5. Health and fitness benefits
 6. Improves academic performance
7. Improves body physique
8. Less risk of cigarette, drug and alcohol use
9. Pleasure
10. Professional growth
11. Profit (professional sports)
12. Satisfaction
13. Socialization

Terminologies

1. Athletes - pertain to the players in sports.

2. Athletics - organized highly structured, competitive activities in which skilled
individuals participate. (Lumpkin, 1998)
3. Coach - the formal authority within a team.
4. Competition - refers to the competitive sport or tournament.
5. Court - the physical facility / venue which sports are played.
6. Equipment - usually heavy and well-built materials used in sport.
7. Exercise - is an activity requiring physical effort, carried out to sustain and
improve health and fitness.
8. Game - synonymous to a match governed by rules and regulations. It also
pertains to recreational activities that are not considered as a sport (ex: card
games, internet games)
9. Leisure - pertains to the available time used from work, obligations and
responsibilities.
10. Match - refers to an entire game characterized by number, time and order.
11. Official - the person or group of individuals who have the full jurisdiction over
the game.
12. Play - the act of playing. Likewise, it is an amusement engaged for fun that is
non-utilitarian that the outcome is unpredictable and has an end itself.
13. Riot (Hooliganism) - denotes violence in sports. It is an increase of negative
attitude in sport.
14. Set - refers to the partition of a match.
15. Sportsmanship - an attitude that strives for a fair play, courtesy towards
teammate and opponents, ethical behavior and integrity, and grace in victory
and defeat
16. Supplies - usually refers to the rackets and balls that are inevitably replaced.
17. Team Captain - the leader or the player that is in-charge of his or her
co-team members.
18. Trainer- the instructor that teaches drills and skills.
 19. Uniform - the term for the clothing of the players that includes the shoes and
other accessories.

Volleyball, game played by two teams, usually of six players on a side, in which the
players use their hands to bat a ball back and forth over a high net, trying to make the
ball touch the court within the opponents’ playing area before it can be returned. To
prevent this a player on the opposing team bats the ball up and toward a teammate
before it touches the court surface—that teammate may then volley it back across the
net or bat it to a third teammate who volleys it across the net.

Volleyball was invented in 1895 by William G. Morgan, physical director of the Young
Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) in Holyoke, Massachusetts. It was designed as an
indoor sport for businessmen who found the new game of basketball too vigorous.
Morgan called the sport “mintonette,” until a professor from Springfield College in
Massachusetts noted the volleying nature of play and proposed the name of “volleyball.”
The original rules were written by Morgan and printed in the first edition of the Official
Handbook of the Athletic League of the Young Men’s Christian Associations of North
America (1897).

● The game soon proved to have wide appeal for both sexes in schools,
playgrounds, the armed forces, and other organizations in the United States,
and it was subsequently introduced to other countries.
● In 1916 rules were issued jointly by the YMCA and the National Collegiate
Athletic Association (NCAA). The first nationwide tournament in the United
States was conducted by the National YMCA Physical Education Committee
in New York City in 1922. The United States Volleyball Association (USVBA)
was formed in 1928 and recognized as the rules-making, governing body in
the United States. From 1928 the USVBA—now known as USA Volleyball
(USAV)—has conducted annual national men’s and senior men’s (age 35 and
older) volleyball championships, except during 1944 and 1945. Its women’s
division was started in 1949, and a senior women’s division (age 30 and
older) was added in 1977. Other national events in the United States are
conducted by member groups of the USAV such as the YMCA and the
NCAA.
● Volleyball was introduced into Europe by American troops during World War I,
when national organizations were formed. The Fédération Internationale de
Volley Ball (FIVB) was organized in Paris in 1947 and moved to Lausanne,
Switzerland, in 1984. The USVBA was one of the 13 charter members of the
FIVB, whose membership grew to more than 210 member countries by the
late 20th century.
 ● International volleyball competition began in 1913 with the first Far East
Games, in Manila. During the early 1900s and continuing until after World
War II, volleyball in Asia was played on a larger court, with a lower net, and
nine players on a team.
● The FIVB-sponsored world volleyball championships (for men only in 1949;
for both men and women in 1952 and succeeding years) led to acceptance of
standardized playing rules and officiating. Volleyball became an Olympic
sport for both men and women at the 1964 Olympic Games in Tokyo.
● European championships were long dominated by Czechoslovakian,
Hungarian, Polish, Bulgarian, Romanian, and Soviet (later, Russian) teams.
At the world and Olympic level, Soviet teams have won more titles, both
men’s and women’s, than those of any other nation. Their success was
attributed to widespread grassroots interest and well-organized play and
instruction at all levels of skill. A highly publicized Japanese women’s team,
Olympic champions in 1964, reflected the interest of private industry in sport.
Young women working for the sponsoring company devoted their free time to
conditioning, team practice, and competition under expert and demanding
coaching.
● Encouraged by the Japanese Volleyball Association, this women’s team
made its mark in international competition, winning the World Championship
in 1962, 1966, and 1967, in addition to the 1964 Olympics. At the end of the
20th century, however, the Cuban women’s team dominated both the World
Championships and the Olympics.
● A four-year cycle of international volleyball events, recommended by the
FIVB, began in 1969 with World Cup championships, to be held in the year
following the Olympic Games; the second year is the World Championships;
in the third the regional events are held (e.g., European championships,
Asian Games, African Games, Pan American Games); and in the fourth year
the Olympic Games.

Nature of the Game

Volleyball requires a minimum of equipment and space and can be played

indoors or outdoors. The game is played on a smooth-surfaced court 9 metres (30 feet)
wide by 18 metres (60 feet) long, divided by a centre line into two equal areas, one of
which is selected by or assigned to each of the two competing teams. Players may not
step completely beyond the centre line while the ball is in play. A line 3 metres (10 feet)
from and parallel to the centre line of each half of the court indicates the point in front of
which a back court player may not drive the ball over the net from a position above the
top of the net.
 (This offensive action, called a spike, or kill, is usually performed most effectively
and with greatest power near the net by the forward line of players.) A tightly stretched
net is placed across the court exactly above the middle of the centre line; official net
heights (measured from the top edge of the net to the playing surface—in the middle of
the court) are 2.4 metres (8 feet) for men and 2.2 metres (7.4 feet) for women.

Further adjustments in net height can be made for young people and others who
need a lower net. A vertical tape marker is attached to the net directly above each side
boundary line of the court, and, to help game officials judge whether served or volleyed
balls are in or out of bounds, a flexible antenna extends 1 metre (3 feet) above the net
along the outer edge of each vertical tape marker. The ball used is around 260 to 280
grams (9 to 10 ounces) and is inflated to about 65 cm (25.6 inches) in circumference. A
ball must pass over the net entirely between the antennae.

A service area, traditionally 3 metres (10 feet) long, is marked outside and behind
the right one-third of each court end line. At the 1996 Olympic Games the service area
was extended to 9 metres (30 feet). The service must be made from within or behind
this area. A space at least 2 metres (6 feet) wide around the entire court is needed to
permit freedom of action, eliminate hazards from obstructions, and allow space for net
support posts and the officials’ stands. A clear area above the court at least 8 metres
(26 feet) high is required to permit the ball to be served or received and played without
interference.

● The Court

The playing area includes the playing court and the free zones it shall be a rectangular
and symmetrical court measuring 18 x 9 meters, surrounded by a free zone which is a
minimum of 3 meters wide on all sides. The free playing space is the space above the
playing area which is free from any obstructions. The free playing space shall measure
a minimum of 7 meter in height from the playing surface.

● The Net and Net Posts

The net is placed vertically over the centre line whose top is set at the height of 2.43
meter for men and 2.24 for women. The net is 1 meter wide and 9.50 to meters long,
made of 10 centimeter square black mesh, The b0ttom binding of the net will also be
securely anchored. This allows balls that are hit into the net to bounce outward and
remain in play. Two white bands are fastened vertically to the net and placed directly
above each sideline. They are 5 cm wide and 1 m long and are considered as part of
the net. The posts supporting the net are placed at a distance of 0.50- 1.00meter
outside the sidelines. They are 2.55 m high and preferably adjustable.

● The Referee's Stand

The referee's stand is generally attached to one of the standards and allows the referee
to stand about four feet above the floor level. Front this vantage point the official can
better see the play at the net and can tell net touching and illegal movements over or
under the net.

● The Antennae

In official games a thin pole, usually fiberglass or any flexible rod of 1.80 meter long and
10 meter in diameter is extended over the sideline from the top of the net to a level
three feet above the net. The antennae are considered as part of the net and laterally
delimit the crossing space.

● The Ball

The ball shall be spherical, made of flexible leather or synthetic leather case with a
bladder inside made of rubber or a similar material. Its color may be uniform light color
or a combination of balls used in International official competitions should comply with
FIVB standards.

● Clothing

A player's equipment consists of a jersey, shorts, socks (the uniform and sport shoes.
The color and the design for the jersey, shorts and socks must be uniform for the team
(except for the Libero). The uniforms must be clean. The shoes must be light and pliable
with non-marking rubber or composite soles without heels.

● Pads

For players who dive for balls, both knee and elbow pads may be worn. They reduce
the chance of developing bone bruises or abrasions from contact with the floor.

Safety Tips: Volleyball

Volleyball is among the safest sports out there, but injuries can happen. To keep things
as safe as possible while playing volleyball, follow these tips.

Why Is Volleyball Safety Important?

More people worldwide play volleyball than any other sport except soccer. While the
rate of injuries in volleyball is low, thousands do happen every year, from things like
diving in the sand or on a gym floor, twisting an ankle, or hitting too many spikes.

The most common injuries are sprains and strains, mostly to the ankle. Other common
injuries include repetitive stress injuries (RSIs) (also called overuse injuries) of the
shoulders and knees, as well as finger injuries, such as jammed fingers, broken bones,
dislocations, and torn tendons.

Falling on the floor can leave you with a bump or a bruise, or even a concussion. So
can colliding with a teammate, opponent, or net post or getting hit with the ball. And
diving in the sand could leave you with a scratched cornea if sand gets in your eye.

Gearing Up

Other than a ball and a net, you don’t need a lot of gear to play volleyball. This is
especially true for beach volleyball, which doesn’t require much more than a bathing
suit. Even so, there are a few things to consider when it comes to volleyball gear:

● Knee pads. If you’re playing indoor volleyball, a pair of knee pads can protect
your knees when you hit the floor to make a play. If you’re new to the sport,
you might dive or slide awkwardly, and you’ll appreciate the protection. As
your skills progress, you may learn how to play without banging your knees,
but knee pads are still a good idea.
● Padded shorts. Indoor volleyball players can get bruised hips when they dive
for a ball. Some players choose to wear shorts with hip pads in them for
protection.
● Other pads and braces. Depending on their own preferences or past injuries,
some volleyball players wear elbow or forearm pads, ankle or wrist braces, or
thumb splints.
● Volleyball shoes have gummy rubber souls for better traction on gym floors.
They also have extra padding to absorb shocks from all the running and
jumping. Choose a pair that fits correctly, and keep them tied securely when
you play.
● Mouth guards. Mouth guards are a low-cost way to protect the teeth, lips,
cheeks, and tongue. Players in all active sports should consider using mouth
guards.
● Goggles and sunglasses. If you wear glasses, consider getting prescription
goggles for volleyball. If you play beach volleyball in the sun, wear
shatterproof sunglasses to protect your eyes from the glare.
● Athletic support. If you’re a guy, you’ll appreciate having a good athletic
supporter when you’re running around or jumping. Girls might consider
wearing a good sports bra.
Before You Play

Getting yourself in shape before volleyball season starts will help make you a better
player and go a long way toward preventing injuries. Start working out and eating right a
few months before the season begins. Better yet, exercise regularly and eat a healthy
diet year-round, and you won’t need to worry about getting in shape for the season.

Here are some other things to keep in mind before you start practicing or playing:

Inspect sand courts to make sure that the sand isn’t too hot and there’s no broken glass
or anything else that could cut you. Store extra balls and other equipment well off to the
sides of the court so no one trips on them.

Warm up and stretch before you start practicing or playing. This doesn’t mean just
hitting a couple of spikes or serves. Do some jumping jacks or run in place for a couple
of minutes to warm up your muscles before stretching. Dynamic stretching uses many
muscle groups in a sport-specific way, so ask your coach about stretches to add to your
warm-up. It’s a good idea to stretch after a game or practice, too.

Get a sports physical. Many schools won’t let athletes play unless they’ve had a sports
physical. If your school doesn’t require or schedule an exam for you, have your parents
take you to your own doctor. He or she will make sure you’re physically able to play and
can review sports safety with you.

While You Play

● During play at the net, try not to step across the center line into your
opponent’s side of the court. Many ankle sprains happen during play at the
net, and a lot of them involve someone landing on an opponent’s foot and
twisting an ankle.
● Don’t hang or pull on the net or net posts. You could bring the net down on
someone.
● Keep an eye out for your teammates, and “call” the ball when you go to make
a play to reduce the chances of colliding with another player.
● Use proper techniques. Studies show that players who practice and use the
right technique when spiking or blocking step on fewer feet and get fewer
sprained ankles.
● If you get a cramp or feel pain while playing, ask to come out of the game and
don’t start playing again until the pain goes away. Playing through pain might
seem brave, but it can make an injury worse and possibly keep you on the
sidelines for longer stretches of time.

A Few Other Reminders

 ● Stay hydrated, particularly on hot, sunny days, by drinking plenty of water
before, during, and after practices and games.
● If you play outdoors, use high-SPF sunscreen on any exposed skin, and
reapply it every few hours.
● Don’t chew gum or have anything in your mouth other than a mouthguard
while playing volleyball.
● If an opposing player does something you disagree with, don’t take it
personally, and never start a fight with another player.

BASIC SKILLS IN VOLLEYBALL

1. SERVE

The serve is an integral part of volleyball match. It is the act ofputting the ball into play.
Ahighly effective serve will score an outright winner-an ace. your next skill to master is
the serve. There are several different types of serves in volleyball. Each one has its
advantages and disadvantages. The only time that you earn points in volleyball is when
your team is serving. It is therefore very important that you serve with consistency- that
is, serve the ball over the net into the opponent's court at least 90% of the time.

There are several types of serves. Top players may master several, but few players
master them all. For beginners, the most important factors in serving are speed and
accuracy. The first goal is to get the ball into the court with speed; the next concern is to
maneuver the ball to the defense's weakness.

1. The Underhand Serve

The underhand serve can be extremely effective at the beginning level. Any player can
serve the ball underhand. Once you are consistent in using the underhand serve, you
should practice other serves that are more effective.

The starting position for the underhand serve is standing in a position with the leg on the
side opposite your hitting hand forward and shoulders square to the net. Hold the ball
about waist level, slightly to the center from your front foot, with your weight evenly
distributed on both feet your hitting hand swings backward above the waist level and
then forward contact the ball. Your weight shifts with the swing of your hand, shifting to t
rear foot and then to the front foot. You contact the ball with an open hand, heel of your
hand cutting into back of ball just below its center. Watch the flight of your serve and
prepare for further action.

Keys to Effective Underhand Serve

● Preparation Phase
 ● Feet are in staggered, comfortable stride position o Weight is evenly
distributed
● Ball is held at waist height or lower to the center from front foot
● Shoulders are square to the net
● Eyes on the ball
● Execution Phase
● Serve swings arm back and transfers weight to rear foot
● Arm swings forward and weight transfer to front foot as ball is contacted
● Server contacts ball with heel of open hand at waist level as ball holding hand
drops
● Holding hand does not swing Yes stay on ball until contact
● Follow-Through Phase
● Hand swings forward the top of the net
● Weight ends up on front court
● Server moves onto curt to defensive position

Detecting Underhand Serve Errors

Error: The ball goes up than forward and does not travel over the net

Correction: Hold the ball at waist level or lower. Contact ball just below center and swing
forward toward the net. Transfer your weight onto your forward foot

Error: The ball does not have enough force to make it over the net.

Correction: Do not swing holding hand; just hit a stationary ball. Contact must be made
with the heel of your open hand.

Error: Your weight ends up on your back foot; the ball trajectory is too high. Correction:
Step forward onto your front foot as you contact the ball.

1. B. The Overhead Serve

The overhand serve is a serve in which a player strikes the ball with his or her hand
above the shoulder. Dunphy (2000) identifies several types of overhand serves: floaters,
spins, and jumps. Each has a unique technical form.

For all types of overhand serves, your starting position is facing the net with your feet
shoulder-width apart and under your shoulders. The backswing is like catcher's throw
rather than a full-arm swing. The elbow leads the hand and arms as the hitting arm
comes forward. The wrist remains stiff and your hand is open to offer the largest surface
area possible.
The essential element in executing the floater serve is the toss. The toss must be made
with little or no spin on the ball. The key to consistent serving is the elimination of all
extraneous movements.

1. The Overhead Floater

The float serve is the most commonly used serve at elite levels of play. It is a
non-spinning ball that moves with existing air currents. The essential element in
executing the floater serve is the toss. The toss must be just in front of your hitting
shoulder at a height that allows you time to swing your arm and still contact the ball at
full extension. The toss must be made with little or no spin on the ball.

Keys to Effective Overhead Floater

● Preparation Phase
● Feet are in a comfortable stride position
● Weight is evenly distributed
● Shoulders are square to the net • Noncontact side foot is forward
● Eyes are on the ball
● Execution Phase
● Ball is tossed in front of the hitting shoulder with little or no spin Ball is tossed
with one hand.
● Hitting arm swings back with elbow high and hand close to the ear.
● Ball is contacted with the heel of open hand at full extension Eyes are on ball
until contact.
● Weight transfer onto forward foot at contact
● Follow-Through Phase
● Weight is on front foot
● There is no follow-through of the arm
● Server moves onto the court
1. PASSING

Passing simply refers to the act of hitting the ball to another teammate. The term
passing is used to denote the first contact Of a team after the ball has crossed the net
on a serve or other type of hit. The player who first contacts the ball passes to a
teammate who sets it for the spike to hit into the opponent's court (Dunphy 2000).

1. The Forearm Pass

The first basic volleyball pass is the forearm pass. It is sometimes referred to as the
"bump pass." It is used to receive serves, receive spikes, play any ball at waist level or
lower, and play any ball that has gone to the net. The forearm pass is most used to
direct the ball to a teammate. It is important to absorb the force of a hard-hit ball and
direct the ball in such a way that your teammate can execute an overhead pass or set
on the next play.

HOW TO EXECUTE THE FOREARM PASS

There are many approaches and pointers in executing a good forearm pass, however
the following elements for good execution are (a) getting to the ball, (b) setting your
position, (c) making contact, (d) and following the ball to the target. When performing
the forearm pass, your hands must be joined together' your thumbs must be parallel.
Your elbows are rotated inward so that the soft, flat portions of your arms face the
ceiling. This platform by your hands should be even as possible.

The forearm pass is a relatively easy skill to perform when you move to the ball first;
that is you get to the proper position before attempting the skill.

KEYS TO EFFECTIVE FOREARM PASS

Preparation Phase:

● Hands must be joined

● Stride position
● Feet shoulder width apart
● Knees bent
● Forearms parallel to thighs
● Back straight Eyes on ball

Execution Phase:

● Thumbs parallel
● Heels of hand s together
● Receive the ball on the left side of body
● Slight extension of legs
● Forward and upward "poking" motion
● Platform slanted toward target
● Hips under and forward
● Watch ball contact arms

Follow Through Phase:

● Hands remained joined

● Platform follows ball to target
● Arms not higher than shoulders
● Transfer weight forward Eyes follow ball to target

Detecting Forearm Pass Errors

If you learn to recognize the components of correct execution of the forearm pass, it
becomes easier for You to perform correctly and to analyze the attempts of fellow
students as well. The most common forearm pass errors are the following:

● Arms are too high when you contact the ball

● You get low by bending at your waist instead of your knees
● You don't transfer weight toward the intended target
● Your hands separate before, at, or just after contacting the ball
● Then ball contacts your arms at or above your elbows and/or contacts

Passing simply refers to the act of hitting the ball to another teammate. The term
passing is used to denote the first contact Of a team after the ball has crossed the net
on a serve or other type of hit. The player who first contacts the ball passes to a
teammate who sets it for the spike to hit into the opponent's court (Dunphy 2000).

1. The Forearm Pass

The first basic volleyball pass is the forearm pass. It is sometimes referred to as the
"bump pass." It is used to receive serves, receive spikes, play any ball at waist level or
lower, and play any ball that has gone to the net. The forearm pass is most used to
direct the ball to a teammate. It is important to absorb the force of a hard-hit ball and
direct the ball in such a way that your teammate can execute an overhead pass or set
on the next play.

HOW TO EXECUTE THE FOREARM PASS

There are many approaches and pointers in executing a good forearm pass,
however the following elements for good execution are (a) getting to the ball, (b) setting
your position, (c) making contact, (d) and following the ball to the target. When
performing the forearm pass, your hands must be joined together' your thumbs must be
parallel. Your elbows are rotated inward so that the soft, flat portions of your arms face
the ceiling. This platform by your hands should be even as possible.

The forearm pass is a relatively easy skill to perform when you move to the ball
first; that is you get to the proper position before attempting the skill.

KEYS TO EFFECTIVE FOREARM PASS

● Preparation Phase:
● Hands must be joined
● Stride position
● Feet shoulder width apart
● Knees bent
● Forearms parallel to thighs
 ● Back straight Eyes on ball
● Execution Phase:
● Thumbs parallel
● Heels of hand s together
● Receive the ball on the left side of body
● Slight extension of legs
● Forward and upward "poking" motion
● Platform slanted toward target
● Hips under and forward
● Watch ball contact arms
● Follow Through Phase:
● Hands remained joined
● Platform follows ball to target
● Arms not higher than shoulders
● Transfer weight forward Eyes follow ball to target

Detecting Forearm Pass Errors

If you learn to recognize the components of correct execution of the forearm pass, it
becomes easier for You to perform correctly and to analyze the attempts of fellow
students as well. The most common forearm pass errors are the following:

● Arms are too high when you contact the ball

● You get low by bending at your waist instead of your knees
● You don't transfer weight toward the intended target
● Your hands separate before, at, or just after contacting the ball
● Then ball contacts your arms at or above your elbows and/or contacts

HOW TO EXECUTE THE OVERHEAD PASS

The ready position is a slight stride, your feet shoulder-width apart, your knees bent,
and your hands raised in front of your forehead at a distance approximately 6-8 inches,
your thumbs pointing toward your eyes. Form a "window" with your thumbs and pointer
finger s in such a manner that your fingers are twice as far apart as your thumbs. Watch
the ball through this window. It is extremely important that your shoulder be positioned
squarely toward the target. As the ball contacts your hands, your hands form to the
shape of the ball with only the upper two joints of your finger actually touching the ball.
As the ball contacts your fingers, extend your arms and legs, transferring your weight in
the intended direction of the pass.

Keys to effective overhead pass:

● Preparation Phase:
 ● Feet are in a comfortable stride position
● Body moves to the ball
● Arms and legs re slightly bent
● Hands are held 6-8 inches above forehead
● Eyes follow ball through the "window" formed by the fingers and thumb
● Execution Phase:
● Fingers and thumbs contact ball
● Ball is contacted on its lower back
● Arms and legs extended forward
● Weight transfer toward the target
● Follow-Through Phase:
● Arms are fully extended with hands pointing toward the target
● Player moves in the direction of the pass
● Detecting Overhead Pass Errors
● The ball contacts your palms and is held

Detecting Overhead Pass

● The ball contacts your palm and its held

Correction: Spread your fingers, wrap them around the ball, and contact the ball with
only the upper two joints of your fingers and thumbs.

● The travel travels vertically instead of high and toward the target

Correction: Your limb extension and weight transfer should be forward the target.
Contact the ball at its lower back, not its bottom.

● You have difficulty directing the ball

Correction: Your shoulders must be positioned squarely toward the target Equal force
should be imparted to the ball with each of your hands

● The ball spins excessively correction:

You must give the ball immediate impetus; do not roll it off your hands

The Set Pass

The set pass is an overhead pass that you execute to place the ball in a position for the
attack. The set can either be forward pass or back pass. The height of the set depends
upon the type of spike desired.

Importance of the Set

The set determines where and how well the attacks develop (Viera et. al 1989).
Generally, a team designates one or two players to perform the setting duties. It is
extremely important that these players have outstanding ability in setting the ball
efficiently. A well-placed set enhances the attacking team's ability to gain an advantage
over the opponent.

HOW TO EXECUTE THE SET

The setter takes a position on the right side of the court, close to th net and facing the
left sideline. The set is executed in the same manner as the overhead pass. The
overhead pass is called a set only when it is the second pass by your team and is used
to direct the attack. When you set the ball to an attacker, it should be at least a foot off
the net so that the attacker can hit the ball hard.

● There are three kinds of set passes: the high outside, the quick and the back
set. The high outside is placed on the left side of the court so that, if left
alone, it would drop on the left sideline. It is a set higher than the top of the
net. In the high set, it is the responsibility of the attacker to go to the ball. The
back set needs less traveling distance than the high outside and requires less
height.
● The quick set is always set in relation to the setter. The setter sets the ball
directly in front of himself or herself and 1-2 feet higher than the top of the
net. It this kind of set, it is the setter's responsibility to set the ball accurately
to the attacker. The attacker approaches in front of the setter and jumps as or
before the setter contacts the ball.
● The back set is performed with the same technique as the front high set
except that as the setter contacts the ball, the back is arched and the ball is
directed towards the ceiling.
2. ATTACK

The attack is the last hit made by the team. It is usually a hard spike but a soft hit just
over the blockers ("tip" or a "dink"), or a "roll" shot into an en area of the court (Dunphy
and Wilde, 2000).

Other coaches however, identify three methods of attacks, each of which can be very
effective. The three kinds of attacks are described as the dink, offspeed spike, and
hard-driven spike. Viera and Ferguson (1988) emphasize that the first to be learned of
the three is the dink. It is often looked upon as a defensive maneuver to be performed
when the conditions are not right for a more powerful attack. The dink is a legal push of
the ball around or over the blockers.

The off-speed spike is a second option for the attacker. As indicated by its name, less
than maximum force is imparted at contact so that the ball loses power quickly. Like the
dink, it is an extremely effective offensive technique used to disrupt the timing patterns
of the defensive team.

A third attack method is the hard-driven spike, the most exciting play in volleyball. It is
also one of the most difficult of all sport skills to learn. In order to make a successful
spike, you must jump into the air and sharply and forcefully hit a moving ball over the
net so that it lands within the bounded area on the opponent's court. Due to the many
variables associated with spiking, its timing is difficult and its success requires hours of
practice.

IMPORTANCE OF THE ATTACK

The attacking team attempts to have as many different options to them as possible. The
dink can catch the opponents’ off-guard. A well-placed dink often "breaks the back" of
the opposition and may help improve the momentum of the offense.

The off-speed spike is similar in effect to the dink, but it is hit deeper into the opponent's
court. Placement is the emphasis, rather than power of the off-speed spike. The
attacker hopes to move from the starting defensive position and make an error in
attempting to play the ball.

The hard-driven spike is the primary offensive weapon in volleyball. Most team gain a
majority of their points on successful spikes. The spike takes very little time to travel
from the attacker's hand to the floor; therefore, there is little time for defensive players to
move to the ball. The hard-driven spike adds a great deal of excitement to the game
and, thus, has tremendous spectator appeal.

1. How to Execute the Dink

The approach to all three types of attack is the same. It is important because it
increases the height of your jump and increases the force you are able to impart on the
ball. For a high set, you, attacker, begins to take on the attack line, wait for the set to the
ball to be half the distance to you from the setter, and then move towards the set.
Approach the net attempting to cover the distance with as few steps as possible. The
last two steps are the most important Make a two-footed takeoff by planting or right foot
heel first and closing with your left foot or taking a hop onto both feet. As you plant both
feet heels first to change forward momentum into upward momentum, swing your arms
to prepare for a jump. Swing forward both arms and reach high toward the set as you
jump straight into the air. Draw you hitting arm back, your elbow high and your hands
close to your ear. As you swing at the ball, your non hitting hand drops quickly to your
waist. Gently contact the ball by using the upper two joints of the fingers of your hitting
hand, lightly in front of your hitting shoulder at full arm extension.

Keys to effective dink

 ● Preparation Phase
● Wait on the attack line
● Watch setter
● Eyes on the ball after set
● Weight forward
● Anticipate approach to the net
● Execution Phase
● Begin approach to net when ball is at peak of its trajectory
● Cover distance with few steps
● Last two steps right, close left or step to jump
● Arms swing back to waist level
● Both arms swing forward
● Both arms swing high toward ball
● Contact ball in front of hitting shoulder
● Contact with upper two joints of fingers
● Contact on lower back of ball
● Contact with full arm extension
● Follow-Through Phase
● Hands follows ball to target
● Land on both feet
● Bend knees to cushion landing
● Detecting Dinking Errors
● The ball goes into the net

Correction: Contact ball just in front of your hitting shoulder.

● The ball does not clear the block

Correction: Make contact on the back lower half of the ball and with your arm fully
extended.

● You stop your approach and waitfor the ball

Correction: You should begin your approach until the ball is half the distance to you from
the setter.

● You contact the net

Correction: The set must be at least 1 foot from the net.

● You hit the ball too high, and it takes too long to hit the floor.

Correction: Contact the ball in front of your hitting shoulder.

The drill requires a group of three players-you as attacker the attack line, another at the
net as setter, and the other standing z the opposite side of the net as blocker. A 5 foot
wide target is located floor directly behind the blocker, from the centerline to the attack
second target, 10-feet wide, is between the centerline and the beginning 10 feet from
the sideline.

The setter tosses the ball high to the outside of the court You and dink over the
blocker's hands, which are extended over the top of the During your practice as
attacker, dink onto each target

1. The Off-Speed spike

The execution of off-speed spike is exactly the same as that of the dinkuntil contact. In
the off-speed spike, hit with the heel of an open hand cutting the center back of the ball.
At contact, your wrist snaps and your fingers roll over the top of the ball, imparting
topspin, which causes the ball to drop. The follow-through is the same as for the dink.

Keys to Effective Off-Speed Spike

● Preparation Phase
● Wait on attack e Watch the setter
● Eyes on the ball after set Weight forward e Anticipate approach
● Execution Phase
● Begin approach when ball is at peak of its trajectory
● Cover distance with few steps
● Last two steps right and close left or step to jump
● Both arms swing back at least to waist level
● Both arms swing high toward ball
● Contact ball in front of hitting shoulder
● Contact center back of ball
● Fingers roll over top of ball
● Contact with full arm extension
● Follow-Through Phase
● Hands follows ball toward target
● Land on both feet
● Bend knees to cushion landing

Detecting Off-Speed Spiking Errors

● The ball goes into the net

Correction: Contact ball just in front of your hitting shoulder.

● The ball does not clear the block

Correction: Make contact on the back lower half of the ball and with your arm fully
extended.

● You stop your approach and wait for the ball

Correction: You should begin your approach until the ball is half the distance to you from
the setter.

● You contact the net

Correction: The set must be at least 1 foot from the net.

● You hit the ball too high, and it takes too long to hit the floor.

Correction: Contact the ball in front of your hitting shoulder.

1. The Hard-Driven Spike

For successful hard-driven spikes, you need to concentrate on three areas of

performance: (a) timing of your approach, (b) keeping the ball in front of your hitting
shoulder, and (c) a forcible wrist snap to impart topspin to the ball. Due to complexity of
the hard-driven spike, it is suggested that you practice parts of the skill individually prior
to putting them together.

KEYS TO EFFECTIVE HARD-DRIVEN SPIKE

● Preparation Phase
● Wait on attack line
● Watch the setter
● Eyes on the ball after set
● Weight forward
● Anticipate approach
●
● Execution Phase
● Begin approach when ball is at peak of its trajectory
● Cover distance with few steps
● Last two steps right and close left or step to jump
● Both arms swing forward
● Both arms swing high toward ball
● Contact ball in front of hitting shoulder Contact with heel of open hand
● Contact at center back
● Use forcible wrist snaps
● Contact with full arm extension
● Follow-Through Phase
● Hands follows ball toward target
 ● Land on both feet
● Bend knees to cushion landing

Detecting Off-Speed Spiking Errors

● The ball goes into the net

Correction: Contact ball just in front of your hitting shoulder.

● You stop your approach and wait for the ball

Correction: You should begin your approach until the ball is half the distance to you from
the setter.

● You contact the net

Correction: The set must be at least 1 foot from the net; you must execute a heel plant
to charge horizontal momentum into vertical momentum.

● The ball goes out-of-bounds

Correction: You must contact the ball in front of hitting shoulders; you wrist snaps your
hand, over the top of the ball.

● You lack height on the jump

Correction: You must plant your heels to convert horizontal into vertica Momentum; both
arms swing forcibly upward.

3. THE BLOCK

The block is the first line of defense against your opponent's attack. The purpose of the
block is to take a portion of your court away from the opponents. Blocking as defined
under international rule (FIVB Rule 2009-12) is the action of players close to the net to
intercept the ball coming from opponent by reaching higher than the top of the net.

A block can be considered successful if the ball rebounds off the blocker's hands
directly into the opponent's court or if the blocker deflects the ball so that it goes high in
the air on the blocker's team's side of the court.

There are two types of blocks- the single block and the multiple blocks.ln a single block,
only one player blocks at a time. Single blocking in volleyball is often not enough to stop
opposing attack. Teams often join two or three players together, forming double or triple
blocks, referred to as multiple blocks.

1. How to Execute a Single Block

As the blocker, begin by standing within 1 foot of the net, facing the opposite court. Your
hands are out to your sides at shoulder level, palms facing forward with fingers spread
wide. Wait until the ball is set to the hitter across the net from your position on the court,
then change to watch the attacker until the ball comes into view. Attempt to line up
one-half body width toward the opponent's hitting side.

Immediately after the attacker jumps, bend your knees and jump. Reach over the top of
the net, your hands penetrating into your opponent's court, and Position your hands to
both sides of the attacker's hitting arm. Attempt to make the ball rebound of your hands
back into the opponent's court.

Keys to Effective Single Block

● Preparation Phase
● Wait at the net e Watch the opposing setter
● Hands at shoulder level
● After set, eyes focus on opposing attacker
● Position on attacker's hitting arm
● Execution Phase
● Jump immediately after attacker jumps
● Arms reach above the top of net
● Hands penetrate into opponent's court
● Line up one-half body width to attacker's hitting side
● Withdraw hands
● Land on two feet
● Follow-Through Phase
● Bend knees to cushion landing
● Turn away from net Look for ball
1. How to Execute Multiple Blocks

The execution of the double and triple blocks is similar to the execution of the
single block. The main difference •is that two or three players join together to block.
When the block is on the outside of the court, the outside player sets the block and the
middle players joins the outside player. When moving to join the outside player, the
middle player should watch the outside player moving to that position; then both players
can jump at the same time.

When the middle blocker is blocking and the opponent's set is high enough, both
outside players move to join the middle player, forming a triple block. During this block,
the middle blocker's hands directly line up with the ball, and the outside blockers take
away the angles.

DETECTING BLOCKING ERRORS

 ● You, the blocker, jump before the attack is complete

Correction: Watch the opposing setter until you know where the set will be placed; then
watch the attacker until the attacker's hand and the ball are both in view.

● You return to the floor while the attacker is contacting the ball Correction: Wait
to jump until just after the attacker jumps.
● The fingers of your hands are closed

Correction: Spread the fingers of your hands wide so-that your thumbs are pointing at
the ceiling.

● You land with straight legs

Correction: You must bend your knees upon landing for cushioning.

● You line-up body-to-body with the attacker

Correction: Line-up one-half body width on the attacker's hitting side.

● As the joining blocker, you move into the teammate setting the block

Correction: You should focus on the player setting the block, not on the ball.

● The ball contacts your hands and remains on your side of the net

Correction: You must square your shoulders to the net before jumping.

● As the joining blocker, you reach toward the attacker's hitting hand

Correction: As the joining blocker, you are protecting the angle only and should not
reach for the ball.

SERVING DRILLS

1. Serve the ball in the front line executing the proper execution of service using
underhand and overhead serve.
2. Serve the ball in the middle of backrow zone executing the proper execution
of service using underhand and overhead serve.
3. Serve the ball in the middle of backrow zone executing the proper execution
of service using underhand and overhead serve.

PASSING DRILLS

Group Passing and setting drills #1:

Students will be divided into 8 groups to pass the ball back and forth, focusing on
accuracy and consistency. 1 member will be assigned to pass the ball using hands and
the other member will try to pass the ball using forearm pass and overhead pass.

Group Passing and setting drills #2:

The groups will form a circle. They will pass the ball around the circle and will count
the number of passes they can get until the ball drops. If a player fails to pass
accurately or drops the ball, they are “out” and must do 5 jumping Jacks before
rejoining.

Attack drills

1. This is almost the same as the previous drill. Your target here is a 10. foot
square placed 5 feet from the net (extending 10 feet forward the end line),
Place the target starting 10 feet in from each sideliner

As attacker, hit off-speed spikes over the blocker and onto the target from both the left
and right sides of the court.

2. Stand by yourself with a ball 10 feet away from a wall, Spike the ball into the
floor. The ball should bounce sharply off the floor, rebound off the wall, and
come back to you on the fly. Spike the ball again and continuously.

Blocking Drills/Activities

1. Toss to Block Drill

Have a partner be a tosser on one side of the net; you are a blocker on the opposite
side. The tosser, using a two-handed overhead throw, jumps and throws the ball over
the net in a downward motion. Jump and attempt to block the ball before it penetrates
the net. The blocked ball should land within the boundaries of the opposite court.

2. Blind Blocking Drill

For this drill you need a group of three-the blocker (yourself) and a tosser on one side of
the net, and a spiker on the opposite side of the net.

From a position behind you, the tosser throws the ball over the net, high and relatively
close to the net. The attacker jumps and spikes the ball, aiming at you, the blocker.
Jump and attempt to block at the attacker; it should land inbounds.

3. Double Blocking Drill

Have a group of four take the roles of a tosser and an attacker on one side of the net
and two blockers (including you) on the opposite side. One of the blocker should be
near the middle of the court, the other near the sideline.
The tosser tosses the ball high and outside to the attacker, who is near their sideline at
the attack line. The attacker approaches and spikes the ball over the net. The middle
blocker joins the outside blocker, who has set the block to form a double block.