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Reporting Findings, Drawing Conclusions and Making

Recommendations
Lesson 2- Forming and Writing Logical Conclusions

This module will help the learners form and write logical conclusions of their
research study.

Learning Target

In this module, you are expected to form and write logical conclusions of your research
study.

Vocabulary List

The following term will be encountered in the lesson:

Logical Conclusions
shows the readers the value of completely developed argument or thesis
not a summary of work but a listing of major outcomes derived from the study does
not state what has been done in the study instead it brings out the outcome of
the results and discussion in terms of statements
the answer to the main problem of the study

Warming Up

Write T if the statement is true and F if the statement is false.Write your answer in a
separate sheet of paper.
_1. In technical or academic writing, a well-crafted conclusion can provide the final
word on the value of your analysis, research or paper.
_2. Researchers should not complete their conclusions with conviction.
_3. Many times, the abstract and conclusions are performed for a quick assessment of
the usefulness of the paper by the readers.
_4. Conclusion section must be written with utmost importance.
_5. The concluding part is comprised of the abstract, summary of findings,
conclusion and recommendation.

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Learning About It

These are some information to help you understand the ways to end your research
study with your conclusions.

After learning the means to form findings from a given research problem,
you are now ready to form logical conclusions on a given research study.

A well-written conclusion provides you with important opportunities to demonstrate

to the reader your understanding of the research problem. According to Bunton (2005), these
will include the following:

1. Present the last word on the issues or gaps raised in your paper. Just as the
introduction gives a first impression to your reader, the conclusion offers a chance to
leave a lasting impression. You can do this by highlighting key points in your analysis or
results or by noting important or unexpected implications applied to practice.
2. Summarize your thought and convey the larger significance of your study.
The conclusion is an opportunity to concisely answer the “So What?” question by
placing the study within the context of past research about the topic you’ve investigated.
3. Identify how a gap in the literature has been addressed. The conclusion can be
where you describe how a previously identified gap in the literature has been filled by
your research.
4. Demonstrate the importance of your ideas. The conclusion offers you the
opportunity to elaborate on the impact and significance of your findings.
5. Introduce possible new or expanded ways of thinking about the research
problem. This does not refer to introducing new information but to offer new
insights and creative approaches for framing or contextualizing the research problem
based on the results of your study.

In writing the conclusion of your paper, the following general rules are
suggested:
a. State your conclusion clearly in simple language. State how your findings differ or
support those others and why.
b. Do not simply reiterate your results or the discussion of your results. Provide a
synthesis of arguments presented in the paper to show how these converge to address
the research problem and the overall objectives of your study.
c. Indicate opportunities for future research if you haven’t already done so in the
discussion section of your paper. Highlighting the need for further research provides
the reader with evidence that you have an in-depth awareness of the research
problem.

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Consider the following points to help ensure your conclusion is appropriate:
1. If the argument or purpose of your paper is complex, you may need to summarize the
argument for your reader.
2. If prior to your conclusion, you have not yet explained the significance of your
findings or if you are proceeding inductively, use the end of your paper to describe
your main points and explain their significance.
3. Move from detailed to a general level of consideration that returns the topic to the
context provided by the introduction or within a new context that emerges from the
data.

CONCLUSIONS
Essentially, the conclusion contains insights drawn from the findings of each problem.
These insights answer the questions presented at the beginning of the research paper.
However, the conclusion to be drawn should not come from the indirect implications of the
study. It should be limited within the information actually yielded by the conducted
investigations.
The following are the conclusions of a research conducted to Le Thanh Hien High
School students in Vietnam on speaking anxiety.

Findings Conclusions
1. The students were not given 1. Students spoke very little or
enough time to prepare for a not at all
speaking task before the task
was performed.
2. When the students were asked to 2. Students could not think of
work in groups, not all of them were anything to say
eager to contribute their opinions in
English. Some of them participated
actively but the others spoke very
little or not at
all.
3. They tended to use Vietnamese when 3. Students used Vietnamese
they discussed in groups. instead of English when
they discuss in groups or in
pairs.
4. While the students were making 4. Students’ participation was
performances, the other students in low or uneven.
class did not listen attentively. They
even chatted with the
people next to them when their
classmates were speaking.
5. The students looked very nervous 5. Students did not have
when they spoke in front of the motivation to
class. Sometimes, they did not know express themselves.
what to say then kept
silent.

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Keeping You in Practice

Forming and Writing Conclusions

Observe the following rubrics for Practice Task 1, 2 and 3:
Rubrics:
Content 30
Organization of the Content--------------------------------30
Presentation of Ideas 20
Completeness of Presentation------------------------------20
Total 100 points

Practice Task 1: Let us conclude!

Write your conclusions on the given findings of your research study.
Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

Title:
Findings:
1. _
2. _
3. _

Conclusions:
1. _
2. _
3. _

Practice Task 2: Freedom of Conclusion

Try to express your ideas on possible conclusions given the title and stated findings
of the given study. Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper.
Title: Chasing Death: Factors Influencing a Person to Commit Suicide in Pamplona, Camarines Sur.

Findings:
1. The researchers found out that majority of the suicide victims in Pamplona
Camarines Sur are male.
2. The researchers found out that most of them are adults.
3. The researchers found out that most of the suicide victims in Pamplona, Camarines
Sur are single.

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Conclusions:
1.
2.
3.

Additional Tasks

Observe the following rubrics for Practice Task 1, 2 & 3:

Rubrics:
Content 30
Organization of the Content--------------------------------30
Presentation of Ideas 20
Completeness of Presentation------------------------------20
Total 100 points

Task 1: Think, Decide & Share

Try to express your ideas on possible conclusions given the title and
stated findings of the given study
Title: Road Operation: Its Effects to the Residents of Poblacion, Pamplona, Camarines
Sur
Findings:
1. The researchers found out that most of the affected residents are located along the
main road. Almost of them have one or less property that was damaged by the road
operation. Also the commonly damaged property was stores.
2. The researchers found out that there are positive effects that the Road Widening
brings to the residents including safety, comfortable travel, additional lanes, remove
obstruction, reduce accidents, and increase investment and so on.
3. The researchers found out that there are several negative impacts that the Road
Widening brings toward the residents such as it damages properties, causes relocation
issues, disturbance, it may lead to financial instability, and such.

Conclusions:
1. _

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Cooling Down

Write T if the statement is true and F if the statement is false. Write your answer in a
separate sheet of paper.
_1. To draw conclusions from evidence, look closely at the data or evidence
presented and consider carefully how the evidence was obtained.
_2. The data and other evidence along with the question and answer choices lead you
to the conclusion.
_3. Conclusion is not a summary of the researchers’ findings.
_4. The purpose of results section is to present and illustrate the findings.
_5. Make the conclusion section a completely subjective report of the results, and use
all interpretation for the discussion.
_6. Conclusions provide a context, such as by describing the question that was
addressed by making a particular observation.
_7. Conclusion does not describe results of control experiment.
_8. Conclusion includes observations that are not presented in a formal figure or table.
_9. The conclusion to be drawn should not come from the indirect implications of the
study.
_10. Conclusion section should not be stated in a way that reader will in no way doubt
the correctness of the entire research study.

Learning Challenge

Task 1: Provide the required information below. Refer to your proposed research study.
Write your answer in a separate sheet.

1. Proposed Research:
2. Write the summary of the findings section of your research paper below a.
__
b. _
c. _

3. Write the conclusion section of your research below

a. _
b. _
c. _

Task 2: Provide the needed statements on the following items: Write your answer in a
separate sheet of paper.
1. What is a recommendation?
2. Give an example of a research study title.
3. Provide the findings and conclusions of the given research study.

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Points to Ponder

Conclusions
It is a part of the study that contains insight drawn from findings in each sub-
problem and summarizes the principal features of the study.

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