Linear Algebra - P9 (Linear Transformations)

Course: Linear Algebra
Title: Linear transformations
Emin Durmishi
12.12.2022
Emin Durmishi (SEEU) Course: Linear Algebra Title: Linear transformations 12.12.2022 1 / 18
Transformations
Transformations
Let X and Y be two sets.
Transformations
Let X and Y be two sets. A function f : X → Y is a rule of

correspondence that assigns to each element in X exactly one
element in Y .
Transformations

element in Y .In this case X is called the domain and Y the range of
the function.
Transformations

element in Y .In this case X is called the domain and Y the range of
the function.
If X and Y are vector spaces, we use the word transformation instead
of function.
Linear transformations
Let T be a transformation from the vector space X to the vector
space Y .
space Y .
Definition
T : X → Y is called a linear transformation if the following
conditions hold:
T (x + y ) = T (x) + T (y ), ∀x, y ∈ X ;
space Y .
Definition
conditions hold:
T (x + y ) = T (x) + T (y ), ∀x, y ∈ X ;
T (αx) = αT (x), ∀x ∈ X and ∀α ∈ R.
space Y .
Definition
conditions hold:
T (x + y ) = T (x) + T (y ), ∀x, y ∈ X ;
T (αx) = αT (x), ∀x ∈ X and ∀α ∈ R.
Theorem
T : X → Y is a linear transformation if and only if
T (αx + βy ) = αT (x) + βT (y ), ∀x, y ∈ X and ∀α, β ∈ R.
Example
Let λ ∈ R and T : X → X given by T (x) = kx. Prove that T is a
linear transformation.
Example
Let λ ∈ R and T : X → X given by T (x) = kx. Prove that T is a
linear transformation.
Example
Determine whether the transformation T : X → Y given by
T (x) = 0 is a linear transformation.
Example
Determine
whether the transformation T : R2 → R given by
x
T = xy is a linear transformation.
y
Example
Determine
x
y
Example
Determine
whether
the transformation T : R2 → R2 given by
x x
T = is a linear transformation.
y −y
Example
Determine
x
y
Example
Determine
whether
x x
y −y
The last transformation is called a reflection across the x-axis. Which

transformation will be the reflection across the y -axis?
Example
Determine
whether
x x
y 0
Example
Determine
whether
x x
y 0
The last transformation is called a projection onto the x-axis. Which

transformation will be the projection onto the y -axis?
Example
Let θ be a fixed real value and R : R2 → R2 be defined by

x cos θ − sin θ x x cos θ − y sin θ
R = · = .
y sin θ cos θ y x sin θ + y cos θ
Determine if R is a linear transformation.
Example
Let θ be a fixed real value and R : R2 → R2 be defined by

x cos θ − sin θ x x cos θ − y sin θ
R = · = .
y sin θ cos θ y x sin θ + y cos θ
Determine if R is a linear transformation.

The linear transformation defined in the last example is called a
rotation, because it has the geometric effect of rotating around the
origin each vector x by the angle θ in the counterclockwise direction.
Matrix representation of linear transformations
Theorem
If T : Rn → Rm is defined as T (x) = Ax where A is a m × n matrix,
then T is a linear transformation.
Theorem
Question: Can any linear transformation T : Rn → Rm be expressed
by using a m × n matrix?
Theorem
Question: Can any linear transformation T : Rn → Rm be expressed
by using a m × n matrix?
(Answer: Yes!)
Recall that if e⃗1 , e⃗2 , . . . , e⃗n is a basis for the vector space X , then any
⃗x ∈ X can be expressed as a linear combination of the basis elements
in a unique way,
in a unique way,i.e., there exists a unique set of scalars c1 , c2 , . . . , cn
such that
⃗x = c1 e⃗1 + c2 e⃗2 + . . . + cn e⃗n .
in a unique way,i.e., there exists a unique set of scalars c1 , c2 , . . . , cn
such that
⃗x = c1 e⃗1 + c2 e⃗2 + . . . + cn e⃗n .
In this case we represent x in coordinates as ⃗x = (c1 , c2 , . . . , cn ) or as
a column  
c1
c2 
⃗x =  ..  .
 
.
cn
Theorem
A linear transformation is described completely by its actions on a
basis for the domain.
Theorem
A linear transformation is described completely by its actions on a
basis for the domain.
Proof.
Let T : X → Y be a linear transformation and let e⃗1 , e⃗2 , . . . , e⃗n be a
basis for the vector space X . Then for an arbitrary vector ⃗x ∈ X we
have:
T (⃗x ) = T (c1 e⃗1 +c2 e⃗2 +. . .+cn e⃗n ) = c1 T (⃗ e2 )+. . .+cn T (e⃗n ).
e1 )+c2 T (⃗
Theorem
Every linear transformation T : Rn → Rm can be represented by a
m × n matrix.
Theorem
m × n matrix.
Let e⃗1 , e⃗2 , . . . , e⃗n be a basis for the vector space Rn and f⃗1 , f⃗2 , . . . , f⃗m
be a basis for the vector space Rm .
Theorem
m × n matrix.
be a basis for the vector space Rm .Let
ej ) = a1j f⃗1 + a2j f⃗2 , . . . , amj f⃗m for all j = 1, 2, . . . , n.
T (⃗
Theorem
m × n matrix.
ej ) = a1j f⃗1 + a2j f⃗2 , . . . , amj f⃗m for all j = 1, 2, . . . , n.That is
T (⃗
     
a11 a12 a1n
 a21   a22   a2n 
T (⃗ e1 ) =  ..  , T (⃗ e2 ) =  ..  , · · · , T (e⃗n ) =  ..  .
     
 .   .   . 
am1 am2 amn
Theorem
m × n matrix.
ej ) = a1j f⃗1 + a2j f⃗2 , . . . , amj f⃗m for all j = 1, 2, . . . , n.That is
T (⃗
     
a11 a12 a1n
 a21   a22   a2n 
T (⃗ e1 ) =  ..  , T (⃗ e2 ) =  ..  , · · · , T (e⃗n ) =  ..  .
     
 .   .   . 
am1 am2 amn
Then T can be expressed as T (x) = Ax where A is the matrix whose

columns are the images of the basis elements of the domain.
 
x1
x2 
That is, if x =  .. , then
 
.
xn
   
a11 a12 · · · a1n x1
 a21 a22 · · · a2n  x2 
 
T (x) = Ax =  .. ..  ·  ..  .
 
..
 . . ··· .   .
am1 am2 · · · amn xn
Example
A linear transformation T : R2 → R3 has the property that
   
1 0
1 0
T = 2 and T
  = 3 .

0 1
0 4

2
Determine T .
3
Example
A linear transformation T : R2 → R2 has the property that

1 5 1 7
T = and T = .
1 6 −1 8

−1
Determine T .
2
Example
Find the matrix representation with respect to the standard basis in
R3 and the standard basis R2 for the linear transformation
T : R3 → R2 defined by
 
a
a+b
T b =
  .
c
c
Linear transformation video presentation
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Course: Linear Algebra

Title: Linear transformations

Let X and Y be two sets.

Let X and Y be two sets. A function f : X → Y is a rule of

Let X and Y be two sets. A function f : X → Y is a rule of

Let X and Y be two sets. A function f : X → Y is a rule of

T (αx + βy ) = αT (x) + βT (y ), ∀x, y ∈ X and ∀α, β ∈ R.

The last transformation is called a reflection across the x-axis. Which

The last transformation is called a projection onto the x-axis. Which

Determine if R is a linear transformation.

Determine if R is a linear transformation.

Then T can be expressed as T (x) = Ax where A is the matrix whose

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