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    LADE19 Applications

    Uploaded by

    Roumen Guha
    1) The document discusses linear differential equations with constant coefficients. It examines mass-spring systems and electrical circuits, which can be modeled by second-order linear differential equations. 2) For mass-spring systems, the behavior can be overdamped, critically damped, or underdamped depending on the relationship between the spring constant, mass, and damping coefficient. For forced vibrations, resonance occurs when the driving frequency matches the natural frequency. 3) Electrical circuits can also be modeled as second-order linear differential equations. Using complex numbers, the current in a driven RLC circuit is found to have a maximum magnitude at the resonant frequency.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    LADE19 Applications

    Uploaded by

    Roumen Guha
    68 views12 pages
    1) The document discusses linear differential equations with constant coefficients. It examines mass-spring systems and electrical circuits, which can be modeled by second-order linear differential equations. 2) For mass-spring systems, the behavior can be overdamped, critically damped, or underdamped depending on the relationship between the spring constant, mass, and damping coefficient. For forced vibrations, resonance occurs when the driving frequency matches the natural frequency. 3) Electrical circuits can also be modeled as second-order linear differential equations. Using complex numbers, the current in a driven RLC circuit is found to have a maximum magnitude at the resonant frequency.

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    Math, Mathematics, Linear Algebra, Differential Equations, Lecture, Notes

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    1) The document discusses linear differential equations with constant coefficients. It examines mass-spring systems and electrical circuits, which can be modeled by second-order linear differential equations. 2) For mass-spring systems, the behavior can be overdamped, critically damped, or underdamped depending on the relationship between the spring constant, mass, and damping coefficient. For forced vibrations, resonance occurs when the driving frequency matches the natural frequency. 3) Electrical circuits can also be modeled as second-order linear differential equations. Using complex numbers, the current in a driven RLC circuit is found to have a maximum magnitude at the resonant frequency.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    68 views12 pages

    LADE19 Applications

    Uploaded by

    Roumen Guha
    1) The document discusses linear differential equations with constant coefficients. It examines mass-spring systems and electrical circuits, which can be modeled by second-order linear differential equations. 2) For mass-spring systems, the behavior can be overdamped, critically damped, or underdamped depending on the relationship between the spring constant, mass, and damping coefficient. For forced vibrations, resonance occurs when the driving frequency matches the natural frequency. 3) Electrical circuits can also be modeled as second-order linear differential equations. Using complex numbers, the current in a driven RLC circuit is found to have a maximum magnitude at the resonant frequency.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    You are on page 1of 12

    Linear Algebra and Differential Equations

    Lecture 18
    Linear DEs with Constant Coefficients

    July 19, 2016

    Linear Algebra and Differential EquationsLecture 18 Linear DEsJuly


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    2016 Coefficients
    1 / 12

    Mechanical Vibrations
    We will examine the mass attached to a spring again. Newtons second lw
    gives
    mx 00 = Fspring = kx
    mx 00 + kx = 0
    The auxiliary equation is
    k
    =0
    r +
    m
    2

    r = i

    k
    = i
    m

    and the general solution is


    x(t) = c1 cos(t) + c2 sin(t)
    or
    x(t) = A cos(t )
    q
    whwere A = c12 + c22 is the amplitude and = tan1 (c2 /c1 ) is called
    the phase.

    Linear Algebra and Differential EquationsLecture 18 Linear DEsJuly


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    2016 Coefficients
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    Adding friction
    A more realistic model is that there is also a frictional force, proportional
    to the velocity, opposing the motion
    mx 00 = Fspring + Ffriction = kx cx 0

    mx 00 + cx 0 + kx = 0

    Physically the constants must satisfy c > 0, k > 0 since


    
    
    1 02 1 2 0
    02
    0
    00
    mx + kx
    cx = x (mx + kx) =
    2
    2
    The term in parentheses on the right hand side is the total energy and
    physically this must decrease c > 0.
    The governing equation is a constant coefficient DE and we can solve it
    using the method of the auxiliary equation.

    Linear Algebra and Differential EquationsLecture 18 Linear DEsJuly


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    2016 Coefficients
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    Overdamped motion
    If c 2 4mk > 0 the auxiliary equation is
    mr 2 + cr + k = 0

    r1,2 =

    
    p
    1 
    c c 2 4mk
    2m

    The solution is
    x = C 1e r1 t + c2 e r2 t
    Some typical trajectories are shown below

    Linear Algebra and Differential EquationsLecture 18 Linear DEsJuly


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    Constant
    2016 Coefficients
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    Critically damped motion


    If c 2 4mk = 0 the auxiliary equation is
    mr 2 + cr + k = 0

    r =

    c
    2m

    The solution is
    x = (c1 + c2 t)e rt
    Some typical trajectories are shown below

    Linear Algebra and Differential EquationsLecture 18 Linear DEsJuly


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    Constant
    2016 Coefficients
    5 / 12

    Underdamped motion
    If c 2 4mk < 0 the auxiliary equation is
    mr 2 + cr + k = 0
    The solution is

    r1,2 =

    
    p
    1 
    c
    i
    c c 2 4mk =
    2m
    2m

    ct

    x = e 2m (c1 cos(t) + c2 sin(t))


    Some typical trajectories are shown below

    Linear Algebra and Differential EquationsLecture 18 Linear DEsJuly


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    Constant
    2016 Coefficients
    6 / 12

    Forced vibrations
    Suppose an external force is added to the spring mass system then the DE
    is inhomogeneous
    mx 00 + kx = F (f )
    If F (t) = F0 cos(t) try a particular integral of the form
    xp = A cos(t)
    Substituting into the DE gives
    m(2 A cos(t)) + kA cos(t) = F0 cos(t)
    This satisfies the DE if
    A=

    F0
    1
    2 2 m

    Linear Algebra and Differential EquationsLecture 18 Linear DEsJuly


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    Constant
    2016 Coefficients
    7 / 12

    Resonance
    A problem arises if the system is forced at the natural frequency = .
    The preceding analysis gives an infinite amplitude. Clearly we need to redo
    the analysis.
    F0
    x 00 + 2 x =
    m
    Try xp = At sin(t). Substituting gives
    2A cos(t) =

    F0
    cos(t)
    m

    So the particular solution is


    xp =

    F0
    t sin(t)
    2m

    It is sinusoidal with an amplitude that grows linearly with time.

    Linear Algebra and Differential EquationsLecture 18 Linear DEsJuly


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    2016 Coefficients
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    Electrical circuits
    Electrical circuits also give rise to 2nd order constant coefficient DEs.
    Consider the circuit below

    If a sinusoidal voltage V = V0 cos(t) is applied to the circuit, Kirchhoffs


    laws lead to the DE
    dI
    q
    L + RI + = V0 cos(t)
    dt
    C
    R
    where L, R, C are constants and q = I dt

    Linear Algebra and Differential EquationsLecture 18 Linear DEsJuly


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    Constant
    2016 Coefficients
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    An elegant way to solve equations like this is to use complex numbers. If


    z = x + iy then the real part of z, <(z) = x, and the imaginary part of z,
    =(z) = y . since cos(t) = <(e it ) write the DE as
    L

    q
    dI
    + RI + = V0 e it
    dt
    C

    The physical current will be <(I ). Try a particular integral of the form
    I = I0 e it then
    iLI0 e it + RIo e it +
    then
    I0 =

    1
    I0 e it = V0 e it
    iC

    V
    
     0
    1
    R + i L
    C

    Linear Algebra and Differential EquationsLecture 18 Linear DEs


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    2016
    Coefficients
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    V
     0
     e it
    1
    R + i L
    C
    
    
    
    1
    V0
    R

    i
    L

    (cos(t) + i sin(t))
    
    
    C
    1 2
    2
    R + L
    C
    
    
    
    V0
    1
    sin(t)
    
     R cos(t) + L
    C
    1 2
    2
    R + L
    C
    
    
    
    1
    + i(R sin(t) L
    cos(t))
    C

    = Io e it =

    Linear Algebra and Differential EquationsLecture 18 Linear DEs


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    Coefficients
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    So the physical current is


    
    
    
    
    1
    <(I ) =
    sin(t)
    
     R cos(t) + L
    C
    1 2
    2
    R + L
    C
    V0

    And the magnitude of the current is


    V0
    
    
    1 2
    2
    R + L
    C

    which has a maximum at = 1/ LC


    |I | = |I0 | = s

    Linear Algebra and Differential EquationsLecture 18 Linear DEs


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