INDEX

Introduction 4

Description of Human Cancer Cells 5

Difference between healthy and cancer 6-7
cells
Cancer cell division 8-9

Causes of Cancer 10
Cancer types- Symptoms, Prevention 11-13
Cancer Treatment 14

Acknowledgement 15

Bibliography 16
 lntroduction
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell
growth with the potential to invade or spread to other
parts of the body.
Not all tumors are cancerous: benign tumors do not
spread to other parts of the body. Possible signs and
symptoms include a lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged
cough, unexplained weight loss and a change in bowel
movements. While these symptoms may indicate
cancer, they may have other causes.
Over 100 types of cancers affect humans.
These diseases are characterized by a cellular
malfunction. Healthy cells are programmed to know
what to do and when to do it. Cancerous cells do not
have this programming and therefore replicate and
grow out of control.
Cancerous cells in together are called Neoplasm.
 Neoplasm

HUMAN CANCER CELLS

Cancer cells are cells that divide relentlessly, forming
solid tumors or flooding the blood with abnormal cells.

Cancer cells have distinguishing histological features

visible under the microscope. The nucleus is often large
and irregular, and the cytoplasm may also display
abnormalities.
The shape, size, protein composition, and texture of
the nucleus are often altered in malignant cells. The
nucleus may acquire grooves, folds or
indentations, chromatin may aggregate or disperse, and
the nucleolus can become enlarged.
Different combinations of abnormalities are
characteristic of different cancer types, to the extent
that nuclear appearance can be used as a marker in
cancer diagnostics and staging.
 Cancer cellformation Cancer cell multiplication

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN Normal AND

CANCER CELLS
Normal Cells Cancer Cells
Cell Reproduction
Cell reproduction is needed to replenish These cells may have gene
the cell population that ages or becomes mutations or chromosome mutations that
damaged or destroyed. Normal cells affect the reproductive properties of
reproduce properly. the cells. They don't experience
biological aging and maintain their ability
toreplicate and grow.
Cell Communication
Cells communicate with other cells Cancer cells lose the ability to
through chemical signals. These signals communicate with other cellsthrough
help normal cells to know when to chemical signals. Theyalso lose
reproduce and when to stop reproducing. sensitivity to anti-growth signals from
Cel signals are usually transmitted into a surrounding cells. These signals normally
cell by specific proteins. restrict cellular growth.

Cell Specialization
Normal cells have the ability to Cancer cells are unspecialized and do not
differentiate or develop into specialized develop into cells ofa specific type.
cells. For example, cells can develop Similar to stem cells, cancer cells
into heart cells, brain cells, lung cells or
proliferate or replicate many times, for
any other cell of a specific type.
long periods of time.
Cell Death
Normal cellshave the ability to self When the genes in a normal cell are
destruct when they become damaged or damaged beyond repair, certain DNNA
diseased. Cells break down and are checking mechanisms signal for cell
disposed of by white bloodcells. destruction.

Morphological DIFFERENCEBETWEEN Normal AND

CANCER CELLS
Structure
Nomal Cancer

Oycpiasm
Nuci

Nucleo
Chrematin

-rge cyopiaam
- Singe n c e s
- Smal o y o g a a

-Mutge nwe
Srgeniectus -Mtpe ard lwge nucieoi
Fre chvomatin
Coene cheomatn

Normal Cells Cancer Cells

Large cytoplasm Small cytoplasm
Single nucleus Multiple nuclei
Single nucleolus Multiple and large nucleoli
 Fine chromatin Coarse chromatin

CANCER CELL DIVISION

Cell division is a normal process used by the body for
growth and repair. A parent cell divides to form two
daughter cells, and these daughter cells are used to
build new tissue, or to replace cells that have died as a
result of ageing or damage. Healthy cells stop dividing
when there is no longer a need for more daughter cells,
but cancer cells continue to produce copies.
Cancer is unchecked cell growth. Mutations in genes
can cause cancer by accelerating cell division rates or
inhibiting normal controls on the system, such
as cell cycle arrest or programmed cell death. As a
mass of cancerous cells grows, it can develop into a
fumor.

Cancer Development
A tuou s m n g

chunge

-0-60-
-Neral trs
Tumor formation Cancer Development
Four Basic stages of Cancer

Cancer has spread

to the other
tissue
parts of the body

Cancer has spread

Cancer is large from the original site D
enough to be into surrounding areas
Cell wrth Cancer celis felt as a lump
genetic Microscopic
mutation C
A B

Four basic stages of cancer

Normal Cel Division Cancer Cel Division

Damaged
cell

poptosis
 Differentiating between normal cell division arnd
cancer cell division

Causes of CANCER
Tobacco use is the cause of about 22% of cancer
deaths.
Another 10% is due to obesity, poordiet, lack of
physical activity, and excessive drinking of alcohol.
Other factors include certain infections, exposure
to ionizing radiation and environmental pollutants.
I n the developingworld nearly 20% of cancers are
due to infections such as hepatitis B, hepatitis
C and human papillomavirus (HPV).
Approximately 5-10% of cancers are due to inherited
genetic defects from a person's parents.

These factors act, at least partly, by changing

the genes of a cell. Typically many genetic changes are
required before cancer develops.
 Causes of Cancer
un and Rad

Occupationa
Gender
Infection
Tobacco

Diet

Pestieides

Types of cancer and symptoms

Most Common types of Cancer:
Lung
A
Cancer
cancer that begins in the lungs and most often occurs in
people who smoke.
Symptoms- Cough (often with blood), Chest pain,
Wheezing and weight loss.
Prevention- Avoid smoking and carcinogens at work,
Eat diet full of fruits and
vegetables,
Exercise most days of the week.
Breast Cancer
A cancer that forms in the cells of breasts.
Symptoms- Bloody nipple discharge, discomfort.
inverted nipple, lump formation near

11of 18 L J

Class 12 Cbse Biology Investigatory Project

on Cancer Biologyy
 breasts
Prevention-_Keep weight in check and be physically fit.
Avoid alcohol and smoking.
Avoid birth control pills and regular screening.
Avoid post-menopausal hormones.

Prostate Cancer
A cancer ina man's prostate, asmall walnut-shaped gland
that produces seminal fluid.
Symptoms Urinary problems, Blood in the urine and
semen. Pain in the hips, pelvis, spine or
upper
leg. Pain or discomfort during ejaculation.
Prevention- Enough exercise. Maintaining a healthy and a
Balanced diet. Ensuring regular ejaculation.
Having green tea regularly.

Throat Cancer
Throat cancer refers to cancer of the voice box, the vocal
cords, and other parts of the throat, such as the tonsils
and oropharynx.

Symptoms: Respiratory symptoms like coughing.

Blood wheezing, or shortness of breath, weight
loss, weakness, fever, a change in voice,
Chest pain, ear pain, hoarseness swollen lymph
I would extend my heartiest thanks to my
Biology
teacher Mrs. Praneetha Dugar ma' am for providing me
with all the support I required at all times.

I would like to gratefully thank my parents for

providing me with all the facilities and a favourable
environment at home.

I would also thank my friends who have given me

Support and helped me in finalizing the project in the
given time frame.

THANK YOU

BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.google.com
www.canceresearchuk.org
www.thoughtco.com
 nodes in the neck, difficulty in swallowing.
Prevention: Don't smoke, check for radon at home, regular
exercise: eat variety of fruits and vegetables,
limit the intake of alcohol, have a cup of green
tea.

breast self-eam:
Visual inspection

Changes
in siin

texture

Retractonor
tndentation of nipple

Discharge
from nipple

Cal fllness
and/orpucCrng

Lung Cancer Breast Cancer

 Normal

Prostate Cancer

Prostate Cancer Throat Cancer

CANCER TREATMENI
Cancer can be treated in the following ways:
Surger
Surgery, when used to treat cancer, is a procedure in which
a surgeon removes cancer from the patient's body.
Radiation Therapy
It is a type of cancer treatment that uses high doses of
radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors.
Chemotherapy
 It is a type of cancer treatment that uses drugs to kill
cancer cells.

Immunotherapy
It is a type of cancer treatment that helps your immune
system fight cancer.
Traditional cancer treatment

+
RADIATIO suRGERY CHEMOTHERAPY
TARGETED DRUG
THERAPIES

Acknowledgement
I would like to express my thanks of gratitude to our
Principal Mr.Arokia Raj sir for giving me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic
Cancer Biology" which has helped me in doing a lot of
research.
EX.NO:16
DATE
PROGRAMIO CONSECIWIIH SEARCL LHE
KECORD OF ENIERED
OE LNILAKED
DAL
DALABAEAND
AS
EMPLOYEENLMBLK
AIM:
the tabie empioyee and
number in
ToConnect with database and emplovee
search

usplay record, if empno not found

display apprupriate
SOURCECODE
iort my l sonnes toe as mycoe
Ccon.curw
print""*40)
printe"Empioyee earchang korm"
print"*46
pei a"
wfrile a a lerwert py
enentingue"t ne mpkrye« Nuanbes to wah "
qury-seieet from empkoyee where enger1 }" faesmatksna

FEuits fets thaile

arsirpud"ScarchN&ures Y"

RESULI
Thus, the above Python program is cxecuted uaccessfully and the output is verified
 EX.NO:16
DATE:
PROGRAM TO CONNECT
WITH DATABASE
ATABASEAND SEARCH THE RECOR OF ENTERED
AIM: EMPLOYEEANNUMBER
To connect
display record, if with database
dtdbase and
search emplovee number in the table employee and
search
empno not found display appropriate
appropriae messa
SOURCE CODE:
import
mysql.connector mycon
as

COn-mycon.connect(host='127.0.0.1'.user='root.password="12345",database"company")
cur-con.cursor()
print("#"*40)
print("Employee searching fom")
print("#"*40)
print("Inn")
ans='y'
while ans.lower()-=y':
eno-int(input("Enter Employee Number
query="select from employee where to search:"))
*

cur.execute(query) empno={}".format(eno)
result=cur.fetchall0
if cur.rowcount==0:
print("sorry! Enpno not found")
else:
print("%10s"%"Empno", "%20s"%"NAME". "%15s"%"DEPARTMENT",
"%10s"%"SALARY")
for row in result:

print("%10s"%row[0]."%20s"%row[1 ],"%lss"%row[2]."%10s"%row[3])
ans-input("Search More(Y):")

RESULT:
Thus, the above Python program is executed
successfully and the output is verified.
SAMPLE OUTPUT:
Python Program Executed Output:
#######################################

Employee searching form

########################################

search:8
Enter Employee Number to SALARY

DEPARTMENT
NAME
Empno
50000
8 ANI CA
Search More(Y):y
to search:12
Enter Employee Number
found
sorry! Enpno not
Search More(Y):y
Number to search:7
Enter Employee NAME DEPARTMENT SALARYY

Empno
SSV ECONOMICS 65000
7
Search More(Y):n