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    Biology

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    Rohit Sahu

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Biology

    Uploaded by

    Rohit Sahu
    109 views16 pages

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    109 views16 pages

    Biology

    Uploaded by

    Rohit Sahu

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 16

    JAWAHAR NAVODAYA

    VIDYALAYA,CHISDA

    AN INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
    ON BIOLOGY

    NAME:- Rohit Kumar Sahu


    CLASS:- XII (Science)
    TOPIC:- Cancer Biology/Oncology
    Certificate
    This is to certify that I,
    of class XII of Jawahar Navodaya
    Vidyalaya has successfully completed an
    investigatory project on cancer biology as
    prescribed by Central Board Secondary
    Education(CBSE) and NCERT for the
    academic year 2022-23.

    Date:
    _
    Principal’s Signature

    Signature of Signature of
    External Examiner Internal Examiner
    INDEX

    Introduction 4
    Description of Human Cancer Cells 5
    Difference between healthy and cancer 6-7
    cells
    Cancer cell division 8-9

    Causes of Cancer 10
    Cancer types- Symptoms, Prevention 11-13
    Cancer Treatment 14
    Acknowledgement 15
    Bibliography 16
    Introduction
    Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell
    growth with the potential to invade or spread to other
    parts of the body.
    Not all tumors are cancerous; benign tumors do not
    spread to other parts of the body. Possible signs and
    symptoms include a lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged
    cough, unexplained weight loss and a change in bowel
    movements. While these symptoms may indicate
    cancer, they may have other causes.
    Over 100 types of cancers affect humans.
    These diseases are characterized by a cellular
    malfunction. Healthy cells are programmed to „know
    what to do and when to do it‟. Cancerous cells do not
    have this programming and therefore replicate and
    grow out of control.
    Cancerous cells in together are called Neoplasm.
    Neoplasm

    HUMAN CANCER CELLS


    Cancer cells are cells that divide relentlessly, forming
    solid tumors or flooding the blood with abnormal cells.

    Cancer cells have distinguishing histological features


    visible under the microscope. The nucleus is often large
    and irregular, and the cytoplasm may also display
    abnormalities.
    The shape, size, protein composition, and texture of
    the nucleus are often altered in malignant cells. The
    nucleus may acquire grooves, folds or
    indentations, chromatin may aggregate or disperse, and
    the nucleolus can become enlarged.
    Different combinations of abnormalities are
    characteristic of different cancer types, to the extent
    that nuclear appearance can be used as a marker in
    cancer diagnostics and staging.
    Cancer cell formation Cancer cell multiplication

    DIFFERENCE BETWEEN Normal AND


    CANCER CELLS
    Normal Cells Cancer Cells
    Cell Reproduction
    Cell reproduction is needed to replenish These cells may have gene
    the cell population that ages or becomes mutations or chromosome mutations that
    damaged or destroyed. Normal cells affect the reproductive properties of
    reproduce properly. the cells. They don't experience
    biological aging and maintain their ability
    to replicate and grow.
    Cell Communication
    Cells communicate with other cells Cancer cells lose the ability to
    through chemical signals. These signals communicate with other cells through
    help normal cells to know when to chemical signals. They also lose
    reproduce and when to stop reproducing. sensitivity to anti-growth signals from
    Cell signals are usually transmitted into a surrounding cells. These signals normally
    cell by specific proteins. restrict cellular growth.

    Cell Specialization
    Normal cells have the ability to Cancer cells are unspecialized and do not
    differentiate or develop into specialized develop into cells of a specific type.
    cells. For example, cells can develop Similar to stem cells, cancer cells
    into heart cells, brain cells, lung cells or proliferate or replicate many times, for
    any other cell of a specific type. long periods of time.
    Cell Death
    Normal cells have the ability to self When the genes in a normal cell are
    destruct when they become damaged or damaged beyond repair, certain DNA
    diseased. Cells break down and are checking mechanisms signal for cell
    disposed of by white blood cells. destruction.

    Morphological DIFFERENCE BETWEEN Normal AND


    CANCER CELLS

    Normal Cells Cancer Cells


    Large cytoplasm Small cytoplasm
    Single nucleus Multiple nuclei
    Single nucleolus Multiple and large nucleoli
    Fine chromatin Coarse chromatin

    CANCER CELL DIVISION


    Cell division is a normal process used by the body for
    growth and repair. A parent cell divides to form two
    daughter cells, and these daughter cells are used to
    build new tissue, or to replace cells that have died as a
    result of ageing or damage. Healthy cells stop dividing
    when there is no longer a need for more daughter cells,
    but cancer cells continue to produce copies.
    Cancer is unchecked cell growth. Mutations in genes
    can cause cancer by accelerating cell division rates or
    inhibiting normal controls on the system, such
    as cell cycle arrest or programmed cell death. As a
    mass of cancerous cells grows, it can develop into a
    tumor.
    Tumor formation Cancer Development

    Four basic stages of cancer


    Differentiating between normal cell division and
    cancer cell division

    Causes of CANCER
     Tobacco use is the cause of about 22% of cancer
    deaths.
     Another 10% is due to obesity, poor diet, lack of
    physical activity, and excessive drinking of alcohol.
     Other factors include certain infections, exposure
    to ionizing radiation and environmental pollutants.
     In the developing world nearly 20% of cancers are
    due to infections such as hepatitis B, hepatitis
    C and human papillomavirus (HPV).
     Approximately 5–10% of cancers are due to inherited
    genetic defects from a person's parents.

    These factors act, at least partly, by changing


    the genes of a cell. Typically many genetic changes are
    required before cancer develops.
    Types of cancer and symptoms
    Most Common types of Cancer:

    Lung Cancer
    A cancer that begins in the lungs and most often occurs in
    people who smoke.
    Symptoms- Cough (often with blood), Chest pain,
    Wheezing and weight loss.
    Prevention- Avoid smoking and carcinogens at work,
    Eat diet full of fruits and vegetables,
    Exercise most days of the week.
    Breast Cancer
    A cancer that forms in the cells of breasts.
    Symptoms- Bloody nipple discharge, discomfort,
    inverted nipple, lump formation near
    breasts.
    Prevention- Keep weight in check and be physically fit.
    Avoid alcohol and smoking.
    Avoid birth control pills and regular screening.
    Avoid post-menopausal hormones.

    Prostate Cancer
    A cancer in a man's prostate, a small walnut-shaped gland
    that produces seminal fluid.
    Symptoms- Urinary problems, Blood in the urine and
    semen. Pain in the hips, pelvis, spine or upper
    leg. Pain or discomfort during ejaculation.
    Prevention- Enough exercise. Maintaining a healthy and a
    Balanced diet. Ensuring regular ejaculation.
    Having green tea regularly.

    Throat Cancer
    Throat cancer refers to cancer of the voice box, the vocal
    cords, and other parts of the throat, such as the tonsils
    and oropharynx.

    Symptoms: Respiratory symptoms like coughing,


    Blood wheezing, or shortness of breath, weight
    loss, weakness, fever, a change in voice,
    Chest pain, ear pain, hoarseness swollen lymph
    nodes in the neck, difficulty in swallowing.

    Prevention: Don‟t smoke, check for radon at home, regular


    exercise; eat variety of fruits and vegetables,
    limit the intake of alcohol, have a cup of green
    tea.

    Lung Cancer Breast Cancer


    Prostate Cancer Throat Cancer

    CANCER TREATMENT
    Cancer can be treated in the following ways:

     Surgery
    Surgery, when used to treat cancer, is a procedure in which
    a surgeon removes cancer from the patient‟s body.
     Radiation Therapy
    It is a type of cancer treatment that uses high doses of
    radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors.
     Chemotherapy
    It is a type of cancer treatment that uses drugs to kill
    cancer cells.
     Immunotherapy
    It is a type of cancer treatment that helps your immune
    system fight cancer.
    Acknowledgement
    I would like to express my thanks of gratitude to our
    Principal Mr.A B Saxena sir for giving me the golden
    opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic
    “Cancer Biology” which has helped me in doing a lot of
    research.
    I would extend my heartiest thanks to my Biology
    teacher Mr. L N Kaiwart Sir for providing mewith all
    the support I required at all times.

    I would like to gratefully thank my parents for


    providing me with all the facilities and a favourable
    environment at home.

    I would also thank my friends who have given me


    support and helped me in finalizing the project in the
    given time frame.

    THANK YOU

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