Chemical Formulas

Chemical Reactions
and Quantities
Chemical reactions
 A chemical reaction is described by a
chemical equation.
 The chemical equation shows the
reactants (what you start with) and the
products (what you get).
React to
form
Reactants Products
Balanced chemical equations
 A chemical equation must have the
same elements in the reactants as in
the products
– Atoms are combined to form new substances
but not new elements.
 A chemical equation must have the

same amount of each element in the
reactants as in the products
– Conservation of mass
Type of Reactions
Chemical reactions are classified into

four general types
 Combination
 Decomposition
 Single Replacement
 Double Replacement
Writing a Chemical Equation
Chemical symbols give a “before-and-after”

picture of a chemical reaction
Reactants Products
MgO + C CO + Mg
magnesium oxide to form carbon monoxide

reacts with carbon and magnesium
Combination (Synthesis)
Two or more elements or simple
compounds combine to form
(synthesize) one product
A + B AB
2Mg + O2 2MgO
2Na + Cl2 2NaCl
SO3 + H2O H2SO4
Decomposition
One substance is broken down (split)

into two or more simpler substances.
AB A + B
2HgO 2Hg + O2
2KClO3 2KCl + 3 O2
Learning Check R1
Classify the following reactions as

1) combination or 2) decomposition:
___A. H2 + Br2 2HBr

___B. Al2(CO3)3 Al2O3 + 3CO2
___C. 4 Al + 3C Al4C3
Solution R1

1) combination or 2) decomposition:
_1_A. H2 + Br2 2HBr

_2_B. Al2(CO3)3 Al2O3 + 3CO2
_1_C. 4 Al + 3C Al4C3
Single Replacement
One element takes the place of an

element in a reacting compound.
A + BC AB + C
Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu
Double Replacement
Two elements in reactants take the place

of each other
AB + CD AD + CB
AgNO3 + NaCl AgCl + NaNO3
ZnS + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2S
Learning Check R2

1) single replacement
2) double replacement
__A. 2Al + 3H2SO4 Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2
__B. Na2SO4 + 2AgNO3 Ag2SO4 + 2NaNO3
__C. 3C + Fe2O3 2Fe + 3CO

Solution R2

1) single replacement
2) double replacement
1_A. 2Al + 3H2SO4 Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2
2_B. Na2SO4 + 2AgNO3 Ag2SO4 + 2NaNO3
1_C. 3C + Fe2O3 2Fe + 3CO

Combustion
A reaction in which a compound (often

carbon) reacts with oxygen
C + O2 CO2
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O
Learning Check R3
Balance the combustion equation
___C5H12 + ___O2 ___CO2 + ___H2O

Solution R3
Balance the combustion equation

1 C5H12 + 8 O2 5 CO2 + 6 H2O
Oxidation and Reduction
Reactions that involve a loss or gain of
electrons
Occurs in many of the 4 types of
reactions and combustion
Important in food metabolism, batteries,
rusting of metals
Requirements for Oxidization-
Reduction
Electrons are transferred
Two processes occur
Oxidation = Loss of electrons (LEO)
Zn Zn2+ + 2e-
Reduction = Gain of electrons (GER)
Cu2+ + 2e- Cu
Balanced Red-Ox Equations
Combine the oxidation and reduction

reactions to make
Loss of electrons = Gain of electrons
Zn + Cu2+ + 2e- Zn2+ + 2e- + Cu
Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu
Gain/Loss of Hydrogen
In organic and biological reactions

oxidation = Loss of H
reduction = Gain of H
Learning Check R3
Identify the following as an 1) oxidation or

a reduction process:
__A. Sn Sn4+ + 4e-
__B. Fe3+ + 1e- Fe2+
__C. Cl2 + 2e- 2Cl-
Solution R3
Identify the following as an 1) oxidation or

a reduction process:
1_ A. Sn Sn4+ + 4e-
2_ B. Fe3+ + 1e- Fe2+
2_ C. Cl2 + 2e- 2Cl-
Learning Check R4
In light-sensitive sunglasses, UV light

initiates an oxidation-reduction reaction
Ag+ + Cl- Ag + Cl
A. Which reactant is oxidized
1) Ag+ 2) Cl- 3) Ag
B. Which reactant is reduced?
1) Ag+ 2) Cl- 3) Cl
Solution R4
In light-sensitive sunglasses, UV light

initiates an oxidation-reduction reaction
Ag+ + Cl- Ag + Cl
A. Which reactant is oxidized
2) Cl- Cl- Cl + e-
B. Which reactant is reduced?
1) Ag+ Ag+ + e- Ag
BALANCING CHEMICAL
EQUATIONS
Reading A Chemical Equation
4 NH3 + 5 O2 4 NO + 6 H2O
Four molecules of NH3 react with five

molecules O2 to produce four molecules NO
and six molecules of H2O
or
Four moles NH3 react with 5 moles O2 to
produce four moles NO and six moles H2O
A Balanced Chemical Equation
Same numbers of each type of atom on each

side of the equation
Al + S Al2S3 Not Balanced
2Al + 3S Al2S3 Balanced
LecturePLUS Timberlake 27
“Rules” for balancing equations
 Do not change the formulas
 Only use coefficients to balance.
 Start with the most complex compound
 Try to work with even numbers
 Watch for diatomic molecules
H2 O2 N2 Cl2 Br2 I2 F2
 Use a system to check your work
 Be Patient !
Balance the equation
___ Fe + ___ O2 ___Fe2O3

___ Fe + ___ O2 ___Fe2O3
1 - Fe - 2
2 -O- 3
4 Fe + ___
___ 3 O2 2
___Fe2O3
4 1 - Fe - 2 4
6 2 -O- 3 6
__Ca +__H2O __Ca(OH)2 +__H2

__Ca +__H2O __Ca(OH)2 +__H2

1 - Ca - 1
2 -H- 2+2=4
1 -O- 2
2 2O
__Ca +__H __Ca(OH)2 +__H2
1 - Ca - 1
4 2 -H- 2+2=4
2 1 -O- 2
__C7H5N3O6 +__O2 __CO2 +__H2O +__N2

__C7H5N3O6 +__O2 __CO2 +__H2O +__N2

7 -C- 1
5 -H- 2
3 -N- 2
6+2-O- 2+1
__C
2 7H5N3O6 +__O
? 2 14
__CO2 +__H
5 2O +__N
3 2
14 7 - C - 1 14
10 5 - H - 2 10
6 3 -N- 26
12 6 + 2 - O - 2+1 28 + 5
__C
4 7H5N3O6 +__O
21 2 28
__CO2 +__H
10 2O +__N
6 2
28 7 - C - 1 28
20 5 - H - 2 20
12 3 - N - 2 12
42 + 24 6 + 2 - O - 2+1 56 + 10
__C
4 7H5N3O6 +__O
21 2 28
__CO2 +__H
10 2O +__N
6 2
28 7 - C - 1 28
20 5 - H - 2 20
12 3 - N - 2 12
42 + 24 6 + 2 - O - 2+1 56 + 10
__ C + __O2 __ CO2
__ C + __O2 __ CO2
1 -C- 1
2 -O- 2
__ Na + __H2O __ NaOH + __ H2
__
2 Na + __H
2 2O __
2 NaOH + __ H2
2 1 - Na - 1 2
4 2 -H- 1+2 2+2
2 1 -O- 1 2
__
2 Na + __HOH
2 __
2 NaOH + __ H2
2 1 - Na - 1 2
2 1 -H- 2
2 1 - OH - 1 2
__ Cr + __S8 __ Cr2S3
16 3 8
__ Cr + __S 8 Cr2S3
__
16 1 - Cr - 2 16
24 8 - S - 3 24
What’s in a balanced
equation ?
16 3 8
__ Cr + __S 8 Cr2S3
__
The coefficients in the balanced
equation show the number of atoms or
molecules of each substance needed to
have a complete reaction
Since we cannot weigh single atoms,
we use this ratio to determine the
number of moles of atoms or molecules
of each substance
What’s a mole ?
A mole is simply a very large number.

1 mole = 6.02 x 1023
We can weigh a mole of atoms on a
balance
The molar mass of a substance is the
mass in grams of one mole (g/mole)of
particles. It is equal to the atomic weight
or formula weight of the substance
What’s in a balanced
equation ?
16 3 8
__ Cr + __S 8 Cr2S3
__
This equation shows that 16 moles of Cr
atoms react with 3 moles of S8 particles
to produce 8 moles of Cr2S3 particles.
To know what we should weigh out, we
must use the molar mass of each
substance to determine the number of
grams.
Moles grams
 Moles to grams  Grams to moles
– Multiply the number of – Divide the number of

moles by the molar grams by the molar
mass (g/mole) mass (g/mole)
or or
– Setup a proportion – Set up a proportion

Calculations
16 moles of Cr = ? grams of Cr
16 moles x 52 g/mole = 832 grams

16 moles = 1 mole
832 grams 52 grams
260 grams of Cr = ? moles of Cr
260 g ÷ 52 g/mole = 5 moles
260 grams = 52 grams
5 moles 1 mole
Formula weight (molar mass)
The formula weight is equal to the sum
of all the atomic weight of the atoms in
the compound.
The formula weight for Cr2S3
Formula weight (molar mass)
The formula weight is equal to the sum
of all the atomic weight of the atoms in
the compound.
The formula weight for Cr2S3
Element Atomic x subscript = total
weight
Cr 52 X 2 = 104
S 32 X 3 = 96
200 g/mole

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Chemical Reactions

 A chemical equation must have the

Chemical reactions are classified into

Chemical symbols give a “before-and-after”

magnesium oxide to form carbon monoxide

One substance is broken down (split)

Classify the following reactions as

___A. H2 + Br2 2HBr

Classify the following reactions as

_1_A. H2 + Br2 2HBr

One element takes the place of an

Two elements in reactants take the place

Classify the following reactions as

__A. 2Al + 3H2SO4 Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2

__B. Na2SO4 + 2AgNO3 Ag2SO4 + 2NaNO3

__C. 3C + Fe2O3 2Fe + 3CO

Classify the following reactions as

1_A. 2Al + 3H2SO4 Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2

2_B. Na2SO4 + 2AgNO3 Ag2SO4 + 2NaNO3

1_C. 3C + Fe2O3 2Fe + 3CO

A reaction in which a compound (often

Balance the combustion equation

___C5H12 + ___O2 ___CO2 + ___H2O

Balance the combustion equation

Combine the oxidation and reduction

In organic and biological reactions

Identify the following as an 1) oxidation or

Identify the following as an 1) oxidation or

In light-sensitive sunglasses, UV light

In light-sensitive sunglasses, UV light

Four molecules of NH3 react with five

Same numbers of each type of atom on each

Al + S Al2S3 Not Balanced

2Al + 3S Al2S3 Balanced

___ Fe + ___ O2 ___Fe2O3

___ Fe + ___ O2 ___Fe2O3

__Ca +__H2O __Ca(OH)2 +__H2

__Ca +__H2O __Ca(OH)2 +__H2

__C7H5N3O6 +__O2 __CO2 +__H2O +__N2

__C7H5N3O6 +__O2 __CO2 +__H2O +__N2

A mole is simply a very large number.

– Multiply the number of – Divide the number of

– Setup a proportion – Set up a proportion

16 moles x 52 g/mole = 832 grams

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_C5H12 + _O2 _CO2 + _H2O

_ Fe + _ O2 ___Fe2O3

_ Fe + _ O2 ___Fe2O3

Ca +H2O Ca(OH)2 +H2

Ca +H2O Ca(OH)2 +H2

C7H5N3O6 +O2 CO2 +H2O +__N2

C7H5N3O6 +O2 CO2 +H2O +__N2