Linear Algebra Theorems
Linear Algebra Theorems
Linear Algebra Theorems
iii) a L(S)=V
spans V.i.e,
#senough preve:
The representation of elements in LCS) is
unique.
Take S =
GV, Vg,...,Un3. Then
((s)=x,V, +dgVg+--.+OnVnque in 3.
let ve ((s), then
v =
4,5, +4ust...+ 4nUn -4
Assume that
+BqVg+...+PnVn -O
v =
BiVi
where
B/,Bg,..., Bn+F
0- = 0 =
(a, -B1) 4 + (48 -Balvgtr.. + (On-Pn) Vn
Since I is
linearly independent, we get
4- B=
0, 9g -
Bg =
0, . . .
, Mn -Bn =
0
=>
x, =
B1, 9g =
Bg,
. .
. (n =
Bn
·The representation
of LCS) is unique.
independent
In other
words, Every subset of a
lineately
independent set in V is
linearly independent.
Perof:
Let S=5V,,5g, .... Un} be a
linearly
independent subset of V.
Let T =
5V1,Vg,... /k3 where I 1k <U
Then T CS.
Assume that is
linearly dependent.
= F scolares X,, eg, .... OK (not all zeros)
in F such that
4, V, +
9V+..· +4qVp
= 0
= 4V1 +
4Uz+-.. + 4yVk
t0VktIt0Vkts
+. + 8
0Un
.
. =
which is a contradiction to s is
linearly
independent.
: Our
assumption is
wrong.
:.T is
linearly independent.
torers of a subset of a rector space is either
there
is
nothing to prove.
Then there
exist scalans Xis! <izn (not all zeros)
such that
a, v, + 4Ug+---+ 4nUn =
0. -
O
, In = 0.
so 0 = 0, vi +
4gU+... +
4K-1Vk-1+414) =
O
CxVk
=> = -
XV, -'rg--.
-
9K-1VK-1
fan+(alr+...+ (8)h
=> vi=
where
welt F, 1921.
set if
(i) is
linearly independent
(ii) SUV3 is
linearly dependent for any
VEVLS.
Theorem -1:
In a vector space V,
a maximal linearly independent
#roof:
Let S=2v., vg, ..., v.} be a maximal
linearly dependent
set fore V.
Take VE V.
↳til: When x = 0
④ I&,v, O
+
4q/st...+ 4nUn =
4 d xn ). Since I is
=
= = . . .
= = 0
linearly
independent)
=>
SU9vz is
linearly independent, a contradiction
to the
maximality of 3.
:. The only possibility is <0.
④=xv = -
v
7G4 E)+...+ on
=> =
+
-
-
GF -F & If
v is
=>
a linean combination
of elements forms
= S
spans V.
(i) is a
spanning set
Lena:
If 3 and I are subsets of a vector
space V,
then
SCT=((S) [LCT).
↳roof. Let I be an
arbitrary element of LCs).
Then veLLs) + v =
0v +4grgt...K4nUns
where
Xi+F and VitS, 1sN.
dELCTI.
=>
Thus, (IS) [LCT).
·em-5:
In minimal
a
rectorspace , a
spanning set
Proof:
Let S:Grin,ive] be minimal V.
a
spanning set for
In orders to
prove that I is a basis for V,
it is
enough to show that I is
linearly independent.
Assume that I is linearly dependent.
Then there
exists
v; (for some j, 1ajan) is a linear
combination of its
preceeding ones. [by Theorem 37
ze, v
44
= +delt...+4j-1Vj-1
where
2, g, ...
145-1EF.
Clearly ([Visvae..., v5-1/v5+11... Un3
:by Umma*7
2.
((5Ve (12 ic n 3)
=
(CS)
On the others
hand, take z-LCS).
Then x =
BV, +BaVgt---+PnUn, for some Pit F,
11IID
=>
c B,v1 +
MqUgt.-.+Bj, Vj-1+ Bjv; +
=
Bitis+1t
fBnVn
---
=
B,V, + BqUg+.-. + Bj-1Vj-
+ B; (4,v, +6e4t...+4;-,Vj-1)
+Bit1Vj4+-..f PnVn
(B, Bjx,) v,
=
+
+
(Bz +B;9g)Ve+--
+
(Bj_tBj4;-)Vjm,+BitWj+t--tRnVn
e
((qvicg, ...,;-(VjH11--., un3)
Therefore, 19V, . .
.,
vj-s55tcs.... Un3 =
((S)=V.
= S 353 spare V, a
contradiction to the minimal
spanning set.
·Once assumption is
wrong
:.
Only possibility is 5 is
linearly independent.
S forms basis
a
for V
tem-6:
If the restore V has a basis B with elements.
Then
(ii) follows
from Theorem 5.
Theorem -7:
-
Prove that an
outhogonal set of non-zero
vectors is
linearly independent.
=
[ar. tag+...+ 4nVnsVk7 = 0
<<nVbs)
+... +
= 0
=
dSiN> +
Ge [Vg,vi)
L
+...
Xu [Vk,V)
&
g g i
+... On (UncVk) = 0
n
->
Since A is orthogonal,
<Vie vs)
Grellf S
its
=GxIIVIE 0,
.
7K= 1,9, . . .
either
11Vk1=0,
=>
Xx = 0 on 5K=
1,9,.
Sincehis are non-auto
restore, lupl-O is
impossible.
:. The
only possibility is
&
k 0,
= K =
1,,, . . .
,
4
x
=
=
x, On
=
0
. . .
= =
A
=>
is
linearly independent.
them-8:
prove that an outhonormal set of non-zero
vectors is
linearly independent.
#roof: Let A= 5V,,,...} be an outhonormal
=
[dri tag+...+ 4nVnsVk7 = 0
<<nVbs)
+... +
= 0
=
dLiVi) de[Vg,VK)
+
AuEiis
+...
L
InVio
g
+... +
Since A is
outhonormal,
<viers) -
90of if
:
= KK =0
Ok 0,
=>
7K =
1,9, M
=
. . .
x
=
=
x, On
=
0
. . .
= =
A
=>
is
linearly independent.