ASTM A781 A781M - 12b

Designation: A781/A781M − 12b
Standard Specification for

Castings, Steel and Alloy, Common Requirements, for
General Industrial Use1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A781/A781M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
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1.1 This specification covers a group of requirements that are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
are mandatory requirements of the following steel casting each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
specifications issued by ASTM. If the product specification system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
specifies different requirements, the product specification shall values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
prevail. with the standard.
ASTM
Designation Title of Specification 2. Referenced Documents
A27/A27M Steel Castings, Carbon, for General Application
A128/A128M Steel Castings, Austenitic Manganese
2.1 ASTM Standards:2
A148/A148M Steel Castings, High Strength, for Structural Pur- A27/A27M Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, for
poses General Application
A297/A297M Steel Castings, Iron-Chromium and Iron-
Chromium-Nickel, Heat Resistant for General
A128/A128M Specification for Steel Castings, Austenitic
Application Manganese
A447/A447M Steel Castings, Chromium-Nickel-Iron Alloy A148/A148M Specification for Steel Castings, High
(25-12 Class), for High-Temperature Service
A494/A494M Castings, Nickel and Nickel Alloy
Strength, for Structural Purposes
A560/A560M Castings, Chromium-Nickel Alloy A297/A297M Specification for Steel Castings, Iron-
A743/A743M Castings, Iron-Chromium, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Chromium and Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Heat Resistant,
Corrosion Resistant, for General Application
A744/A744M Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corrosion
for General Application
Resistant, for Severe A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing
A747/A747M Steel Castings, Stainless, Precipitation Harden- of Steel Products
ing
A890/A890M Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel-Molybdenum A380 Practice for Cleaning, Descaling, and Passivation of
Corrosion-Resistant, Duplex (Austenitic/Ferritic) Stainless Steel Parts, Equipment, and Systems
for General Application A447/A447M Specification for Steel Castings, Chromium-
A915/A915M Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy, Chemical Re-
quirements Similar to Standard Wrought Grades Nickel-Iron Alloy (25-12 Class), for High-Temperature
A958 Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy, with Tensile Service
Requirements, Chemical Requirements Similiar A488/A488M Practice for Steel Castings, Welding, Qualifi-
to Standard Wrought Grades
A1002 Castings, Nickel-Aluminum Ordered Alloy cations of Procedures and Personnel
1.2 This specification also covers a group of supplementary A494/A494M Specification for Castings, Nickel and Nickel
requirements that may be applied to the above specifications as Alloy
indicated therein. These are provided for use when additional A560/A560M Specification for Castings, Chromium-Nickel
testing or inspection is desired and apply only when specified Alloy
individually by the purchaser in the order. A609/A609M Practice for Castings, Carbon, Low-Alloy,
and Martensitic Stainless Steel, Ultrasonic Examination
1.3 The requirements of the individual material Thereof
specification, and this general specification shall prevail in the A743/A743M Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium,
sequence named. Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corrosion Resistant, for General
Application
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
2
A01.18 on Castings. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2012. Published November 2012. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as A781/A781M – 12a. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/A0781_A0781M-12B. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

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A781/A781M − 12b
A744/A744M Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium- 3.1.2 test coupon, n—the part from which the test specimen
Nickel, Corrosion Resistant, for Severe Service will be extracted.
A747/A747M Specification for Steel Castings, Stainless, 3.1.3 test specimen, n—the part that will be acted upon in a
Precipitation Hardening test.
A751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemi-
cal Analysis of Steel Products 4. Materials and Manufacture
A800/A800M Practice for Steel Casting, Austenitic Alloy, 4.1 Melting Process—The steel shall be made by open-
Estimating Ferrite Content Thereof hearth or electric furnace process with or without separate
A802/A802M Practice for Steel Castings, Surface Accep- refining, such as argon-oxygen-decarburization (AOD), unless
tance Standards, Visual Examination otherwise specified in the individual specification.
A890/A890M Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium-
Nickel-Molybdenum Corrosion-Resistant, Duplex 4.2 Heat Treatment:
(Austenitic/Ferritic) for General Application 4.2.1 Castings shall be heat treated in the working zone of a
furnace that has been surveyed in accordance with Test Method
A915/A915M Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, and
A991/A991M.
Alloy, Chemical Requirements Similar to Standard
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4.2.2 When castings are heat treated at temperatures above

Wrought Grades
2000°F [1100°C], then the working zone shall have been
A941 Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, Related
established by a survey performed at not more than 25°F
Alloys, and Ferroalloys
[15°C] below nor more than 200°F [110°C] above the mini-
A958 Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy, mum heat treatment temperature specified for the grade. If a
with Tensile Requirements, Chemical Requirements Simi- minimum heat treatment temperature is not specified for the
lar to Standard Wrought Grades grade, then the survey temperature shall be not more than 50°F
A967 Specification for Chemical Passivation Treatments for [30°C] below nor more than 175°F [100°C] above the furnace
Stainless Steel Parts set point used.
A991/A991M Test Method for Conducting Temperature 4.2.3 The maximum variation in measured temperature as
Uniformity Surveys of Furnaces Used to Heat Treat Steel determined by the difference between the highest temperature
Products and the lowest temperature shall be as agreed between the
A1002 Specification for Castings, Nickel-Aluminum Or- purchaser and producer except that during production heat
dered Alloy treatment, no portion of the furnace shall be below the
A1058 Test Methods for Mechanical Testing of Steel minimum specified temperature nor above the maximum
Products—Metric specified temperature for the grade being processed.
E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination
E125 Reference Photographs for Magnetic Particle Indica- 5. Chemical Composition
tions on Ferrous Castings 5.1 Chemical Analysis—Chemical analysis of materials
E165 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for General covered by this specification shall be in accordance with Test
Industry Methods, Practices, and Terminology A751.
E186 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 41⁄2-in.
5.2 Heat Analysis—An analysis of each heat shall be made
(50.8 to 114-mm)) Steel Castings
by the manufacturer to determine the percentages of the
E280 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (41⁄2 to 12-
elements specified in the individual specification for the grade
in. (114 to 305-mm)) Steel Castings
being poured. The analysis shall be made from a test sample
E340 Test Method for Macroetching Metals and Alloys
preferably taken during the pouring of the heat. When drillings
E353 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Stainless,
are used, they shall be taken not less than 1⁄4 in. [6.4 mm]
Heat-Resisting, Maraging, and Other Similar Chromium-
beneath the surface. The chemical composition thus deter-
Nickel-Iron Alloys
mined shall conform to the requirements in the individual
E354 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of High- specification for the grade being poured.
Temperature, Electrical, Magnetic, and Other Similar Iron,
Nickel, and Cobalt Alloys 5.3 Product Analysis—A product analysis may be made by
E446 Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in. the purchaser from material representing each heat, lot, or
(50.8 mm) in Thickness casting. The analysis shall be made on representative material.
E709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing Samples for carbon analysis shall be taken no closer than 1⁄4 in.
[6 mm] to a cast surface, except that castings too thin for this
3. Terminology shall be analyzed on representative material. The chemical
composition thus determined shall meet the requirements
3.1 Definitions: specified in the applicable specification for the grade involved,
3.1.1 The definitions in Test Methods and Definitions A370, or shall be subject to rejection by the purchaser, except that the
Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology A751, Terminology chemical composition determined for carbon and low alloy
A941, and Test Methods for Mechanical Testing of Steel steel and stainless steel castings may vary from the specified
Products – Metric A1058 are applicable to this specification limits by the amounts shown in Tables 1 and 2 respectively.
and those listed in 1.1. The product analysis tolerances of Tables 1 and 2 are not

A781/A781M − 12b
TABLE 1 Product Analysis Tolerances—Carbon and Low Alloy specified. The test coupon in Fig. 3 shall be employed only for
Steels austenitic alloy castings with cross sections less than 21⁄2 in.
Element Range, %A TolerancesB ,C Over [65 mm].3
Maximum or Under
Minimum Limit, % 6.3 Choice of testing track from the options listed in Test
C up to 0.65 0.03 × % CL + 0.02 Methods A1058 when material is ordered to an M suffix (SI
above 0.65 0.04
Mn up to 1 0.08 × % MnL + 0.01 units) product standard, should be identified by the purchaser
above 1 0.09 in the ordering information. If the choice of test track is not
Si up to 0.60 0.22 × % SiL − 0.01
above 0.60 0.15
specified in the order, then the default ASTM track shall be
P all 0.13 × % PL + 0.005 used as noted in Test Methods A1058.
S all 0.36 × % SL + 0.001
Ni up to 2 0.10 × % NiL + 0.03 7. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance
above 2 0.25
Cr up to 2 0.07 × % CrL + 0.04 7.1 All castings shall be made in a workmanlike manner and
above 2 0.18
Mo up to 0.6 0.04 × % MoL + 0.03
shall conform to the dimensions on drawings furnished by the
above 0.6 0.06 purchaser before manufacture is started. If the pattern is
V up to 0.25 0.23 × % VL + 0.004 supplied by the purchaser, the dimensions of the casting shall
above 0.25 0.06
W up to 0.10 0.08 × % WL + 0.02
be as predicated by the pattern.
above 0.10 0.02
Cu up to 0.15 0.18 × % CuL + 0.02 8. Quality
above 0.15 0.05
Al up to 0.10 0.08 × % AlL + 0.02 8.1 The surface of the casting shall be free of adhering sand,
above 0.10 0.03 scale, cracks, and hot tears as determined by visual examina-
A
The range denotes the composition limits up to which tolerances are computed tion. Other surface discontinuities shall meet the visual accep-
by the equation, and above which the tolerances are given by a constant.
B
The subscriptL for the elements in each equation indicates that the limits of the
tance standards specified in the order. Practice A802/A802M or
element specified by the applicable specification are to be inserted into the other visual standards may be used to define acceptable surface
equation to calculate the tolerance for the upper limit and the lower limit (if discontinuities and finish. Unacceptable visual surface discon-
applicable), respectively. Examples of computing tolerances are presented in
footnote C. tinuities shall be removed and their removal verified by visual
C
To illustrate the computation of the tolerance, consider the manganese maximum examination of the resultant cavities.
of 0.70 for a 0.30 carbon grade 65-35 in Specification A27/A27M. The maximum
permissible deviation is (0.08 × 0.70 + 0.01) = 0.066. Therefore, the highest 8.2 When additional inspection is desired, Supplementary
acceptable product analysis is 0.766. Similarly, for a 0.20 carbon grade 70-40 in Requirements S1, S2, S3, S4, or S5 may be specified.
Specification A27/A27M, the maximum manganese content is 1.40; thus, the
highest acceptable product analysis is (1.40 + 0.09) = 1.49. 8.3 Rejectable indications shall not be peened, plugged, or
impregnated.
9. Repair
applicable as acceptance criteria for heat analysis by the 9.1 Repair by welding shall be in accordance with the
casting manufacturer. When comparing product and heat requirements of the individual specification using procedures
analysis for other than carbon and low alloy steels and stainless and welders qualified in accordance with Practice A488/
steels, the reproducibility Data R2, in Test Methods E353 or A488M.
E354, as applicable, shall be taken into consideration.
5.4 Unspecified Elements—When chemical analysis for el- 10. Inspection
ements not specified for the grade ordered is desired, Supple- 10.1 The manufacturer shall afford the purchaser’s inspector
mentary Requirement S13 may be specified. all reasonable facilities necessary to satisfy that the material is
5.5 Grade Substitution—Grade substitution is not permitted. being produced and furnished in accordance with the appli-
Grade substitution occurs when the material being supplied cable specification. Foundry inspection by the purchaser shall
contains one or more elements that are not specified for the not interfere unnecessarily with the manufacturer’s operations.
supplied material such that the material conforms to the All tests and inspections, with the exception of product
requirements of a different grade. analysis (5.3), shall be made at the place of manufacture unless
otherwise agreed.
6. Mechanical Test Requirements
6.1 The individual product specifications vary as to whether 11. Rejection
mechanical tests are required; for this reason, and to determine 11.1 Subsequent to acceptance at the manufacturer’s works,
specific test requirements, the individual product specification material that is found to be unacceptable as determined by
should be reviewed. requirements specified in the order may be rejected by the
6.2 Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, when
mechanical properties are required by the product 3
Information on the relationship of mechanical properties determined on test
specification, test coupons may be cast integrally with the
coupons obtained as specified in 6.2 with those obtained from the casting may be
castings, or as separate blocks, in accordance with Fig. 1, Fig. found in The Steel Casting Handbook, Fifth Edition, Steel Founders’ Society of
2, or Fig. 3, except when Supplementary Requirement S15 is America, pp. 15-35 through 15-43, 1980.
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A781/A781M − 12b
TABLE 2 Product Analysis Tolerances—Stainless Steels
Tolerance Over the Tolerance Over the
Limit or Maximum of Maximum Limit or Limit or Maximum of Maximum Limit or
Elements Elements
Specified Range, % Under the Minimum Specified Range, % Under the Minimum
Limit Limit
Carbon to 0.010, incl 0.002 Titanium to 1.00, incl 0.05
over 0.010 to 0.030, incl 0.005 over 1.00 to 3.00, incl 0.07
over 0.030 to 0.20, incl 0.01
over 0.20 to 0.60, incl 0.02 Cobalt over 0.05 to 0.50, incl 0.01A
over 2.00 to 5.00, incl 0.05
Manganese to 1.00, incl 0.03
over 1.00 to 3.00, incl 0.04 Columbium plus to 1.50, incl 0.05
over 3.00 to 6.00, incl 0.05 tantalum
over 6.00 to 10.00, incl 0.06
over 10.00 to 15.00, incl 0.10
over 15.00 to 20.00, incl 0.15 Tantalum to 0.10, incl 0.02
Phosphorus to 0.040, incl 0.005 Copper to 0.50, incl 0.03

over 1.00 to 3.00, incl 0.10
Sulfur to 0.040, incl 0.005 over 3.00 to 5.00, incl 0.15
over 0.20 to 0.50, incl 0.020
Aluminum to 0.15, incl −0.005, +0.01
Silicon to 1.00, incl 0.05 over 0.15 to 0.50, incl 0.05
over 3.00 to 6.00, incl 0.15
Chromium over 4.00 to 10.00, incl 0.10

over 10.00 to 15.00, incl 0.15 Nitrogen to 0.02, incl 0.005
over 0.25 to 0.35, incl 0.03
Nickel to 1.00, incl 0.03 over 0.35 to 0.45, incl 0.04
over 5.00 to 10.00, incl 0.10 Tungsten to 1.00, incl 0.03
over 20.00 to 30.00, incl 0.20
Vanadium to 0.50, incl 0.03
Molybdenum over 0.20 to 0.60, incl 0.03 over 0.50 to 1.50, incl 0.05
over 0.60 to 2.00, incl 0.05
over 2.00 to 8.00, incl 0.10 Selenium all 0.03
A
Product analysis limits for cobalt under 0.05 % have not been established, and the manufacturer should be consulted for those limits.
purchaser. The manufacturer should be notified of such rejec- 12. Keywords

tion. If the manufacturer is dissatisfied with the results of any 12.1 castings; common requirements; steel and alloy
tests performed by the purchaser, he may make claim for a
rehearing.
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A781/A781M − 12b
Metric Equivalents
in. ⁄
3 16 ⁄
12 11⁄ 4 13 ⁄ 4 2 21⁄4 37⁄ 8 5 83⁄8
[mm] [4.8] [13] [32] [45] [51] [57] [98] [127] [213]
Leg Design [125 mm] Riser Design

1. L (length) A 5 in. [125 mm] minimum length will be used. This 1. L (length) The length of the riser at the base will be the same as
length may be increased at the option of the foundry to the top length of the leg. The length of the riser at the
accommodate additional test specimens (see Note 1). top therefore depends on the amount of taper added to
the riser.
2. End Taper Use of and size of end taper is at the option of the 2. Width The width of the riser at the base of a multiple-leg cou-
foundry. pon shall be n (21⁄4) [57 mm] - 5⁄8 [16 mm] where n
3. Height 11⁄4 in. [32 mm] equals the number of legs attached to the coupon. The
4. Width (at top) 11⁄4 [32 mm] (see Note 1). width of the riser at the top is therefore dependent on
5. Radius (at bottom) 1⁄2 in. [13 mm], max the amount of taper added to the riser.
6. Spacing between legs A 1⁄2-in. [13-mm] radius will be used between the legs. 3. T (riser taper) Use of and size is at the option of the foundry. The
Height minimum height of the riser shall be 2 in. [51 mm]. The
maximum height is at the option of the foundry for the
following reasons: (a) many risers are cast open, (b)
different compositions may require variation in risering
for soundness, and (c) different pouring temperatures
may require variation in risering for soundness.
7. Location of test speci- The tensile, bend, and impact specimens will be taken
mens from the lower portion of the leg (see Note 2).
8. Number of legs The number of legs is at the option of the foundry pro-
viding they are equi-spaced according to Item 6.
9. Rs Radius from 0 to approximately 1⁄16 in. [2 mm].
NOTE 1—Test Coupons for Large and Heavy Steel Castings: The test coupons in Fig. 1 are to be used for large and heavy steel castings. However,
at the option of the foundry the cross-sectional area and length of the standard coupon may be increased as desired.
NOTE 2—Bend Specimen: If a bend specimen is required, an alternate design (as shown by dotted lines in Fig. 1) is indicated.
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FIG. 1 Test Coupons for Castings with Details of Design

A781/A781M − 12b
Metric Equivalents
in. [mm] in. [mm]
1⁄ 8 [3.2] 31⁄2 [88.9]
1⁄ 2 [12.7] 4 [101.6]
11⁄16 [27.0] 41⁄16 [103.2]
1 1⁄ 2 [38.1] 5 [127.0]
3 [76.2] 11 [279.4]
NOTE 1—Pour through head; cover molten head with powdered charcoal, coke dust, and so forth, immediately after pouring, in order to keep head fluid
as long as possible.
FIG. 2 Test Coupon for Tension Test
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NOTE 1—Coupons produced in this manner are suitable for austenitic alloys only. The mold may be preheated for pouring to produce a sound coupon.
FIG. 3 Cast-To-Shape Test Coupon for Tension Specimen

A781/A781M − 12b
SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS
Supplementary requirements shall be applied only when specified by the purchaser. Details of the
supplementary requirements shall be agreed upon by the manufacturer and purchaser. The specified
tests shall be performed by the manufacturer prior to shipment of the castings.
S1. Magnetic Particle Examination counterpart printed in the certifier’s facility provided it con-
S1.1 Castings shall be examined for surface and near forms to any existing EDI agreement between the purchaser
surface discontinuities by magnetic particle examination. The and the supplier.
examination shall be in accordance with Guide E709. Extent of
examination and the basis for acceptance shall be agreed upon S7. Prior Approval of Major Weld Repairs
between the manufacturer and purchaser. S7.1 Major weld repairs as defined and agreed upon be-
tween the manufacturer and purchaser shall be subject to the
S2. Radiographic Examination prior approval of the purchaser.
S2.1 Castings shall be examined for internal defects by
means of X rays or gamma rays. The procedure shall be in S8. Marking
accordance with Guide E94, and types and degrees of discon- S8.1 The manufacturer’s name or identification mark and
tinuities considered shall be judged by Reference Radiographs the pattern number shall be cast or stamped on all castings.
E446, E186, or E280. Extent of examination and basis for When further specified, the heat numbers or serial numbers
acceptance shall be agreed upon between the manufacturer and shall be marked on individual castings.
purchaser.
S9. Charpy Impact Test
S3. Liquid Penetrant Examination
S9.1 Charpy impact test properties shall be determined by
S3.1 Castings shall be examined for surface discontinuities
testing a set of three Charpy V-notch specimens made from
by means of liquid penetrant examination. The examination
each heat at a test temperature agreed upon by the manufac-
shall be in accordance with Test Method E165. Areas to be
turer and purchaser. The material from which the test speci-
inspected, methods and types of liquid penetrants to be used,
mens are prepared shall be cast in accordance with 6.2. The
developing procedure, and basis for acceptance shall be agreed
acceptance requirements shall be either energy absorbed,
upon between the manufacturer and purchaser.
lateral expansion, or percent shear area, or all three, and shall
be that agreed upon between the manufacturer and purchaser.
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S4. Ultrasonic Examination
Test specimens shall be prepared as Type A and tested in
S4.1 Castings shall be examined for internal defects by accordance with Test Methods and Definitions A370, or the test
means of ultrasonic examination. The examination procedure track specified by the purchaser when referencing Test Meth-
shall be in accordance with Practice A609/A609M. Extent of ods A1058.
examination, methods of testing, and basis for acceptance shall S9.2 Absorbed Energy—Average energy value of three
be agreed upon between the manufacturer and purchaser. specimens shall be not less than specified, with not more than
S5. Examination of Weld Preparation one value permitted to fall below the minimum specified and
no value permitted below the minimum specified for a single
S5.1 Magnetic particle or liquid penetrant examination of specimen.
cavities prepared for welding shall be performed to verify S9.3 Lateral Expansion—Lateral expansion value shall be
removal of those discontinuities found unacceptable by the agreed upon between the manufacturer and purchaser.
examination method specified for the casting. Unless other S9.4 Percent Shear Area—Percent shear area shall be
degrees of shrinkage or types of discontinuities found in the agreed upon between the manufacturer and purchaser.
cavities are specified, Type II, Internal Shrinkage, of Reference
Photographs E125, of Degree 2 in sections up to 2 in. [50.8 S10. Hardness Test
mm] thick and of Degree 3 in sections over 2 in. thick shall be
acceptable. S10.1 Hardness measurements at specified locations on the
castings shall be made in accordance with Test Methods and
S6. Certification Definitions A370 or, the test track specified by the purchaser
S6.1 The manufacturer’s certification shall be furnished to when referencing Test Methods A1058, and reported.
the purchaser stating that the material was manufactured,
sampled, tested, and inspected in accordance with the material S11. Specified Ferrite Content Range
specification (including year date) and was found to meet the S11.1 The chemical composition of the heat shall be con-
requirements. trolled such that the ferrite content, as determined by the
S6.2 A manufacturer’s certification printed from or used in chemical composition procedure of Practice A800/A800M,
electronic form from an electronic data interchange (EDI) shall be in conformance with the specified ferrite content
transmission shall be regarded as having the same validity as a range.

A781/A781M − 12b
S11.2 The specified ferrite content range shall be as agreed S14. Tension Test from Castings
upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser. The mini- S14.1 In addition to the tension test required by the material
mum specified ferrite content range shall be 10 % with the specification, test material shall be cut from the casting. The
minimum ferrite content being no lower than the percent mechanical properties and location for the test material shall be
necessary to achieve the minimum mechanical properties agreed upon by the manufacturer and purchaser.
required for the alloy.
S11.3 Should the purchaser wish to have the ferrite content S15. Alternate Mechanical Test Coupons and Specimen
determined by either magnetic response or metallographic Locations for Castings
methods, the purchaser should impose Supplementary Require- S15.1 Test coupons may be cast integrally with the castings
ment S1 or S2 of Practice A800/A800M. or separately. Separately cast coupons shall be heat-treated
together with the castings they represent.
S12. Test Report S15.2 In the following, the casting thickness, T, is the
S12.1 The manufacturer shall supply a test report to the maximum thickness of the casting exclusive of padding added
purchaser giving the results of all tests performed including for directional solidification, flanges, appendages, and sections
chemical analysis. designated by the designer as noncritical. The order, inquiry,
and drawing shall designate what the test dimension, T, is for
S13. Unspecified Elements the casting.
S15.3 One of the following shall apply:
S13.1 Chemical analysis and limits for elements not speci- S15.3.1 The longitudinal centerline of the test specimen
fied for the grade ordered shall be as agreed upon between the shall be taken at least ¼ T from the T dimension surface and all
manufacturer and purchaser. of the gage length must be at least 1T from any other heat
Minimum length of the base—Specimen gage length + 2[mathit]xT + 2x the thickness due to the tapes.
Minimum width of the base—[mathit]T + 2x the thickness added due to the taper.
Minimum height —[mathit] T + NxD + Wtot.
The taper is to be selected by the producer for ease of drawing the pattern from the mold.
where:
N = number of specimens to be cut from one side of the coupon,
D = diameter of the specimens, and
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Wtot = the total width of metal required to remove the coupon from the casting, and to machine specimens from the coupon.
NOTE 1—Longitudinal axis and gage length of test specimen must be within shaded zone.
FIG. S15.1 Specimen from Casting

A781/A781M − 12b
treated surface, exclusive of the surface opposite the T dimen- S15.3.4 Where specimens are to be removed from the body
sion surface. (See Fig. S15.1 (a).) For cylindrical castings, the of quenched and tempered castings, either the requirements of
longitudinal centerline of the specimens shall be taken at least S15.3.1 shall be met or a steel thermal buffer pad or thermal
¼T from the outside or inside and all of the gage length must insulation or other thermal barriers shall be used during
be at least T from the as-heat-treated end. (See Fig. S15.1 (b).) heat-treatment. Steel thermal buffer pads shall be a minimum
For ferritic and martensitic castings, partial severing of test of T by T by 3T in length and shall be joined to the casting
coupons prior to final heat treatment is permitted. surface by a partial penetration weld completely sealing the
S15.3.2 Where separately cast test coupons are used, the buffered surface. Test specimens shall be removed from the
dimension shall not be less than 3T by 3T by T and each casting in a location adjacent to the center third of the buffer
specimen shall meet the requirements of S15.3.1, except that pad. They shall be located at a minimum distance of 1⁄2 in. [13
when T exceeds 5 in. [125 mm], the dimension may be 15 by mm] from the buffered surface and ¼T from other heat-treated
15 by 5 in. [375 by 375 by 125 mm], by agreement between the surfaces (see Fig. S15.4). When thermal insulation is used, it
manufacturer and the purchaser. The test coupon shall be of the shall be applied adjacent to the casting surface where the test
same heat of steel and shall receive substantially the same specimens are to be removed. The producer shall demonstrate
casting practices as the production casting it represents. Cen- that the cooling rate of the test specimen location is no faster
trifugal castings may be represented by statically cast coupons. than that of specimens taken by the method described in
(See Fig. S15.2.) S15.3.1.
S15.3.3 When agreed upon by the manufacturer and the
purchaser, castings that are cast or machined to essentially the S16. Weld Repair Charts
finished configuration prior to heat-treatment shall have test S16.1 Major weld repairs shall be documented by means of
specimens removed from a prolongation or other stock on the sketches or photographs, or both, showing the location and
casting at a location below the nearest heat-treated surface major dimensions of cavities prepared for welding. Documen-
indicated on the order. The specimen location shall be at a tation shall be submitted to the purchaser at the completion of
distance below the nearest heat-treated surface equivalent to at the order.
least the greatest distance that the indicated high-tensile-stress S16.2 Unless other criteria are agreed upon between the
surface will be from the nearest heat-treated surface and a manufacturer and the purchaser, weld repairs made to correct
minimum of twice this distance from a second heat-treated leakage on hydrostatic testing, or weld repairs for which the
surface, except that the test specimens shall be no nearer than depth of the cavity required for welding exceeds 40 % of the
3⁄4 in. [19 mm] to a heat-treated surface and 11⁄2 in. [38 mm] actual wall thickness, or weld repairs for which the area of the
from a second heat-treated surface. (See Fig. S15.3.) cavity required for welding:
--`,`,`,``,,,`,,,,````,``,````,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
NOTE 1—Longitudinal axis and gage length of test specimen must be within cross-hatched zone.
FIG. S15.2 Separately Cast Block

A781/A781M − 12b
FIG. S15.3 Prolongation Test Specimen
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FIG. S15.4 Thermal Buffer Pad
1. Exceeds approximately 10 in.2 [65 cm2] for castings weighing up (see Note S17.1). Cross sections from a separately cast test
to 10,000 lbs (4.5 tonnes), block from the same heat and of a thickness representative of
2. Exceeds approximately 20 in.2 (130 cm2) for castings weighing the heaviest section of castings purchased under this supple-
from 10,000 lbs to 30,000 lbs (4.5 to 13.5 tonnes), or mentary requirement may also be used for macroetch testing.
The etching shall be performed on the selected section after its
3. Exceeds approximately 30 in.2 (200 cm2) for pieces weighing
more than 30,000 lbs (13.5 tonnes) heat treatment, that is, after annealing, normalizing, or quench-
shall be documented. ing and tempering following the initial cooling of the steel
below the transformation range.
S17. Macroetch Test Note S17.1—High strength martensitic castings, in
S17.1 Apply Supplementary Requirement S13 for the spec- particular, may be damaged beyond use if the etch is applied
trographic determination and reporting of the total residual directly to the casting.
aluminum content of all heats of ferritic and martensitic steels S17.3 The preparation of the surface and the macroetching
subjected to this macroetch test. procedure with Solution No. 1 (1:1 HCI) of Table 5 in Test
S17.2 When the heat analysis indicates a total residual Method E340 shall be followed. The resulting etched surface
aluminum content in excess of 0.08 %, the manufacturer shall shall be compared and rated with the reference photographs in
etch a cross section of the casting with the heaviest section for Fig. S17.1 depicting ten levels of severity of intergranular
which this supplementary requirement is invoked, or a coupon network structures indicative of the presence of aluminum
attached to that heaviest section or an area directly under a riser nitride or other constituents prone toward precipitating at grain

10
Licensee=University of Nebraska/5967164006
A781/A781M − 12b
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NOTE 1—The ten levels of severity of intergranular network structures shown are indicative of the presence of aluminum nitride precipitation in the
primary austenitic grain boundaries.
FIG. S17.1 Reference Photographs of Macroetched Cast Steel
boundaries during solidification and subsequent cooling. Fig. S17.6 Heavy section castings (see Note S17.2) whose con-
S17.1 relates the severity levels shown in these photographs figurations are amenable to the attachment of test coupons
with specific delineation widths and percent of boundary representative of the section thickness involved and from
outlining in the etched structures. which standard 0.505 in. [12.827 mm] diameter tension speci-
S17.4 Castings represented by etched structures exhibiting a mens may be machined are exempt from this macroetch test if
network rating in excess of Severity Level 4 shall be consid- the results of the tension test on the coupon after heat-treatment
ered unacceptable until further evaluations are completed. The of the casting meet the minimum requirements specified for the
acceptability of individual castings may be determined by grade of steel involved.
etching sections of each casting to ascertain the network Note S17.2—For purposes of this supplementary
severity level. Disposition of unacceptable castings shall be a requirement, a heavy section casting is defined as one having a
matter of agreement between the manufacturer and purchaser. wall thickness of 11⁄2 in. [37 mm] or greater, in combination
Those castings exhibiting etched severity levels greater than with a casting weight of at least 1000 lb [455 kg].
four may be evaluated further by any of the following
agreed-upon methods: S18. Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIPing)
S17.4.1 Fracture testing to determine the amount of “rock S18.1 Castings shall be processed by Hot Isostatic Pressing
candy” structure. (HIPing). Unless specified by the purchaser in the purchase
S17.4.2 Mechanical testing (for example, bend, tensile) to order or contract, the HIPing time, temperature, pressure, and
determine the ductility characteristics. other parameters shall be at the discretion of the producer.
S17.4.3 Weld testing to determine crack susceptibility in the
heat-affected zone of a circular groove welded with cellulose- S19. Cleaning of Stainless Steels
coated electrodes. S19.1 Final cleaning of the casting surfaces shall be per-
S17.5 Alternatively, by agreement, it is permissible to formed in accordance with one of the cleaning methods in
subject castings from an unacceptable heat to a high tempera- Practice A380 or Specification A967 as agreed upon between
ture solution treatment prior to the normal production heat- the purchaser and the supplier. Acceptance testing shall be
treatment and subsequently macroetch test each casting. subject to agreement between the purchaser and supplier.

A781/A781M − 12b
APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. ALLOY DESIGNATIONS FOR CAST STAINLESS STEELS
X1.1 Cast stainless steels are usually specified on the basis chromium contents of the alloy grade on the FeCrNi ternary
of composition using the alloy designation system established diagram shown in Fig. X1.1.
by the Alloy Casting Institute (ACI). The ACI designations, for
example, CF8M, have been adopted by ASTM and are pre- X1.2.3 Carbon Content Number—For C service
ferred for cast alloys over the designations used by the classifications, this single or dual digit numeral represents the
American Iron and Steel Institute for similar wrought steels. maximum carbon content in units of 0.01 %. For H service
classifications, this number represents the midpoint of the
X1.2 This nomenclature system has served successfully to range of carbon content in terms of 0.01 % with a 60.05 %
accommodate changes in old alloys and to designate new ones. limit.
X1.2.4 Special Elements Letter—Additional letters follow-
ing the numeral represent special chemical elements in the
alloy grade, such as M for molybdenum, C for columbium, Cu
for copper, W for tungsten. There are two exceptions; the letter
A indicates Controlled Ferrite, and the letter F indicates Free
X1.2.1 Service Classification Letter—The first letter of the Machining.
cast stainless steel designation system identifies the intended
service application of the alloy. The letter C indicates X1.3 In Fig. X1.1, unlettered Ni-Cr ranges are associated
corrosion-resistant service, and the letter H indicates the with the nearest lettered location. They may be the result of
heat-resistant service at and above 1200°F [649°C]. differences between corrosion and heat-resistant types, or
X1.2.2 Ternary Diagram Location Letter—The second let- because of the influence of additional elements, for example,
ter indicates the approximate location of the nickel and the precipitation hardening grade CB-7Cu-1 and CB-7Cu-2.
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12
A781/A781M − 12b
NOTE 1—The approximate areas of microstructures to be expected at room temperature are indicated as follows:
I—Martensite
II—Martensite and untransformed austenite
III—Ferrite plus martensite and untransformed austenite
IV—Ferrite
V—Ferrite plus austenite
VI—Ferrite plus austenite plus sigma
VII—Austenite
NOTE 2—Carbides also may be present depending on carbon content and thermal history.
FIG. X1.1 Letters Assigned to Chromium and Nickel Ranges in ACI Designation System
X2. WROUGHT ALLOYS SIMILAR TO CASTING ALLOYS IN SPECIFICATIONS

A494/A494M, A743/A743M, A744/A744M, A747/A747M, AND A890/A890M
X2.1 Table X2.1 is provided for the user of the above listed imply that the cast alloy would have the same mechanical,
specifications as an aid in selecting cast alloys that are similar physical or corrosion properties as the indicated wrought alloy.
in chemical composition to wrought alloys. It is not intended to
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13
A781/A781M − 12b
TABLE X2.1 Similar Alloys
Nominal ASTM Casting Casting Grade UNS Similar Wrought UNS
Composition Specification Designation Number Alloy Number
11Cr-7Ni A743/A743M CA6N J91650 ... ...
13Cr-4Ni A743/A743M CA6NM J91540 F-6NMA S41500
13Cr A743/A743M CA15 J91150 410B S41000
13Cr A743/A743M CA40 J91151 ... ...
422B
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12Cr-Mo-V-W A743/A743M CA28MWV J91422 S42200
13Cr-Mo A743/A743M CA15M J91153 420B S42000
13Cr-S A743/A743M CA40F J91154 420FB S42020
19Cr-1Ni A743/A743M CB30 J91803 442B S44200
16Cr-4Ni-4Cu A747/A747M CB7Cu-1 J92180 17-4C S17400
15Cr-5Ni-3Cu A747/A747M CB7Cu-2 J92110 15-5C S15500
27Cr A743/A743M CC50 J92615 446B S44600
25Cr-5Ni-3Cu-2Mo A890/A890M 1A & CD4MCu J93370 255C S32550
25Cr-5Ni-3Cu-2Mo-N A890/A890M 1B & CD4MCuN J93372 255C S32550
25Cr-6Ni-2Cu-3Mo-N A890/A890M 1C & CD3MCuN J93373 255C S32550
24Cr-10Ni-3Mo-N A890/A890M 2A & CE8MN J93345 ... ...
25Cr-5Ni-2Mo-N A890/A890M 3A & CD6MN J93371 ... ...
22Cr-5Ni-3Mo-N A890/A890M 4A & CD3MN J92205 2205C S39205
25Cr-7Ni-4Mo-N A890/A890M 5A & CE3MN J93404 ... ...
25Cr-7Ni-Mo-N A890/A890M 6A & CD3MCuWN J93380 Zeron 100D S32760
28Cr-9Ni A743/A743M CE30 J93423 ... ...
18Cr-8Ni A743/A743M, A744/A744M CF3 J92500 304LB S30403
16Cr-12Ni-2Mo A743/A743M, A744/A744M CF3M J92800 316LB S31603
16Cr-12Ni-2Mo-N A743/A743M CF3MN J92804 316LNB S31653
18Cr-8Ni A743/A743M, A744/A744M CF8 J92600 304B S30400
18Cr-10Ni-Cb A743/A743M, A744/A744M CF8C J92710 347B S34700
16Cr-12Ni-2Mo A743/A743M, A744/A744M CF8M J92900 316B S31600
18Cr-8Ni-4Si-N A743/A743M CF10SMnN J92972 NitronicA 60 S21800
18Cr-8Ni-S A743/A743M CF16F J92701 303SeB S30300
18Cr-8Ni A743/A743M CF20 J92602 302B S30200
22Cr-13Ni-5Mn A743/A743M CG6MMN J93790 NitronicA 50 S20910
18Cr-13Ni-3Mo A743/A743M, A744/A744M CG8M J93000 317B S31700
21Cr-11Ni A743/A743M CG12 J93001 308B S30800
23Cr-12Ni A743/A743M CH20 J93402 309B S30900
20Cr-18Ni-6Mo-Cu-N A743/A743M, A744/A744M CK3MCuN J93254 254 SMOF S31254
25Cr-20Ni A743/A743M CK20 J94202 310B S31000
24Ni-21Cr-6Mo-N A743/A743M, A744/A744M CN3MN J94651 AL-6XNG N08367
29Ni-20Cr-3Cu-2Mo A743/A743M, A744/A744M CN7M N08007 Alloy 20C N08020
24Ni-19Cr-3Mo-2Cu A743/A743M, A744/A744M CN7MS J94650 ... ...
41Ni-22Cr-3mO-fE A494/A494M CU5MCuC N08826 825 N28820
61Ni-16Mo-16Cr A494/A494M CW2M N26455 C4C N06455
59Ni-18Mo-18Cr A494/A494M CW6M N30107 ... ...
60Ni-22Cr-9Mo-3.5Cb A494/A494M CW6MC N26625 625C N06625
55Ni-17Mo-16Cr-4W A494/A494M CW12MW N30002 CC N10002
57Ni-13Mo-21Cr A494/A494M CX2MW N26022 C22H N06022
74Ni-12Cr-4Bi-4Sn A494/A494M CY5SnBiM N26055 ... ...
72Ni-15Cr-8Fe A494/A494M CY40 N06040 600C N06600
95Ni A494/A494M CZ100 N02100 200C N02200
63Ni-29Cu-4Si A494/A494M M25S N24025 ... ...
63Ni-29Cu-2Cb A494/A494M M30C N24130 ... ...
63Ni-29Cu-Si A494/A494M M30H N24030 ... ...
67Ni-30Cu A494/A494M M-35-1 N24135 400C N04400
67Ni-30Cu A494/A494M M-35-2 N04020 400C N04400
65Ni-28Mo-2Fe A494/A494M N7M N30007 B2C N10665
62Ni-28Mo-5Fe A494/A494M N12MV N30012 BC N10001
A
ASTM designation.
B
Common description, formerly used by AISI.
C
Common name used by two or more producers; not a trademark.
D
Proprietary trademark: WEIR Materials.
E
Proprietary trademark: AK Steel Corporation.
F
Proprietary trademark: Avesta Sheffield AB.
G
Proprietary trademark: Allegheny Ludlum Corporation.
H
Proprietary trademark: Haynes International.

14
A781/A781M − 12b
X3. ADDITION OF NEW GRADES TO PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS COVERED BY A781/A781M
X3.1 Information required for the inclusion of new material X3.1.2.2 Yield strength,
grades in product specifications covered by A781/A781M: X3.1.2.3 Reduction in area,
1. At least one user should support the request. X3.1.2.4 Elongation, and
2. A set of data from ten production heats, this data should X3.1.2.5 Impact properties (Charpy V).
include:
X3.2 The test coupon size from which the test pieces are
X3.1.1 Chemical composition.
removed should be stated for each test.
X3.1.2 Mechanical properties as applicable to the product
X3.2.1 Heat treatment requirements.
specification being cited. These may include but are not limited
to the following: X3.2.2 Weld procedure (welding should be carried out using
X3.1.2.1 Ultimate tensile strength, commercially available consumables).
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Committee A01 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(A781/A781M – 12a) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Nov. 1, 2012.)
(1) Revised 5.3; added Table 2.
(A781/A781M – 12) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved March 1, 2012.)
(1) Sections 2, 3, 6.3, S9, S10 – Reference to A1058 added
(A781/A781M – 11) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved January 1, 2012.)
(1) Revised S16.2 to accommodate large castings and be

consistent with A703/A703M S20.
ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.
This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
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COPYRIGHT/).
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15

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Designation: A781/A781M − 12b

Standard Specification for

1. Scope* 1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

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4.2.2 When castings are heat treated at temperatures above

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Phosphorus to 0.040, incl 0.005 Copper to 0.50, incl 0.03

Chromium over 4.00 to 10.00, incl 0.10

purchaser. The manufacturer should be notified of such rejec- 12. Keywords

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Leg Design [125 mm] Riser Design

FIG. 1 Test Coupons for Castings with Details of Design

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FIG. 3 Cast-To-Shape Test Coupon for Tension Specimen

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X1. ALLOY DESIGNATIONS FOR CAST STAINLESS STEELS

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X2. WROUGHT ALLOYS SIMILAR TO CASTING ALLOYS IN SPECIFICATIONS

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Copyright ASTM International

X3. ADDITION OF NEW GRADES TO PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS COVERED BY A781/A781M

(1) Revised 5.3; added Table 2.

(1) Sections 2, 3, 6.3, S9, S10 – Reference to A1058 added

(1) Revised S16.2 to accommodate large castings and be

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