MANAKULA VINAYAGAR INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY
Kalitheerthalkuppam, Pondicherry- 605 107.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LAB

Presentation by
MARABALAN.N
AP/EEE
EXPERIMENTS GROUPS
EC P31 - ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
LIST OF EXPERIMENT

Load test on single phase transformer.

OC and SC test on single phase transformer.

Load test on DC shunt motor.

OCC characteristics of generator.

Two wattmeter method of power measurement.

Swinburne’s test.

Load test on single phase IM.

Load test on 3 phase transformer.

Load test on 3 phase induction motor.

Speed control methods of DC motor

The objective of the course is to enable the students

To understand the intricacies in connecting the circuit and

conducting the experiments.

To realize the performance of single phase and three phase

transformers (no load and load conditions).

To get familiarize with the load performance and speed control of

different types of DC motors and generators.

To understand the predetermination methods for finding the losses

and efficiencies of transformers and DC motors.

They can predetermine or determine the performance of induction

machines in the industrial environment.
 TRANSFORMER

OC and SC test on single phase transformer

Load test on single phase transformer
Load test on 3 phase transformer
 TRANSFORMER

 A transformer is a static device.

 The word ‘transformer’ comes form the word ‘transform’.
 Transformer is not an energy conversion device, but it is device
that changes AC electrical power at one voltage level into AC
electrical power at another voltage level through the action of
magnetic field but with a proportional increase or decrease in
the current ratings., without a change in frequency.
 It can be either to step-up or step down.
CONSTRUCTION OF
TRANSFORMER
PARTS
 PRIMARY WINDING
 SECONDARY WINDING
 CORE

 Primary coil – the incoming voltage Vp (voltage across primary coil) is connected
across this coil.
 Secondary coil – this provides the output voltage Vs (voltage across the
secondary coil) to the external circuit.
 Laminated iron core – this links the two coils magnetically.
Notice that there is no electrical connection between the two coils, which are constructed
using insulated wire.
The main principle of operation of a transformer is mutual inductance
between two circuits which is linked by a common magnetic flux. A basic
transformer consists of two coils that are electrically separate and inductive,
but are magnetically linked through a path of reluctance. The working
principle of the transformer can be understood from the figure below
 Transfer of electric power
from one circuit to another.
 Transfer of electric power
without any change in
frequency.
 Transfer with the principle of
electromagnetic induction.
 The two electrical circuits are
linked by mutual induction.
 Transformer Classification
 In terms of number of windings
• Conventional transformer: two windings
• Autotransformer: one winding
• Others: more than two windings

 In terms of number of phases

• Single-phase transformer
• Three-phase transformer

 Depending on the voltage level at which the winding is operated

• Step-up transformer: primary winding is a low voltage (LV) winding
• Step-down transformer : primary winding is a high voltage (HV) winding
THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER
• Normally , when three-phase is required, a single
enclosure with three primary and three secondary
windings wound on a common core is all that is
required.
• However three single-phase transformers with the
same rating can be connected to form a three-
phase bank.
• Since each single-phase transformer has a primary
and a secondary winding, then 3 single-phase
transformers will have the required 3 primary and
3 secondary windings and can be connected in the
field either Delta-Delta or Delta-Wye to achieve
the required three-phased transformer bank
 Ideal transformer

• An ideal transformer is a transformer which has no loses,

loses i.e. it’s winding has no
ohmic resistance, no magnetic leakage, and therefore no I2 R and core loses.
• However, it is impossible to realize such a transformer in practice.
• Yet, the approximate characteristic of ideal transformer will be used in characterized
the practical transformer.
• V1 – Primary Voltage
N :N
1 2 • V2 – Secondary Voltage
• E1 – Primary induced Voltage
I
1 I2 • E2 – secondary induced Voltage
• N1:N2 – Transformer ratio
V1 E1 E2 V2
 STEP UP AND STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER
• In a step-up transformer the voltage • In a step-down transformer the voltage
across the secondary coil is greater across the secondary coil is smaller
than the voltage across the primary than the voltage across the primary
coil. coil.

• The secondary turns must be greater • The secondary turns must be smaller
than the primary turns. than the primary turns.

• Use: To increase the voltage output • Use: To decrease the voltage output
from a power station from 25 kV (25 from the mains supply from 230V to
000 V) to up to 400 kV. 18V to power and recharge a lap-top
computer.
 Transformer Efficiency
• To check the performance of the device, by comparing the output with respect to the
input.
• The higher the efficiency, the better the system.

Output Power VA cos 

Efficiency,   100%  ( full load )   100%
Input Power VA cos   Pc  Pcu

Pout
 100% nVA cos 
Pout  Plosses  (load n )   100%
nVA cos   Pc  n Pcu
2

V2 I 2 cos  Where, if ½ load, hence n = ½ ,

  100%
V2 I 2 cos   Pc  Pcu ¼ load, n= ¼ ,
90% of full load, n =0.9
Where Pcu = Psc
Pc = Poc
 TRANSFORMER LOSSES

• Core Losses occur in magnetic core in • Copper losses :- occur in winding

Transformer resistance Copper Loss in Transformer
• Hysteresis loss and eddy current loss, • Copper loss is I2R loss, in primary side it
both depend upon magnetic properties is I12R1 and in secondary side it is
of the materials used to construct the I22R2 loss, where I1 & I2 are primary &
core of transformer and its design. So secondary current of transformer and
these losses in transformer are fixed R1 & R2 are resistances of primary &
and do not depend upon the load secondary winding. As the both primary
current. & secondary currents depend upon
• So core losses in transformer which is load of transformer, copper loss in
alternatively known as iron loss in transformer vary with load
transformer can be considered as
constant for all range of load.
LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE
TRANSFORMER
Aim:
To conduct load test on single phase
transformer and to obtain the following performance
characteristics curves
Secondary current Vs voltage regulation
 Secondary current Vs efficiency
 FORMULA USED

𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝑊)

, 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑉2 𝐼2 𝐶𝑜𝑠Ø
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝐶𝑂𝑆Ø = 1
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
% 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑋100
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

𝑉𝑛𝑙 − 𝑉𝑙
% 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑋100
𝑉𝑛𝑙
Where,
𝑉𝑛𝑙 𝑛𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 ,
𝑉𝑙 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒.
PROCEDURE
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Observing the precautions then the DPST switch is closed.
3. Autotransformer is adjusted such that the voltmeter on primary reads the
primary rated voltage.
4. Note down the no load reading of all the meters. Such that volt meter,
ammeter and wattmeter.
5. Load is gradually increased and all the corresponding readings of meter are
noted.
6. The above procedure is repeated until the ammeter on secondary side reads
the secondary rated current.
7. After attaining the rated current the load is decreased to no load condition.
8. Auto transformer is brought to minimum position.
9. DPST switch is opened and then the connections are removed.
10. Now with the help of tabulated readings efficiency and voltage regulation are
found. Plot the graph between I2 versus Voltage regulation and I2 versus η.
 5.Procedure repeated-
DIAGRAM ammeter on secondary
side reads the secondary
rated current. 3.All the no load readings
1.Close the DPST are noted.
switch
Wattmeter Wattmeter
A
FUS Ammeter MI UPF Ammeter MI UPF
M L HV A M L
E LV
P ~
~
D
P V V
S C C P
T

V V
230V/50 Hz, S ~ Voltmeter ~ Voltmeter
W MI MI Resistiv
1Ø- A.C. SUPPLY
I e load
T
N
C
H
N
L
N 0 0
1ø Auto 1Ø Step
Transformer
2.Autotransformer is adjusted such down
Transformer 4.Load is gradually
that the voltmeter on primary reads increased.
the primary rated voltage.
6. Attaining the rated current-
7.Auto transformer is brought to the load is decreased to no load
minimum position. condition.
TABULATION
Result:
Thus the load test on 1Ø transformer is done and the following
characteristics curves are drawn.
a. Secondary current Vs voltage regulations
b. Secondary current Vs efficiency
The maximum efficiency of transformer is ………..
OC AND SC TEST ON SINGLE PHASE
TRANSFORMER
Aim:
To conduct open circuit test and short circuit test on
single phase transformer and to draw its equivalent
circuit and to estimate the following performance
characteristics curves.
a.Secondary current Vs voltage regulation for different
power factor.
b.Secondary current Vs efficiency for different load
condition.
 FORMULA USED

OC Test:
𝑁𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 , 𝑊𝑜 = 𝑉1 𝐼𝑜 𝐶𝑜𝑠Ø𝑜
𝐶𝑜𝑠Ø𝑜 = 𝑊𝑜 / 𝑉𝑜 𝐼𝑜 » Ø𝑜 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 −1 [ 𝑊𝑜 / 𝑉𝑜 𝐼𝑜 ]
𝐼𝑊 = 𝐼𝑂 𝐶𝑜𝑠Ø𝑜 (𝐴) » 𝐼𝜇 = 𝐼𝑂 𝑆𝑖𝑛Ø𝑜 (𝐴)
𝑅𝑜 = 𝑉𝑜 / 𝐼𝑊 Ω » 𝑋𝑜 = 𝑉𝑜 / 𝐼𝜇 Ω

SC Test:

𝑊𝑆𝐶
𝑊𝑆𝐶 = 𝐼𝑆𝐶 2 𝑅𝑜1 » 𝑅𝑜1 =
𝐼𝑆𝐶 2

𝑉𝑆𝐶
𝑉𝑆𝐶 = ISC 𝑍𝑜1 » 𝑍𝑜1 =
I SC

𝑉2
𝑋𝑜1 = ට 𝑍𝑜1 2 − 𝑅𝑜1 2 » K=
V1

𝑅02 = 𝐾 2 𝑅𝑜1 » 𝑋02 = 𝐾 2 𝑋𝑜1

𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑉2 𝐼2 𝐶𝑜𝑠Ø

𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 + 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 𝐼𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 (𝑊𝑜 ) + 𝐶𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠(𝑊𝑐𝑢 )
𝑐𝑢 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = I22 𝑅𝑜2
 Procedure:
SC TEST: OC TEST:

• Connections are made as per the • Connections are made as per the
circuit diagram. circuit diagram.
• Observing the precautions then the • Observing the precautions then the
DPST switch is closed. DPST switch is closed.
• Autotransformer is adjusted such that • Autotransformer is adjusted such that
the ammeter on primary reads the the voltmeter on primary reads the
primary rated current. primary rated voltage.
• All the meters meter readings are • All the meters meter readings are
noted. noted.
• Auto transformer is brought to minimum • Auto transformer is brought to minimum
position. position.
• DPST switch is opened and then the • DPST switch is opened and then the
connections are removed connections are removed.
SC TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
1.Close the DPST 3.All the meters meter
switch readings are noted

2.Autotransformer is adjusted such

that the ammeter on primary reads
the primary rated current
 Autotransformer -minimum
voltage position.
4.Auto transformer is brought to  No-load during starting
minimum position.  HV is used as primary side.
 DPST - kept at open.
 Connection must be tight.
 No error in the meters
•.

OC TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

1.Close the DPST switch 3.All the meters meter
readings are noted

2.Autotransformer is adjusted such

that the voltmeter on primary reads
the primary rated voltage
 Autotransformer -minimum
voltage position.
4.Auto transformer is brought to  No-load during starting
minimum position.  HV is used as primary side.
 DPST - kept at open.
 Connection must be tight.
 No error in the meters
Result:
Hence the OC and SC test on single phase transformer is conducted and the
following characteristics curves are drawn.
Secondary current Vs voltage regulations
Secondary current
 Load test on three phase transformer

Aim:
To conduct load test on three phase transformer and to obtain the following
performance characteristics curves.
a.Secondary Current versus Voltage Regulation
b.Secondary Current versus Efficiency.
FORMULA USED

𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑊1 + 𝑊2 (𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠)

𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = ξ 3𝑉2 𝐼2 𝐶𝑜𝑠Ø (𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠)
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝐶𝑂𝑆Ø = 1
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
% 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑋100
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

𝑉𝑛𝑙 − 𝑉𝑙
% 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑋100
𝑉𝑛𝑙
Where,
𝑉𝑛𝑙 𝑛𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 ,
𝑉𝑙 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 .
PROCEDUR
E
• Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
• Observing the precautions then the TPST switch is closed.
• Autotransformer is adjusted such that the voltmeter on primary reads the
primary rated voltage.
• Note down the no load reading of all the meters. Such that volt meter, ammeter
and wattmeter of primary and secondary sides.
• Load is gradually increased and all the corresponding readings of meter are
noted.
• The above procedure is repeated until the ammeter on secondary side reads the
secondary rated current.
• After attaining the rated current the load is decreased to no load condition.
• Auto transformer is brought to minimum position.
• TPST switch is opened and then the connections are removed.
• Now with the help of tabulated readings efficiency and voltage regulation are
found. Plot the graph between I2 versus Voltage regulation and I2 versus η.
DIAGRAM 5. repeat procedure ammeter on
secondary side reads the secondary rat
current.load is decreased to no load .

3.Note no load readings of all

1.Close the TPST switch
meter
Wattmeter Wattmeter
FUS Ammeter MI UPF Ammeter MI UPF
A M L A M L
E
R ~ ~
T
P
415V/50 Hz, S Voltmeter C V Voltmeter C V
V V
T ~ MI ~ MI
3Ø- A.C. FUS
SUPPLY
R
E
Y Y

S
W C V C V
I FUS
T E
B C M L M L B
H
Wattmeter Wattmeter N
UPF UPF

3Ø Resistive Load
3ø Auto 3ø Step-Down
Transformer Transformer
Autotransformer –min position.
No-load during starting
2.Adjust the Auto Transformer to 4.Load is increased, note DPST - kept at open.
rated voltage all readings Connection must be tight.
No error in the meters
TABULATION
Result:
Thus the load test on 3Ø transformer is done and the following characteristics curves
are drawn.
a. Secondary current Vs voltage regulations
b. Secondary current Vs efficiency
The maximum efficiency of transformer is ………
DC MOTOR
 Load test on DC Shunt Motor

Aim:
To conduct load test on DC Shunt Motor and to obtain the performance
characteristics curve.
Formula Used:

𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 (𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠)

2𝜋𝑁
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = (𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠)
60
Armature Current, 𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝐿 − 𝐼𝑠ℎ
𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒, 𝜏 = ሺ𝑆1 ∿ 𝑆2 ሻ × 𝑟 × 9.81 (𝑁𝑚)

𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
% 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 (𝜂) = × 100
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

Where,
𝑉𝐿 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 ,
𝐼𝐿 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡,
𝐼𝑠ℎ 𝑠ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡,
𝜏 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒,
𝑁 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑝𝑚,
𝑟 𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑑𝑟𝑢𝑚 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠
𝑆1 & 𝑆2 𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠.
Procedure:
1.Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2.Observing the precautions then the DPST switch is closed.
3.The motor is started with the help of three point starter.
4.The direction of rotation of motor is noted, if it is opposite to the
marked direction, the field terminals are inter changed.
5.The speed of the motor is adjusted to the rated speed using the motor
field rheostat.
6.Note down the no load reading of all the meters. Such that volt meter,
ammeters and spring balance.
7.Load is gradually increased and all the corresponding readings of meter
are noted.
8.The above procedure is repeated until the ammeter reaches the rated
current.
9.After attaining the rated current the load is decreased to no load
condition.
10.Field rheostat is brought to minimum position.
11.DPST switch is opened and then the connections are removed.
 DIAGRAM: 2. Motor is started- with three 7. Repeat procedure upto rated
point starter. current value,then load is decreased
1.Close the DPST switch
5. Note no load readings(A,V,S1,S2)
Ammeter MC 3 Point Starter
FUSE
(25A) A L A
+ + — — F
S1 S2
Min + A —
D
P
—
S F1 A1
Rheostat Ammeter MC
T
+
230V Max
S V
— Voltmeter MC
D.C. SUPPLY W Field
IT — winding
C
H
Armature
F2 A2 Break Drum
FUSE Arrangement
(25A)
-
DC Shunt Motor

4. Adjust field rheostat to get 3Check motor rotation direction-if rotates in

motor speed =rated speed field opposite-change f1,f2 terminal

Field rheostat – min R position

6.Load gradually DPST - kept at open.
Connection must be tight.
increased,note readings No error in the meters
Result:
Thus the load test on DC Shunt Motor is performed and its performance
characteristics curves are drawn.
 Swimburne’s Test on DC Shunt Motor.

Aim:
To perform the no load test on DC machine and to predetermine its efficiency,
when it act as motor and generator.
FORMULA USED:

𝐴𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑛𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝐼𝑎0 = 𝐼𝐿0 − 𝐼𝑠ℎ (𝐴)

Where,
𝐼𝐿0 𝑛𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑠,
𝐼𝑎0 𝑛𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑠,
𝐼𝑠ℎ 𝑠ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑠
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿0 (𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠)
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑊𝐶 + 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠.
𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 𝐴𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 𝐼𝑎 2 𝑅𝑎 (𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠)
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑊𝐶 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 − 𝐴𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠.
𝑤𝑒 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡, 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 + 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠.
𝐼𝑛 𝑆𝑤𝑖𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑟𝑛′ 𝑠 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡, 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 (∵ 𝑂/𝑃 = 0)
𝑊𝐶 = 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿0 − 𝐼𝑎0 2 𝑅𝑎 (𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠)
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐼𝐿
Generator:
𝐴𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝐿 + 𝐼𝑠ℎ (𝐴)
𝐴𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 𝐼𝑎 2 𝑅𝑎 (𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠)
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 𝑊𝐶 + 𝐼𝑎 2 𝑅𝑎 (𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠)
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 (𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠)
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
% 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑋100
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 + 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
Motor:
𝐴𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝐿 − 𝐼𝑠ℎ (𝐴)
𝐴𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 𝐼𝑎 2 𝑅𝑎 (𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠)
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 𝑊𝐶 + 𝐼𝑎 2 𝑅𝑎 (𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠)
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 (𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠)
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 − 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
% 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑋100
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Observing the precautions then the DPST switch is closed.
3. The motor is started with the help of three point starter.
4. The direction of rotation of motor is noted, if it is opposite to the
marked direction, the field terminals are inter changed.
5. The speed of the motor is adjusted to the rated speed using the motor
field rheostat.
6. Note down the no load reading of all the meters. Such that volt meter,
ammeters and spring balance.
7. After taking readings, Field rheostat is brought to minimum position.
8. DPST switch is opened and then the connections are removed .
 DIAGRAM:
2. Motor is started- help of
three point starter.

Close the DPST switch 5. Note the no load reading

of all the meters
Ammeter MC 3 Point Starter
FUSE
L A
+ + A — F
— A1
D Min + — F1
A
P —
S
T + Rheostat Ammeter MC +
220V
V Field V Voltmeter
D.C. SUPPLY S — Voltmeter MC Max
winding — MC
W
IT
— —
Armature
C FUSE F2 A2
H
–

4. speed of the motor is adjusted to the DC Shunt Motor

rated speed - motor field rheostat. 3.Check motor rotation direction-if rotates
6. After taking readings, Field rheostat is in opposite-change f1,f2
Field terminal.
rheostat –min position
Starter –off position
brought to minimum position. No load during starting
DPST - kept at open.
Connection must be tight.
No error in the meters
TABULATION:

NO LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR:

:
Load No Load Shunt
I L0 (A)+ISH (A) Speed N (rpm)
Sl. No Voltage Current Current
VL (V) IL0 (A) ISH (A)

RUNNING AS MOTOR:
Total Input %η
Load Load Shunt
Armature cu.loss Losses Power
Sl. No Factor Current Current Ia=IL-Ish Ia^2*Ra (watts) (watts)
RL IL (A) ISH (A)

4
RUNNING AS GENERATOR:
Load Load Shunt Total Input %η
Armature cu.loss Losses Power
Sl. No Factor Current Current Ia=IL+Ish Ia^2*Ra (watts) (watts)
RL IL (A) ISH (A)

Result:
Thus the performance of the DC machine is determined by Swimburne’s test and
efficiency of generator and motor are calculated and the graph are drawn.
 TWO WATTMETER METHOD OF POWER
MEASUREMENT

AIM
To measure the power of three phase load by two watt meter method .
Formula Used:
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑊1 + 𝑊2 (𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠)
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = ξ 3𝑉2 𝐼2 𝐶𝑜𝑠Ø (𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠)
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝐶𝑂𝑆Ø = 1
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
% 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑋100
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

𝑉𝑛𝑙 − 𝑉𝑙
% 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑋100
𝑉𝑛𝑙
Where,
𝑉𝑛𝑙 𝑛𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 ,
𝑉𝑙 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 .
• Procedure:
1. Make sure that the Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Fix the required range of lamps in the holders.
3. Observing the precautions then the TPST switch is closed.
4. The corresponding wattmeter readings were noted.
5. TPST switch is opened.
6. The above steps are repeated for the various lamp loads.
7. For both balanced and unbalanced conditions reading of meters are noted
and tabulated.
8. TPST switch is opened and then the connections are removed.
 3.Note Watt Meter Readings

2.Close the TPST switch Wattmeter UPF

L
1.Fix the lamps in
FUSE M
R
holders

L1
415V/50 Hz, C V
3Ø- A.C. SUPPLY
TP L2
ST FUSE

SW
L3
IT
CH C V

FUSE

B
M L

Wattmeter UPF

4.Open the TPST switch

 TPST –OPEN POSITION

 BALANCED AND
5.Repeat above steps for different UNBALANCED LAMP
LOADS - STAR
lamp loads and tabulate readings CONNECTION
TWO WATT METER METHOD OF POWER MEASUREMENT:

Tabular column

Balanced load:
Wattmeter Readings Total Power
Wattmeter Readings (W1)
(W2) = W1+W2
Load on Load on Load on (MF= ___)
Sl. No (MF= ___)
R-Phase Y-Phase B-Phase

Observed Actual Observed Actual

1
2

Un Balanced load:

Wattmeter Readings Total Power

Wattmeter Readings (W1)
(W2) = W1+W2
Load on Load on Load on (MF= ___)
Sl. No (MF= ___)
R-Phase Y-Phase B-Phase

Observed Actual Observed Actual

1
2
• Result:
1. Thus the power of a three phase load using two wattmeter method is
measured and verified
Open Circuit Test on DC Shunt
Generator.
• Aim:
• To conduct open circuit test in a given DC Shunt
Generator by running the generator as separately excited
DC motor
• Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
• Observing the precautions then the Motor DPST switch is closed.
• The motor is started with the help of three point starter.
• The direction of rotation of generator is noted, if it is opposite to the marked direction, the field
terminals of motor are inter changed.
• The speed of the motor is adjusted to the rated speed of the generator using the motor field
rheostat.
• Now tabulate the readings of generator field current and voltage. Note that generator field
current will be in zero but due to residual magnetism some amount of volt will be displayed in
the voltmeter.
• The SPST switch of generator field is closed.
• Now generator field rheostat is adjusted step by step from maximum position and the
corresponding forward characteristic readings of ammeter and voltmeter are noted.
• The above procedure is repeated until the generator reaches its rated voltage.
• After attaining the rated volt the generator field rheostat is again adjusted reversely step by
step from its position. And the corresponding reverse characteristic readings of ammeter and
voltmeter are noted.
• Field rheostat of generator is brought to maximum position.
• The generator field supply is cut i.e. SPST switch is opened.
• Field rheostat of motor is brought to minimum position.
• Motor DPST switch is opened and then the connections are removed.
 9.generator field rheostat is reversely
adjusted. (A,V) readings noted
7. by adjusting ge field rheostat 5. Note the generator field
from maximum position ,note(A,V) current and voltage.
SPST Switch

6.Close SPST switch Ammeter

A MC
Min Max + — —
1.Close the DPST
switch Rheostat
3 Point Starter 2. Motor is started- help of
FUSE L A
F three point starter.
+
D + A —
PS Min —
T Rheostat
Ammeter MC
F1 A1 A1 F1
Max
S + +
220V W V V
IT — —
C Field Field Voltmeter
D.C. SUPPLY — —
H Voltmeter MC winding winding MC

Armature A2 Armature F2
F2 A2
FUSE
–

DC Shunt Motor DC Shunt Generator

4. speed of the motor is 3.Check motor rotation direction-if 8.Repeat steps till generator
adjusted to the rated speed rotates In opposite-change f1,f2 reaches its rated voltage.
of generator ->motor field terminal.
Speed Control of dc motor
• Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
• Observing the precautions then the DPST switch is closed.
• The motor is started with the help of three point starter.
• The direction of rotation of motor is noted, if it is opposite to the
marked direction, the field terminals are inter changed.
• For Armature Control:
• Initially the motor field current is set to any fixed value by adjusting
field rheostat.
• Now by varying the armature rheostat note down the no load speed
of the motor for various armature voltages.
• After taking readings, Armature rheostat is brought to maximum
position and Field rheostat is brought to minimum position
• The above procedure is repeated for various fixed field current.
• DPST switch is opened and then the connections are removed.
•
• Motor field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance
position at the time of start to ensure low starting torque.
• Motor armature rheostat should be kept at maximum
resistance position at the time of start and stopping the
motor.
• Three point starter arms should be kept in off position at
the time of starting.
• There should not be any load during the time of start.
• DPST switch should be kept at open.
• Connection must be neat and tight.
• There should not be any error in the meters.
 5. varying the armature rheostat
note down the no load speed of the
7.The above procedure is motor for various armature voltages
repeated for various fixed field
2. Motor is started- help of 6.Armature rheostat -max positio
current
three point starter. Field rheostat -min position

1.Close the DPST

switch

4. motor field
current is set to
any fixed value by
adjusting field
rheostat.

3.Check motor rotation direction-if rotates In opposite-change

f1,f2  DPST –OPEN POSITION
 STARTER –OFF
 ARMATURE RHEOSTAT-MAX
POSITION
INDUCTION
MOTOR
INDUCTION MOTOR
• Load test on single phase IM
• Load test on 3 phase induction motor
Construction of 3 Induction motor
Induction Motor consist of two main parts:
Stationary part (stator) and Rotating part (rotor)
Stator:
Made up of laminated stamping which are 0.4 mm to
0.5 mm thick.
Stampings are properly insulated to reduce iron losses.
The choice of material for stampings is silicon to reduce
hysteresis loss.
Stampings are slotted on its periphery to carry stator
winding
Three phase stator winding may be star or delta
connected.
Rotor:
 It is placed inside the stator.
Rotor core is laminated cylindrical type construction made up of cast iron.
Bar type rotor conductor are placed in rotor slots
There are two types of rotor construction
 Squirrel cage rotor
 Slip ring 0r wound rotor
Construction of 3 Induction motor
Induction Motor consist of two main parts:
Stationary part (stator) and Rotating part (rotor)
Stator:
Made up of laminated stamping which are 0.4 mm to
0.5 mm thick.
Stampings are properly insulated to reduce iron losses.
The choice of material for stampings is silicon to reduce
hysteresis loss.
Stampings are slotted on its periphery to carry stator
winding
Three phase stator winding may be star or delta
connected.
Rotor:
 It is placed inside the stator.
Rotor core is laminated cylindrical type construction made up of cast iron.
Bar type rotor conductor are placed in rotor slots
There are two types of rotor construction
 Squirrel cage rotor
 Slip ring 0r wound rotor
Squirrel cage rotor
It consist of uninsulated copper or
aluminium bars called rotor conductors
Rotor bars are permanently shorted at each
end by means of end rings
 The entire rotor structure looks like cage
forming a closed electrical circuit.
Generally rotor resistance is very small due
to short circuit rotor.
Here slots are not arranged parallel to shaft
axis. They are looks like skewed manner.

Advantages of skewed rotor slot:

Magnetic hum (noise) gets reduced.
Smooth motor operation
Avoid magnetic locking
Increase transformation ratio
Slip ring or wound rotor
This type rotor winding is similar to stator winding
Stator winding is three phase star or delta connected distributed winding
Rotor construction is laminated and slotted.
The three phase rotor winding is permanently connected to slip rings
Slip ring is used to connect external resistance to internal rotor circuit by
means of brushes.
Working principle and operation of 3 Induction motor
Working principle - Electromagnetic induction based on the
production of R.M.F
Speed of RMF is Ns = 120f/p
Working operation of 3 phase induction motor
3 supply given to stator winding results that production of rotating
magnetic field (RMF) in stator.

RMF is cut the rotor conductor.

E.m.f. is induced in rotor conductor.

This rotor e.m.f drives current in rotor and result s rotor flux is created.

Due to interaction of rotor flux and RMF a mechanical force (torque)

produced in every rotor conductor.

So all the mechanical force creates in all the rotor conductor produces
rotation of rotor.

The rotating direction of rotor is same as in RMF direction

LOAD TEST ON 3-PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION
MOTOR
Adjust the Auto Transformer to rated voltage

Vary the load to

suitable steps

 Autotransformer -
Load the motor till the rated current minimum voltage
Close the TPST switch position.
is obtained
 No-load
 Brake drum - filled with
water.
LOAD TEST ON 3-PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION
MOTOR
MODEL GRAPHS

APPLICATIONS

Widely used in industrial

drives because they are
rugged, reliable and
economical.
Used in both fixed-speed
and VFD applications
 Output Power Vs speed
 Output power Vs Torque
 Output power Vs Effecting
 Output power Vs slip
 Output power Vs Power factor

“ the maximum operating capacity of an

application is identified”
LOAD TEST ON 3-PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION
MOTOR
TABULATION

RESULTS
Load test on 3 phase squirrel cage Induction Motor is done and the following
characteristics curves are drawn.
a. Output power Vs Efficiency.
b. Output power Vs Torque.
c. Output power Vs Slip.
d. Output power Vs Speed.
 LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE SLIP RING INDUCTION
MOTOR
Adjust the Auto Transformer to rated voltage

Vary the load to

suitable steps

Adjust the rotor resistance

max to min by means of
Close the TPST switch tapping the switch

 Autotransformer -
Load the motor till the rated current minimum voltage
position.
is obtained  No-load
 Brake drum - filled with
water.
LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE SLIP RING INDUCTION
MOTOR
MODEL GRAPHS

APPLICATIONS

Slip ring induction motors

are widely used were high
starting is necessary say
lifts, hoist, cranes, etc…

 Output Power Vs speed

 Output power Vs Torque
 Output power Vs Effecting
 Output power Vs slip
 Output power Vs Power factor

“ the maximum operating capacity of an

application is identified”
LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE SLIP RING INDUCTION
MOTOR
TABULATION

RESULTS
Load test on 3 phase slip ring Induction Motor is done and the following characteristics
curves are drawn.
a. Output power Vs Efficiency.
b. Output power Vs Torque.
c. Output power Vs Slip.
d. Output power Vs Speed.
 PREDETERMINATION OF CHARACTERISTIC OF THREE
PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR FROM NO
LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST USING EQUIVALENT
CIRCUIT
Adjust the Auto Transformer to rated voltage

Close the TPST switch

(1) Autotransformer - Min
voltage position.
Start the motor by pushing DOL starter
Note down No load readings Io,Vo & Wo
 PREDETERMINATION OF CHARACTERISTIC OF THREE
PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR FROM NO
LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST USING EQUIVALENT
CIRCUIT
Adjust the Auto Transformer to rated current

Close the TPST switch

(1) Autotransformer - Min voltage
Start the motor by pushing DOL starter position.
(2) Rotor should be fully loaded
Note down short circuit readings Isc,Vsc & Wsc
 PREDETERMINATION OF CHARACTERISTIC OF THREE
PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR FROM NO
LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST USING EQUIVALENT
CIRCUIT
OBSERVATION TABULATION
NO LOAD TEST

BLOCKED ROTOR TEST

 PREDETERMINATION OF CHARACTERISTIC OF THREE
PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR FROM NO
LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST USING EQUIVALENT
CIRCUIT
CALCULATION TABULATION
 PREDETERMINATION OF CHARACTERISTIC OF THREE
PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR FROM NO
LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST USING EQUIVALENT
CIRCUIT
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

“the constant and variable losses of a squirrel cage induction motor is calculated ”
 PREDETERMINATION OF CHARACTERISTIC OF THREE
PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR FROM NO
LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST USING CIRCLE
DIAGRAM
Adjust the Auto Transformer to rated voltage

Close the TPST switch

(1) Autotransformer - Min
voltage position.
Start the motor by pushing DOL starter
Note down No load readings Io,Vo & Wo
 PREDETERMINATION OF CHARACTERISTIC OF THREE
PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR FROM NO
LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST USING CIRCLE
DIAGRAM
Adjust the Auto Transformer to rated current

Close the TPST switch

(1) Autotransformer - Min voltage
Start the motor by pushing DOL starter position.
(2) Rotor should be fully loaded
Note down short circuit readings Isc,Vsc & Wsc
PREDETERMINATION OF CHARACTERISTIC OF THREE
PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR FROM NO
LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST USING CIRCLE
DIAGRAM
OBSERVATION TABULATION
NO LOAD TEST

BLOCKED ROTOR TEST

PREDETERMINATION OF CHARACTERISTIC OF THREE
PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR FROM NO
LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST USING CIRCLE
DIAGRAM
DETERMINATION STATOR RESISTANCE, Ra
 PREDETERMINATION OF CHARACTERISTIC OF THREE
PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR FROM NO
LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST USING CIRCLE
DIAGRAM
CIRCLE DIAGRAM

A circle diagram is a graphical approach of predetermining the

operation characteristics of an induction motor.
 PREDETERMINATION OF CHARACTERISTIC OF THREE
PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR FROM NO
LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST USING CIRCLE
DIAGRAM
CIRCLE DIAGRAM

1. No Load Test
Data's From No Load Test : I0, V0 & W0
Find : Ø0 Using the formula

2.Blocked Rotor Test

Data's From No Load Test : Isc, Vsc & Wsc
Find : 1. Øsc Using the formula
2. ISN Using the formula
Based on ISN value set the current scale
 A
’ CIRCLE DIAGRAM

P
Voltage

Q E

R
Øsc
Ø0
O’ S C F
FIXED LOSS
T
O D
 SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
Construction of two pole single phase induction motor
SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR IS NOT SELF START MOTOR
 TYPES OFSINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

APPLICATIONS

Blowers, grinders, centrifugal pumps, washing machines,

refrigerators, air conditioners, ceiling fans, air circulators,
advertising displays, film projectors, gramophones and photo
copying machines.
 SPEED CONTROL OF 3Ф SLIP RING INDUCTION MOTOR

Close the TPST switch

STATOR VOLTAGE CONTROL

Adjust the Auto Transformer from zero to
desired voltage and note down the
corresponding speed (1) Autotransformer - Min
voltage position.
Readings will be taken from until the rated voltage of motor (2) The motor – No load
throughout the experiment
 LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Aim:
To perform the load test on single phase induction
motor and to plot its performance curve.
FORMULA

𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑊1 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠(𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠)

2𝜋𝑁 𝜏
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = (𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠)
60
𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒, 𝜏 = ሺ𝑆1 ∿ 𝑆2 ሻ × 𝑟 × 9.81 (𝑁𝑚)

𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
% 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 (𝜂) = × 100
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑁𝑆 − 𝑁
% 𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑝 = × 100
𝑁𝑆
𝑤
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝑐𝑜𝑠Ø = × 100
𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿

Where,
𝑉𝐿 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 ,
𝐼𝐿 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡,
𝜏 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒,
𝑁𝑆 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝑦𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑁 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑝𝑚,
𝑟 𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑑𝑟𝑢𝑚 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠
𝑆1 & 𝑆2 𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠.
Procedure:
1.Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2.Observing the precautions then the DPST switch is closed.
3.The machine was started using DOL starter.
4.Autotransformer is adjusted such that the voltmeter reads the rated voltage.
5.Note down the no load reading of all the meters. Such that volt meter,
ammeter, wattmeter, spring balance and speed.
6.Load is gradually increased and all the corresponding readings of meter are
noted.
7.The above procedure is repeated until the ammeter reads the rated current.
8.After attaining the rated current the load is decreased to no load condition.
9.Auto transformer is brought to minimum position.
10.Switch OFF DOL starter and DPST switch is opened and then the
connections are removed.
11.Now with the help of tabulated readings efficiency and slip are found and
plot the graphs for efficiency, torque, slip and speed.
LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION
MOTOR

Close the DPST switch

 No Load
 Variac – Min.
Adjust the Auto Transformer to rated voltage Position

Vary the load to suitable steps

Load the motor till the rated current
is obtained
LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION
MOTOR
MODEL GRAPHS
APPLICATIONS

Used extensively for

smaller loads, such as
household appliances like
fans.

 Output Power Vs speed

 Output power Vs Torque
 Output power Vs Effecting
 Output power Vs slip
 Output power Vs Power factor

“ the maximum operating capacity of an

application is identified”
LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION
MOTOR
TABULATION

RESULTS
Load test on single phase Induction Motor is done and the following characteristics curves
are drawn.
a. Output power Vs Efficiency.
b. Output power Vs Torque.
c. Output power Vs Slip.
d. Output power Vs Speed.
THANK YOU