Physics Project Hardik

PHYSICS PROJECT
STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER
CONTENTS
1. Certificate
2. Acknowledgement
3. Aim
4. Introduction
5. Material Required
6. Theory
7. Procedure
8. Uses of Transformers
9. Conclusion
10.Precaution
11.Sources of Error
12.Biblography
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Nimit Gupta, a student of
class XII-E has successfully completed the
research on the below mentioned project under
the guidance of Physics teacher Ms. Neha Sharma
and Ms. Anisha for the year 2022-2023 in partial
fulfillment of the Physics practical examination
conducted by AISSCE, New Delhi.
Signature of the External Examiner Signature of the Physics Teacher

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank my Physics teacher Ms. Neha Sharma
and Ms. Anisha, whose valuable guidance has been the ones
which helped me patch this project and make it full proof
success their suggestions and instructions has served as the
major contributor towards the completion of the project.
Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who have

helped me with their valuable suggestions and guidance has
been helpful in various Phases of the completion of the prject.
Last but not the least I would like thank to all my classmates
who helped me a lot.
Nimit Gupta
AIM
The aim of this project is to

investigate the relation between the
ratio of :-
1. Input and Output Voltage.
2. Number of turnings of primary and secondary
coil of a self made transformer.
INTRODUCTION
The Transformer is device used for converting a low
alternating voltage to high alternating voltage or vice-
versa.
A Transformer is based on the principle of mutual
induction according to this principle, the amount of
magnetic flux linked with a coil changing , an e.m.f is
induced in the neighboring coil.
A Transformer is an electrical device which is used for
changing the AC voltages. A transformer is most
widely used in both low and high current circuits. As
such transformers are built in an amazing strength of
sizes. In electronic, measurement and control circuits,
transformer size may be so small that it weighs only a
fen tens of grams where as in high voltage power
circuits, it may weigh hundreds of tones.
In a transformer, the electrical energy transfers from
one circuit to another circuit takes place without th
use of moving parts.
A transformer which increases the AC voltage is called
step-up transformer. A transformer which decreases
the AC voltage is called step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of
apparatus both for high and low current circuits.
MATERIAL REQUIRED
IRON SHEET
COPPER WIRE
VOLTMETER
AMMETER
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
THEORY
When an altering current e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an
alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current in the primary
coil produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in
primary and secondary coil. In a good-transformer, whole of the
magnetic flux is linked with primary coil is also induced with secondary
coil, and then the induced e.m.f. induced in the turn of the secondary coil
is equal to that induced in each turn of the primary coil. Thus if Ep and
Esbe the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s induced in the primary coil
and the secondary coil and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary
and secondary coils of the transformer and
dΦ / dt = rate of change of flux

In each turnoff the coil at this instant, we have
Ep = -Np dΦ/dt _________________ (1)
and
Es = -Ns dΦ/dt _____________ (2)
Since the above relations are true for each instant, so by dividing 2 by 1
we get
Ep/Es = -Ns/Np _____________ (3)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of the back e.m.f. induced in the primary coil
p1,so the instantaneous currnent n the primary coil is due to the difference
(E - Ep ) in the instantaneous values of the applied and back
e.m.f further is Rp is the resistance of, p1p2 coil, then the instantaneous current
Ip in the primary coil is given by
Ip = E - Ep/Rp
E-Ep = IpRp
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f.
Equation 3 can be written as
Es/Ep = Es/E
=output e.m.f./input e.m.f.
= Ns/Np = k
Where K is the constant, called turn on transformation ratio.
IN A STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER
Es<E so K<1, hence Ns<Np

If
Ip = value of primary current at the same instant
And
Is = value of secondary current at this instant, then

Input power at the Instant = Ep Ip
And
Output power at the same instant = Es Is

If there are no losses of power in the trasformer, then
Input power = Output power
Or
Ep Ip = Es Is
Or
Es/Ep = Ip/Is = K
ILLUSTRATION
EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of
output power to the input power.
i.e.
ῃ = output power / input power = Es Is /Ep Ip
Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power
losses,
ῃ=1
But in actual practice, there are many power losses;
therefore the efficiency of transformer is less than one.
ENERGY LOSSES
Following are the major sources of energy loss in a transformer:
1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the
copper of a transformer. This is due to joule heating of
conducting wires.
2. Iron loss is the energy loss in form of heat in the iron core of
the transformer. This is due to formation of eddy currents in
iron core. It is minimized by taking laminated cores.
3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs inspire of best insulations.
Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each
turn of S1S2 is less than the rate of change of magnetic flux
linked with each turn of P1P2.
4. Hysteresis loss is the loss of energy due to repeated
magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core when AC
current is fed to it.
5. Magneto Striation i.e. humming noise of a transformer.
PROCEDURE
1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a
large number of turns of thin copper wire on thick paper(say 60).
This constitutes primary coil of the transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound
relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire
on it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step down
transformer.
3. Connect p1,p2 to AC main and measure the input voltage and
current using AC voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through s1
and s2.
5. Repeat all the steps for other self made transformers by
changing number of turns in primary coil and secondary coil.
CONCLUSION
1. The output voltage of the transformer across

the secondary coil depends upon the
ratio(Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage.
2. There is a loss of power between input and
output coil of a transformer.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage.

2. While taking the readings of current and voltage the
AC should remain constant.
SOURCES OF ERROR
1. Values of current can be changed due to heating
effect.
2. Eddy current can change the readings.
USES OF TRANSFORMERS
1. In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air
conditioner,etc.
2. A step down transformer is used for wedding purposes.
3. A step down transformer is used for obtaining large
current.
4. Transformers are used in voltage regulators and
stbalized power supplies.
5. Transformers are used in the transmission of AC over a
long distances.
6. Small transformers are used in Radio sets,
telephones,loud speakers and electric bells etc.
PRESENTATION BY
NAME: NIMIT GUPTA
CLASS: XII-E
ROLL NO.: 22

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PHYSICS PROJECT

Signature of the External Examiner Signature of the Physics Teacher

Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who have

The aim of this project is to

dΦ / dt = rate of change of flux

Ep/Es = -Ns/Np _____________ (3)

Es<E so K<1, hence Ns<Np

Is = value of secondary current at this instant, then

Output power at the same instant = Es Is

1. The output voltage of the transformer across

1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage.

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