PRESENTED BY

Engr. C. W. WAMUO FNSE, FNIM

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This paper is very largely curled from
Engr. (Prof) C. C. Okoro’s paper on professional ethics in
engineering.
THE ROLE OF AN ENGINEER IN SOCIETY IS TO
SOLVE SOCIETAL PROBLEMS
TECHNOLOGICALLY BY:
 BUILDING THE NECESSARY
INFRASTRUCTURE (ROADS,BRIDGES, etc),
 CONTRIBUTING TOWARDS THE
INDUSTRIALIZATION OF THE COUNTRY
(ELECTRICAL & INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION) &
 CONNECTING THE WORLD
(TELECOMMUNICATIONS).
 ENGNRS MAIN RESPONSIBILITIES INCLUDE
TO BUILD, FIX OR REBUILD OBJECTS.
THERE ARE SEVERAL TYPES OF ENGINEERS.
ENGINEERS ARE PROFESSIONALS WHO
 HAVE DEVELOPED THE SKILLS & KNOWLEDGE
NECESSARY FOR BUILDING STRUCTURES,
MACHINES, SYSTEMS & OTHER TECHNOLOGICAL
DEVICES.
 ARE VERY IMPORTANT BECAUSE VIRTUALLY
EVERY PART OF OUR LIVES INVOLVES SOME
MACHINE, TECHNOLOGICAL DEVICES & SYSTEMS.
 WORK TO ENSURE THAT THESE THINGS ARE
SUSTAINED AND SAFE.
 ARE CONSULTED IF ANY STRUCTURE ,SYSTEM OR
DEVISE NEEDS TO BE BUILT.
ENGINEERS ABIDE BY A STRICT CODE OF ETHICS
REQUIRING THAT THEY MAINTAIN PUBLIC WELL-
BEING.
 THE NATIONAL SOCIETY OF PROFESSIONAL
ENGINEERS (NSPE) EXPLAINS THAT THE WORK OF
ENGINEERS DIRECTLY AFFECTS THE PUBLIC IN
WAYS THAT IMPACT HEALTH, SAFETY AND
WELLNESS.
 IT IS FOR THIS REASON THAT ENGINEERS MUST
HOLD THEMSELVES TO A STRICT CODE OF ETHICS
THAT ACKNOWLEDGES THIS RESPONSIBILITY AND
ENCOURAGES ATTENTION TO DETAIL & QUALITY
OF WORK
 THIS PAPER CONSIDERS THE ENGINEERING
CAREER AND MEANING OF
PROFESSIONALISM FOR ENGINEERS.
 IT DISCUSSES VARIOUS ASPECTS OF
ENGINEERING ETHICS ESPECIALLY
CONFLICTING INTERESTS IN ENGINEERING
PROJECTS.
 THE CODE OF ETHICS DEVELOPED BY THE
WORLD FEDERATION OF ENGINEERING
ORGANIZATION IS PRESENTED AS INITIAL
CONCEPTS ON ENGINEERING ETHICS.
 A MODEL FOR DEVELOPING MATERIAL FOR
ENGINEERING ETHICS IS ALSO DISCUSSED.
 SOME LOCAL REPORTS ON ENGINEERING
FAILURES FROM THE ETHICS COMMITTEE OF
THE NIGERIAN SOCIETY OF ENGINEERS ARE
USED TO SUGGEST THE WAY FORWARD FOR
ENGINEERING ETHICS IN NIGERIA.
 TODAY ENGINEERS CAN LEVEL MOUNTAINS TO
THE GROUND & TURN RIVERS FROM THEIR
COURSES.
 THE SKIES AND THE OCEANS ARE AVENUES FOR
THE INNUMERABLE ACTIVITIES OF ENGINEERS.
 VARIOUS CATEGORIES OF TRANSPORTATION
AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS HAVE TURNED
THE WORLD INTO A GLOBAL VILLAGE.
 ELECTRIC ENERGY HAS CATALYZED
CIVILIZATIONS AND MODERN LIVING IN ALL
THEIR RAMIFICATIONS
 NO MATTER THE AREA OF HUMAN
CHALLENGE, THE ENGRS ARE THE AGENTS
OF CHANGE THROUGH WELL THOUGHT OUT
ENGRING PROJECTS. (Thank God for change)
 NIGERIAN ENGINEERS HAVE CAREER
OPPORTUNITIES IN PUBLIC UTILITIES OR
THE ORGANIZED PRIVATE SECTORS.
 THE PUBLIC UTILITIES WOULD COVER
GOVERNMENT ESTABLISHMENTS THAT
OPERATE ENGRING SYSTEMS FOR
PROVISION OF SOCIAL SERVICES TO THE
POPULACE.
 ESTABLISHMENTS AND PARASTATALS LIKE THE
NNPC, DISCOS & GENCOS, NITEL, GSM SERVICE
PROVIDERS, FEDERAL HOUSING AUTHORITY,
NIGERIAN PORTS AUTHORITY, ETC ARE
SUPERVISED BY THE APPROPRIATE ENGINEERS.
 ENGINEERS DEVELOP THEIR CAREERS IN THESE
INDUSTRIES AND ESTABLISHMENTS.
THESE INCLUDE WATER SUPPLY AND ELECTRICITY
SUPPLY SYSTEMS, THE FEDERAL MINISTRIES
THAT SUPERVISE ENGINEERING SYSTEMS.
 CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION INCLUDE
THE FEDERAL MINISTRY OF WORKS AND
HOUSING, MINISTRY OF MINES AND STEEL,
MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES, MINISTRY
OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, MINISTRY
OF TRANSPORT, MINISTRY OF PETROLEUM
RESOURCES AND THE DEPARTMENT OF
PETROLEUM RESOURCES.
 ENGINEERS OFTEN FABRICATE/IMPROVISE
FOR SPARE PARTS, EMPLOY MACHINERY
AND EQUIPMENT AND SAVE COSTS.
 THESE ARE LOCAL CHALLENGES AND HAVE
TO BE ACHIEVED WITHIN THE LIMITS
IMPOSED BY THE ETHICS OF THE
PROFESSION.
IT IS GENERALLY AGREED THAT THERE ARE A
NUMBER OF CHARACTERISTICS WHICH
DISTINGUISH A PROFESSION FROM OTHER
LESS FORMALLY CONSTITUTED TRADES AND
OCCUPATIONS.
 THE PROFESSIONAL DISCIPLINE HAS A
COMMAND OF A SPECIALIZED BODY OF
KNOWLEDGE NECESSARY FOR PLANNING,
DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION
OF PHYSICAL STRUCTURES OR
ENGINES/MACHINES.
 THE BODY OF KNOWLEDGE IS
TRANSMITTED THROUGH RECOGNIZED
TRAINING AND REGULARLY UPDATED ON
BEHALF OF THE PROFESSIONAL BODY TO
ENSURE CERTIFIED STANDARDS OF
PROFICIENCY.
 A CODE OF ETHICS AND STANDARDS
GOVERN THE PRACTICE OF THE PROFESSION
AND ENSURES THE SATISFACTION AND
SAFETY OF THE CLIENT IN PARTICULAR AND
THE SOCIETY IN GENERAL.
 A MONOPOLY IS USUALLY GRANTED TO A
PROFESSIONAL BODY BY
GOVERNMENT/SOCIETY THROUGH LAWS TO
ENSURE THAT ONLY REGISTERED MEMBERS CAN
ENGAGE IN THE PRACTICE OF THE PROFESSION.
 THE MEMBERS ARE COMMITTED TO CONSTANT
EDUCATIONAL RENEWAL THROUGH A LIFELONG
LEARNING OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY AND
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
 THE PROFESSIONAL BODY IS LEGALLY TO
REGULATE ITSELF, DISCIPLINE ITS MEMBERS
AND CONTROL THE PRACTICE OF THE
PROFESSION.
 VINCE LOMBARDI STATES THAT “THE
QUALITY OF PERSON’S LIFE IS DIRECTLY
PROPORTIONAL TO THE PERSON’S
COMMITMENT TO EXCELLENCE REGARDLESS
OF THE PERSON’S CHOSEN FIELD OF
ENDEAVOUR”.
 PROFESSIONALISM IS THEREFORE ABOUT
COMMITMENT TO STANDARDS OF
EXCELLENCE TO THE PERFORMANCE OF
TASKS, WHICH REQUIRE SPECIALIZED SKILLS
AND EXPERTISE.
 A PROFESSIONAL IS THUS SOMEONE
WHOSE BASIC SATISFACTION IS IN
PERFORMING WELL TASKS FOR WHICH HE
HAS BEEN TRAINED AND ALWAYS STRIVING
TO ACHIEVE THE BEST STANDARD POSSIBLE
IN ANY CIRCUMSTANCE.
 TO BE A PROFESSIONAL IS THUS TO FLAUNT
THE HIGHEST LEVELS OF THE SKILLS ONE
PROFESSES TO COMMAND.
ENGINEERS SHOULD BE CAREFUL IN GETTING
INVOLVED IN TAKING DECISIONS WHICH
MAY BE CONSTRUED AS BIASED OR HAVING
CONFLICTING INTEREST OR CONFLICT OF
INTEREST.
 AN ENGINEER HAS RESPONSIBILITY TO
WRITE SPECIFICATIONS FOR A WATER
PROJECT BUT OWNS THE COMPANY THAT
MANUFACTURES AND SELLS THE SYSTEMS.
THIS CONSTITUTES CONFLICT OF INTEREST.
 AN ENGR WORKS FOR A LOCAL GOVERNMENT
AGENCY AND IN TANDEM WORKS FOR A
CONSULTING COMPANY THAT DEALS WITH THE
AGENCY. THERE MAY BE CONFLICTING INTEREST.
 ENGNRING DECISIONS THAT ARE TO THE
ADVANTAGE OF THE ENGRS TAKING THE
DECISION CONSTITUTES CONFLICTING INTEREST.
 A COMPANY PAYS FOR ENGRS TO ATTEND A
SEMINAR ON THE USE OF ITS PRODUCTS. THIS
MAY BE COMPARED TO PERKS AND GIFTS GIVEN
TO PHYSICIANS BY DRUG COMPANIES.
 AN ENGINEER’S INTEREST MAY BE AT
CONFLICT WITH THOSE OF HIS CLIENTS.
 A CLIENT BELIEVES AN ENGR’S DESIGN IS
TOO COSTLY BUT THE ENGR FEARS THAT
ANYTHING LESS MAY ENDANGER PUBLIC
SAFETY
 AN ENGINEER OWNS BOTH A
CONTRACTING FIRM AND A CONSULTING
FIRM AND SEEKS TO PROMOTE BOTH
SERVICES FOR A CLIENT ON A PROJECT.
 THE WORLD FEDERATION OF ENGINEERING
ORGANIZATIONS (WFEO) COMMITTEE ON
ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENT
RECOMMENDS THE FOLLOWING PRINCIPLES TO
ALL PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERS:
 THE WFEO PROVIDES A CODE OF ETHICS FOR
CONDUCT OF PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERS IN AN
HONORABLE MANNER SO AS TO UPHOLD THE
VALUES OF TRUTH, HONESTY, TRUST-
WORTHINESS AND TO SAFEGUARD HUMAN LIFE
AS WELL AS THE ENVIRONMENT.
TO ACHIEVE THESE TENETS PROFESSIONAL
ENGINEERS SHALL:
 DEMONSTRATE INTEGRITY
 PRACTICE COMPETENTLY
 EXERCISE LEADERSHIP
 PROTECT THE NATURAL AND BUILT
ENVIRONMENT
 SOME PROFESSIONAL BODIES SUCH AS THE
IEEE SOFTWARE ENGINEERING SOCIETY
PRESENT A FORMAT THAT APPEARS TO
ENCAPSULATE THE PRINCIPLES OF
ENGINEERING PRACTICE AND DETAILS OF
THE ENGINEERS OBLIGATIONS IN
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE.
 A CODE OF PRACTICE SHOULD HELP TO DEFINE
THOSE ACTIONS THAT ARE ETHICALLY
IMPROPER FOR ENGRS TO BE INVOLVED IN.
 THE CODE IS NOT SIMPLY FOR ADJUDICATING
THE NATURE OF QUESTIONABLE ACTS.
 IT IS ALSO A MEANS TO EDUCATE THE PUBLIC
AND YOUNG PROFESSIONALS ABOUT THE
ETHICAL OBLIGATIONS OF ENGRS
 ENGINEERS SHALL COMMIT THEMSELVES TO
MAKING THE ANALYSIS, DESIGN,
SPECIFICATION, DEVELOPMENT, TESTING
AND MAINTENANCE OF ENGINEERING
SYSTEMS BENEFICIAL SO AS TO EARN
RESPECT FOR THE PROFESSION.
 THEY SHOULD BE COMMITTED TO THE
HEALTH, SAFETY AND WELFARE OF THE
PUBLIC BY ADHERING TO THE FOLLOWING
PRINCIPLES:
 PUBLIC:-ENGINEERS SHALL ACT CONSISTENTLY
IN THE PUBLIC INTEREST
 CLIENT AND EMPLOYER:- ENGINEERS SHOULD
ALWAYS ACT IN A MANNER THAT IS IN THE BEST
INTEREST OF THEIR CLIENT AND EMPLOYER AND
CONSISTENT WITH PUBLIC INTEREST.
 PRODUCT:- ENGINEERS SHOULD ENSURE THAT
THEIR PRODUCTS,(OUTPUT, DESIGN, BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION ETC) MEET THE HIGHEST
PROFESSIONAL STANDARDS POSSIBLE.
 JUDGEMENT:- ENGINEERS SHOULD MAINTAIN
THE INTEGRITY OF THEIR PROFESSIONAL
JUDGMENT.
 MANAGEMENT:- ENGINEERS IN LEADERSHIP OR
MANAGEMENT POSITIONS SHALL SUBSCRIBE
TO AND PROMOTE AN ETHICAL APPROACH TO
ALL ASPECTS OF ENGRING PRACTICE.
 PROFESSION:- ENGINEERS SHALL ADVANCE THE
INTEGRITY AND REPUTATION OF THE
PROFESSION CONSISTENT WITH THE PUBLIC
INTEREST.
 COLLEAGUE:- ENGRS SHOULD BE FAIR TO
AND SUPPORTIVE OF THEIR COLLEAGUES.
 SELF:- ENGINEERS SHALL BE COMMITTED TO
LIFE-LONG LEARNING AND PROFESSIONAL
DEVELOPMENT AND SHALL PROMOTE AN
ETHICAL APPROACH TO PROFESSIONAL
PRACTICE.
 EACH OF THE ABOVE PRINCIPLES AND
AREAS OF INTEREST FOR A PROFESSIONAL
ENGINEER ARE BROKEN DOWN TO ENSURE
CLARITY OF THE ENGINEERS’ ETHICAL
OBLIGATIONS.
 THE ABOVE EIGHT PRINCIPLES ARE BROKEN
DOWN FURTHER INTO EXPLANATORY
NOTES.
 ENGINEERS SHALL ACT CONSISTENTLY IN
THE PUBLIC INTEREST BY
 ACCEPTING FULL RESPONSIBILITY FOR THEIR
OWN WORK
 ACTING AS MODERATORS OF THE INTEREST
OF THE PUBLIC GOOD
 ACCEPTING DESIGNS AND PROPOSALS ONLY
IF THEY ARE SAFE, MEET SPECIFICATIONS
AND DO NOT DIMINISH QUALITY OF LIFE OR
HARM THE ENVIRONMENT.
 DISCLOSING TO APPROPRIATE BODIES ANY
POTENTIAL DANGER TO THE USER, PUBLIC
OR THE ENVIRONMENT THAT MAY BE
ASSOCIATED WITH A PROPOSAL OR DESIGN.
 COOPERATING IN EFFORTS TO ADDRESS
SUCH MATTERS OF GRAVE PUBLIC CONCERN
THAT MAY ARISE FROM HIS ENGINEERING
PROPOSAL OR DESIGN.
 AVOIDING DECEPTION IN THE PUBLIC
STATEMENTS CONCERNING HIS PROPOSAL,
METHODS AND TOOLS.
 VOLUNTEERING PROFESSIONAL SKILLS AND
CONTRIBUTING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION.
 ENGINEERS SHOULD ALWAYS ACT IN A MANNER
THAT IS IN THE BEST INTEREST OF THEIR
EMPLOYERS AND CLIENTS, CONSISTENT WITH
PUBLIC INTEREST. THEY SHOULD:
 PROVIDE SERVICE ONLY IN THEIR AREA OF
COMPETENCE AND BE HONEST IN ANY
LIMITATIONS OF THEIR EXPERIENCE AND
EDUCATION.
 NOT KNOWINGLY USE DESIGNS THAT ARE
OBTAINED ILLEGALLY OR UNETHICALLY.
 USE THE PROPERTY OF HIS CLIENT OR
EMPLOYER IN AUTHORIZED MANNER OR
WITH THEIR CONSENT
 MAINTAIN CONFIDENTIALITY OF ANY
INFORMATION GAINED IN THE
PROFESSIONAL WORK WHERE SUCH IS IN
THE PUBLIC INTEREST AND CONSISTENT
WITH THE LAW
 REPORT TO CLIENT OR EMPLOYER
PROMPTLY, IF A PROJECT IS LIKELY TO FAIL,
PROVE TOO EXPENSIVE, VIOLATE
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW OR
OTHERWISE BE PROBLEMATIC.
 ACCEPT NO OUTSIDE WORK DETRIMENTAL
TO THE WORK BEING PERFORMED FOR THE
PRIMARY EMPLOYER
 INFORM CLIENT OR EMPLOYER OR
APPROPRIATE AUTHORITY WHEN A HIGHER
ETHICAL CONCERN IS BEING
COMPROMISED.
ENGRS SHALL ENSURE:
 THEIR FINAL OUTPUT MEET THE HIGHEST
PROFESSIONAL STANDARDS POSSIBLE
 THEY ACHIEVE HIGH QUALITY &
ACCEPTABLE COST IRRESPECTIVE OF TRADE-
OFFS. SUCH TRADE-OFFS SHOULD BE CLEAR
TO AND ACCEPTED BY CLIENT& EMPLOYER.
 THEY IDENTIFY & ADDRESS ETHICAL,
ECONOMICAL, LEGAL & ENVIRONMENTAL
ISSUES RELATED TO THE PROJECTS.
 THEY HAVE THE REQUISITE QUALIFICATIONS BY
APPROPRIATE COMBINATION OF EDUCATION,
TRAINING & EXPERIENCE FOR THE PROJECT THEY
ACCEPT TO EXECUTE.
 THAT THEIR OUTPUT MEET THE HIGHEST
PROFESSIONAL STANDARDS & NOT DEPART
FROM SUCH STANDARDS UNLESS WHEN
ETHICALLY OR TECHNICALLY JUSTIFIED.
 THAT THEY UNDERSTAND CLEARLY
SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE PROJECTS THEY
UNDERTAKE
 REALISTIC ESTIMATES OF COSTS,
SCHEDULING, QUALITY AND OUTCOMES ON
ANY PROJECT ANY PROJECT UNCERTAINTY
ASSESSMENT OF THESE ESTIMATES
 ADEQUATE DOCUMENTATION, INCLUDING
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED AND SOLUTIONS
ADOPTED FOR ANY PROJECT EXECUTED
ENGINEERING PROJECT MANAGERS AND
LEADERS SHOULD ENSURE AND PROMOTE
ETHICAL APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENT AND
EXECUTION OF ENGINEERING PROJECTS
AND SHALL AS APPROPRIATE ENSURE:
 GOOD MANAGEMENT AND EFFECTIVE
PROCEDURES FOR PROMOTION OF QUALITY
AND STANDARDS AND REDUCTION OF
ASSOCIATED RISK.
 THAT INFORMATION ON STANDARDS ARE
AVAILABLE TO ENGINEERS ON A PROJECT
 ASSIGNING RESPONSIBILITY TO ENGINEERS
AFTER CONSIDERING ADEQUACY OF
APPROPRIATE EDUCATION AND EXPERIENCE
TEMPERED WITH POTENTIALS FOR FURTHER
EDUCATION AND EXPERIENCE.
 REALISTIC QUANTITIES, BILLS OF SCHEDULING
AND OUTCOMES ON THE PROJECT AND
PROVIDE AN UNCERTAINTY ASSESSMENT OF
THE ESTIMATES
 PROVISION OF FULL AND ACCURATE
CONDITIONS OF SERVICE TO PROSPECTIVE
ENGINEERS FOR EMPLOYMENT ON THE
PROJECT.
 OFFER OF FAIR AND JUST REMUNERATION
TO EMPLOYEES ON THE PROJECT
 PROVISION FOR DUE PROCESS IN HEARING
CHARGES OF VIOLATION OF AN
EMPLOYER’S POLICY OR OF THIS CODE
 AVOIDANCE OF PUNISHING ANY ENGINEERS
FOR EXPRESSING ETHICAL CONCERNS ON A
PROJECT.
ENGINEERS SHOULD WORK TO ADVANCE THE
INTEGRITY AND REPUTATION OF THE
PROFESSION CONSISTENT WITH THE PUBLIC
INTEREST. THEY SHOULD AS APPROPRIATE
 PROMOTE PUBLIC KNOWLEDGE OF THE
PROFESSION AND AN ENVIRONMENT THAT
ENCOURAGES ETHICAL PRACTICE OF
ENGINEERING.
ENGINEERS SHALL MAINTAIN INTEGRITY AND
INTERDEPENDENCE IN THEIR PROFESSIONAL
JUDGMENT. THEY SHOULD AS APPROPRIATE
 ONLY ENDORSE DOCUMENTS PREPARED UNDER
THEIR SUPERVISION OR WITHIN THEIR AREA OF
COMPETENCE AND WITH WHICH THEY ARE IN
AGREEMENT
 MAINTAIN PROFESSIONAL OBJECTIVITY WITH
ENGINEERING DOCUMENTS THEY ARE ASKED
TO EVALUATE.
 REFUSE TO ENGAGE IN CORRUPT PRACTICES
SUCH AS BRIBERY DOUBLE OR INFLATED
BILLING OR OTHER IMPROPER FINANCIAL
PRACTICES
 REFUSE TO ENGAGE IN CORRUPT PRACTICES
SUCH AS BRIBERY DOUBLE OR INFLATED
BILLING OR OTHER IMPROPER FINANCIAL
PRACTICES
 DISCLOSE TO ALL PARTIES CONCERNED
THOSE CONFLICTS OF INTERESTS THAT
CANNOT BE AVOIDED IN THE PROJECT
 RECOGNIZE THAT VIOLATION OF THE CODE
PRACTICE IS INCONSISTENT WITH BEING IS
A REGISTERED PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER
 REFUSE TO PARTICIPATE IN ANY PROJECTS IN
WHICH THEY, THEIR EMPLOYERS OR CLIENTS
HAVE UNDISCLOSED CONFLICTS OF INTERESTS.
 EXPRESS CONCERN TO PEOPLE INVOLVED WHEN
SIGNIFICANT VIOLATIONS OF THE CODE ARE
DETECTED UNLESS DOING THAT IS COUNTER –
PRODUCTIVE AND DANGEROUS.
 REPORT VIOLATIONS OF THE CODE TO
APPROPRIATE AUTHORITIES WHERE THIS IS
CONSIDERED THE BEST OPTION.
 ENGINEERING ETHICS IS BEGINNING TO
TAKE ITS PLACE ALONGSIDE OTHER WELL –
ESTABLISHMENT PROFESSIONAL GROUPS
SUCH AS MEDICAL, NURSING, BUSINESS
AND LEGAL ETHICS. THESE PROFESSIONS
HAVE WEBSITES ON THE CONDUCT /
MISCONDUCT OF THEIR MEMBERS.
 MOST ESTABLISHMENT HAVE UNWRITTEN
CODES OF CONDUCT FOR THEIR STAFF
WHILST OTHERS SPELL OUT WHAT SHOULD
BE REGARDED AS MISCONDUCT
 THE UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS SENIOR STAFF
CONDITIONS OF SERVICE DEFINES MISCONDUCT
AS GENERAL MISCONDUCT TO THE PREJUDICE OF
THE GOOD NAME OF THE ESTABLISHMENT AND /
OR OF DISCIPLINE AND THE PROPER
ADMINISTRATION OF DRUNKENNESS IN THE
COURSES OF DUTY, AND FALSE CLAIM AGAINST
THE UNIVERSITY, INSUBORDINATION, DIVIDED
LOYALTY (CONFLICT OF INTEREST) NEGLIGENCE,
FALSIFICATION AND SUPPRESSION OF RECORDS
(FACTS, PROFESSIONAL INFORMATION) AND
CONVICTION FOR A CRIMINAL OFFENCE OTHER
THAN TRAFFIC OFFENCE, ABSENCE FROM DUTY.
IT HAS BEEN SHOWN THAT
 ENGINEERS, IN THE FULFILLMENT OF THEIR
PROFESSIONAL DUTIES, SHALL HOLD
PARAMOUNT THE SAFETY, HEALTH, AND
WELFARE OF THE PUBLIC
 A PRACTITIONER SHALL, REGARD THE
PRACTITIONER'S DUTY TO PUBLIC WELFARE
AS PARAMOUNT." [14]
 CODES OF ENGINEERING ETHICS IDENTIFY A
SPECIFIC PRECEDENCE WITH RESPECT TO
THE ENGINEER'S CONSIDERATION FOR THE
PUBLIC, CLIENTS, EMPLOYERS, AND THE
 MANY ENGINEERNG PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES
HAVE PREPARED CODES OF ETHICS. SOME GO
BACK TO THE EARLY DECADES OF THE 20TH
CENTURY. THESE HAVE BEEN INCORPORATED TO
A GREATER OR LESSER DEGREE INTO THE
REGULATORY LAWS OF SEVERAL JURISDICTIONS.
 WHILE THESE STATEMENTS OF GENERAL
PRINCIPLES SERVED AS A GUIDE, ENGNRS STILL
REQUIRE SOUND JUDGMENT TO INTERPRET HOW
THE CODE WOULD APPLY TO SPECIFIC
CIRCUMSTANCES.
THANK YOU

FOR

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