Complete Circles in One Video

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Circles
● Standard Equations of a Circle

● Intercepts made by a Circle
● Some Standard Notations
● Position of a Point with respect to a Circle
● Position of a Line with respect to a Circle and Equations of Tangents
● Common Tangents of Circles
● Family of Circles
● Chords of a Circle
● Orthogonality of Two Circles
● Radical Axis and Radical Centre
Standard Equations of a Circle
Central form of the Equation of a Circle
This is called central form of circle with centre (x1, y1) and radius ‘r’.
NOTE
Circle with centre at (0, 0) and radius r is x2 + y2 = r2
General form of the Equation of a circle
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
where Centre is (-g, -f) and

This is called general form of equation of circle.
Note
Condition for a general second degree equation in two
variables to represent a circle is a = b and h = 0.
If a = b ≠ 1, then we divide the equation by a constant to make

both coefficients equal to 1.
For example,
(4, 7)
(a)
(1, 3)
(b)
(2, 2) 4𝜋
For example,
(4, 7) centre is (1, 3) and
=5
(a)
(1, 3) so, circle’s equation is
(x − 1)2 + (y − 3)2 = 25,
that is x2 + y2 − 2x − 6y − 15 = 0
circumference = 4𝜋 ⇒ 2𝜋r = 4𝜋 ⇒ r = 2
(b)
(2, 2) 4𝜋 centre is (2, 2), so, circle’s equation is
(x − 2)2 + (y − 2)2 = 4, that is
x2 + y2 − 4x − 4y + 4 = 0
Equation of circle, concentric with 3x2 + 3y2 − 6x + 12y − 1 = 0 and
having perimeter 6𝜋 is _____.
A (x − 1)2 + (y + 2)2 = 81
B x2 + y2 − 2x + 4y − 11 = 0
C (x − 1)2 + (y + 2)2 = 9
D None of these
Equation of circle, concentric with 3x2 + 3y2 − 6x + 12y − 1 = 0 and
having perimeter 6𝜋 is _____.
A (x − 1)2 + (y + 2)2 = 81
B x2 + y2 − 2x + 4y − 11 = 0
C (x − 1)2 + (y + 2)2 = 9
D None of these
Solution:
Remark
The diameter or the normal of a circle passes through its centre.

Find the equation of circle which passes through the points (1, -2), (4, -3)
and whose centre lies on the line x + y = 2.
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Solution:
Some Special Circles
Now let us see some special cases.
These are generally used to give information indirectly, in the questions.
1. Circle touching X - axis
X
(a, 0)
2. Circle touching Y - axis
Y
(0, b)
Some Special Circles Y
3. Circle touching
X - axis at origin X
O
Y
4. Circle touching
Y - axis at origin
O X
5. Circle touching both axes
Y
Y
O X
O X
Y
Y
O X
O X
Radius of the circle touching both the axes and passing through the
point (1, 1) is _____.
D None of these

Radius of the circle touching both the axes and passing through the
point (1, 1) is _____.
D None of these
Solution:
(1, 1)
(a, a)
X
O
JEE Main 2013
The circle passing through (1, −2) and touching the X - axis at the point
(3, 0) also passes through the point _____.
A (5, 2)
B (-5, 2)
C (5, -2)
D (-5, -2)
JEE Main 2013
The circle passing through (1, −2) and touching the X - axis at the point
(3, 0) also passes through the point _____.
A (5, 2)
B (-5, 2)
C (5, -2)
D (-5, -2)
Solution:
Diametric form of the Equation of a Circle
The circle whose diameter endpoints are A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) has equation

Diametric form of the Equation of a Circle
The circle whose diameter endpoints are A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) has
equation
(x − x1) (x − x2) + (y − y1) (y − y2) = 0
NOTE
Basically it’s the sum of two quadratics, one in x, whose roots
are the abscissae and one in y, whose roots are the ordinates
of the diametric endpoints.
Find the equation of the circle which passes through (1, 0) and (0, 1) and
has its radius as small as possible.
Solution:
The radius will be minimum, if the given

points are the end points of a diameter.
Then, equation of circle is
(x - 1) (x - 0) + (y - 0) (y - 1) = 0
⇒ x2 + y2 - x - y = 0
JEE Main 25th June, 2022 Shift-1
Let the abscissae of the two points P and Q be the roots of
2x2 - rx + p = 0 and the ordinates of P and Q be the roots of x2 - sx - q =0.
If the equation of the circle described on PQ as diameter is
2(x2 + y2) - 11x - 14y - 22 = 0, then 2r + s - 2q + p is equal to
Let the abscissae of the two points P and Q be the roots of
2x2 - rx + p = 0 and the ordinates of P and Q be the roots of x2 - sx - q =0.
If the equation of the circle described on PQ as diameter is
2(x2 + y2) - 11x - 14y - 22 = 0, then 2r + s - 2q + p is equal to
Ans: 7
x1
Solution: 2x2 - rx + p = 0 x2
y1
y2 - sy - q = 0 y2
Equation of the circle with PQ as diameter is

2(x2 + y2) - rx - 2sy + p - 2q = 0
On comparing with the given equation
r = 11, s = 7
p - 2q = -22
∴ 2r + s - 2q + p = 22 + 7 - 22 = 7
Parametric form of the Equation of a Circle
Y
r
θ X
O
Parametric form of the Equation of a Circle
(a) x2 + y2 = r2 ⇒ x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ Y
P(θ)
r
θ X
O
In particular, a general point on x2 + y2 = 1 is of the form (cosθ, sinθ)

for some θ.
(b) (x − x1)2 + (y − y1)2 = r2 ⇒ x = x1 + r cosθ, y = y1 + r sin θ
If A(cos ⍺, sin ⍺), B(cos β, sin β), C(cos γ, sin γ) are the vertices of a
triangle ABC, then find the coordinates of its orthocentre.

Solution:
Solution:
Intercepts made by a Circle
y = mx + c
A
AB is the intercept made by circle on the line y = mx + c.
NOTE
Whenever a circle makes an intercept on line, always refer to
following figure.
r
Find length of intercept made by circle
x2 + y2 − 2x + 4y − 20 = 0 on line 4x − 3y − 10 = 0.
Solution:
Multiple choice questions JEE Adv 2013
Circle(s) touching x-axis at a distance 3 from the origin and having an
intercept of length on y-axis (are)
A x2 + y2 - 6x + 8y + 9 = 0
B x2 + y2 - 6x + 7y + 9 = 0
C x2 + y2 - 6x - 8y + 9 = 0
D x2 + y2 - 6x - 7y + 9 = 0
Circle(s) touching x-axis at a distance 3 from the origin and having an
intercept of length on y-axis (are)
A x2 + y2 - 6x + 8y + 9 = 0
B x2 + y2 - 6x + 7y + 9 = 0
C x2 + y2 - 6x - 8y + 9 = 0
D x2 + y2 - 6x - 7y + 9 = 0
Solution:
Remark
1. Intercept made by x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 on the X - axis
A B X
Remark
1. Intercept made by x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 on the X - axis
A B X
(a) g2 − c > 0 ⇒ Circle cuts the X - axis at two distinct points

(b) g2 − c = 0 ⇒ Circle touches the X - axis
(c) g2 − c < 0 ⇒ Circle does not meet the X - axis
Remark
2. Intercept made by x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 on the Y - axis

Y
B
A
Remark
2. Intercept made by x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 on the Y - axis

Y
B
(a) f 2 − c > 0 ⇒ Circle cuts the Y - axis at two distinct points

(b) f 2 − c = 0 ⇒ Circle touches the Y - axis
(c) f 2 − c < 0 ⇒ Circle does not meet the Y - axis
2 rods whose lengths are 2a, 2b slide along axes (one on each) in such
a way that their extremities are always concyclic. Find the equation of
locus of centre of circle.
Solution:
Y
D
r
2b F O (h, k)
r
C
A B X
E
2a
Alternate Solution
Solution:
Y
D
r
2b F O (h, k)
r
C
A B X
E
2a
Some Standard Notations
Here, we will be learning some standards notations for general second
degree equations in x and y.
These notations will be very helpful in upcoming formulae.
Primarily there are are three notations S, S1 and T.
Let’s see what do they denote.

Notations
Any second degree equation in two variables, that is,
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 will be represented as S = 0.
As of now, that we are doing circles, so we have
S ≡ x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c
1. S ≡ x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c
2. Consider a point (x1, y1). Value of S at (x1, y1) is represented by
S1 that is,
S1 = x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c
3. Consider a point (x1, y1).

If we replace
in S, then we get T, that is

Write S1 and T for the following.
(a) S ≡ x2 + 2y2 − 3x + 4y + 3 at the point (1, 2)
(b) S ≡ x2 + 2xy +3y at the point (1, 3)
(a) S ≡ x2 + 2y2 − 3x + 4y + 3 at the point (1, 2)
Solution:
(b) S ≡ x2 + 2xy + 3y at the point (1, 3)

Solution:
Position of a Point with respect
to a Circle
Method 1
Find distance of point P from centre of circle O.
OP < r ⇒ P lies inside the circle
OP = r ⇒ P lies on the circle
OP > r ⇒ P lies outside the circle
Method 2
S1 < 0 ⇒ P lies inside the circle
S1 = 0 ⇒ P lies on the circle
S1 > 0 ⇒ P lies outside the circle
Consider the circle x2 + y2 + 2x − 4y − 4 = 0 and a point P (1, 2).
A P lies inside the circle
B P lies on the circle
C P lies outside the circle
D cannot be determined
Consider the circle x2 + y2 + 2x − 4y − 4 = 0 and a point P (1, 2).
A P lies inside the circle
B P lies on the circle
C P lies outside the circle
D cannot be determined
Solution:
Remark
Greatest and least distance of a point from a circle.
|OP - r| = least distance of point P from the circle

|OP + r| = greatest distance of point P from the circle
Find the greatest distance of the point P(10, 7) from the circle
x2 + y2 - 4x - 2y - 20 = 0.
Solution:
JEE Main 20th July, 2021 Shift-2
Let r1 and r2 be the radii of the largest and smallest circles, respectively,
which pass through the point (-4, 1) and having their centres on the
circumference of the circle x2 + y2 + 2x + 4y - 4 = 0
A 3
B 11
C 5
D 7
JEE Main 20th July, 2021 Shift-2
Let r1 and r2 be the radii of the largest and smallest circles, respectively,
which pass through the point (-4, 1) and having their centres on the
circumference of the circle x2 + y2 + 2x + 4y - 4 = 0
A 3
B 11
C 5
D 7
Solution:
Position of a Line with respect to a
Circle and Equations of Tangents

For a given line and a circle, either
(a) line cuts the circle, or
(b) line touches the circle, or
(c) line does not meet the circle
In the section we will be studying their conditions.

No doubt, major focus will be (b), that is tangency condition.
Method 1
Find distance d of centre of circle from given line
d < r ⇒ line cuts the circle
d = r ⇒ line is tangent to circle
d > r ⇒ line does not meet circle

If the line lx + my + n = 0 is tangent to the circle x2 + y2 = a2, then find the
condition.
Method 2
Solve line with circle to get a quadratic equation.
D > 0 ⇒ line cuts the circle
D = 0 ⇒ line is tangent to circle
D < 0 ⇒ line does not meet circle

condition.
Result
1. Equations of tangents to x2 + y2 = r2, having slope m are
Eg. Tangents to x2 + y2 = 4, having slope 3 are

Observation
1. Equations of tangents to x2 + y2 = r2, having slope m are
2. Equations of tangents to (x − x1)2 + (y − y1)2 = r2, whose slope

is m, are
Eg. Tangents to the circle (x − 1)2 + (y − 5)2 = 4, having slope 3 are

condition.
Solution:
(a) Find 𝜆 such that y = 2x + 𝜆 is tangent to x2 + y2 = 5.
(b) Find 𝜆 so that 3x − 4y = 𝜆 is tangent to x2 + y2 − 4x − 8y − 5 = 0.

(a) Find 𝜆 such that y = 2x + 𝜆 is tangent to x2 + y2 = 5.
Solution:
Alternate Solution
Solution:
(b) Find 𝜆 so that 3x − 4y = 𝜆 is tangent to x2 + y2 − 4x − 8y − 5 = 0.
Solution:
Find equations of tangents to x2 + y2 = 16 drawn from (1, 4).
Solution:
(1, 4)
The locus of the point of intersection of the perpendicular tangents to
the circle x2 + y2 = a2 is _____.
A x2 + y2 = 2a2
B x2 + y2 = 3a2
C x2 + y2 = 5a2
D None of these
The locus of the point of intersection of the perpendicular tangents to
the circle x2 + y2 = a2 is _____.
A x2 + y2 = 2a2
B x2 + y2 = 3a2
C x2 + y2 = 5a2
D None of these
Solution:
O P (h, k)
NOTE
Locus of point of intersection of perpendicular tangents to a
circle is called the Director circle.

NOTE
Locus of point of intersection of perpendicular tangents to a
circle is called the Director circle.
Eg. Director circle of (x − 1)2 + (y − 2)2 = 3 is (x − 1)2 + (y − 2)2 = 6.

So far, we have studied
(1) condition for tangency
(2) slope form of tangent
We do have other forms of equations of tangents as well.
Various Equations of Tangents of a Circle
Slope form Tangent at a Point on Parametric form
a Circle
slope = m (x1, y1) P(θ)
x2 + y2 = r2
x2 + y2 = r2
Various Equations of Tangents of a Circle
Slope form Tangent at a Point on Parametric form
a Circle
slope = m (x1, y1) P(θ)
x2 + y2 = r2 x2 + y2 = r2
T=0 T=0
⇒ x cosθ + y sinθ = r
Tangent to circle x2 + y2 = 5 at (1, -2) also touches the circle
x2 + y2 - 8x + 6y + 20 = 0. Find the coordinate of the corresponding point
of contact
Solution:
Equation of tangent to x2 + y2 = 5 at (1, -2) is x - 2y - 5 = 0.

Putting x = 2y + 5 in second circle, we get
(2y + 5)2 + y2 - 8(2y + 5) + 6y + 20 = 0
⇒ 5y2 + 10y + 5 = 0
⇒ y = -1
⇒ x = -2 + 5 = 3
Thus, point of contact is (3, -1).
Remark
For a given circle S = 0,
(1) Length of tangent from point P

T
(2) S1 is also called power of point P(x1, y1) with respect to S = 0.

Observation
If a pair of tangents is drawn from a point P to a circle as shown
in the figure, then ⍺
A ⍺
R L
P
O
R L ⍺
B
(1) angle between the pair of tangents is given by
(2) Length of AB =
(3) Area =
(4) circumcircle of Δ PAB has OP as diameter.

Let the tangent to the circle C1 : x2 + y2 = 2 at the point M(-1, 1) intersect
the circle C2: (x - 3)2 + (y - 2)2 = 5, at two distinct points A and B. If the
tangents to C2 at the points A and B intersect at N, then the area of the
triangle ANB is equal to

Let the tangent to the circle C1 : x2 + y2 = 2 at the point M(-1, 1) intersect
the circle C2: (x - 3)2 + (y - 2)2 = 5, at two distinct points A and B. If the
tangents to C2 at the points A and B intersect at N, then the area of the
triangle ANB is equal to
D
Solution:
Common Tangents of Circles
In this topic, we will try to observe the number of common tangents of
two circles, depending upon their positions.
We will also learn how to find lengths and equations of the common
tangents.
Try to observe how we can comment upon the positions of two circles
depending on their radii and the distance between their centres.
r1 r2
(1) C1 C2 (4) C2
C1
r1 r2
(2) C1 C2
(5) C2
C1
(3) C1 C2
Try to observe how we can comment upon the positions of two circles
depending on their radii and the distance between their centres.
r1 r2
(1) C1 C2 (4) C2
C1
r1 r2
(2) C1 C2
(5) C2
C1
(3) C1 C2
Number of Common Tangents
TCT DCT
(1) |C1C2| > r1 + r2 ⇒ 4 common tangents
(2) |C1C2| = r1 + r2 ⇒ 3 common tangents
(3) |r1 - r2| < |C1C2| < r1 + r2 ⇒ 2 common tangents
(4) |C1C2| = |r1 - r2| ⇒ 1 common tangent
(5) |C1C2| < |r1 + r2| ⇒ 0 common tangents

JEE Main 18th March, 2021 Shift-1
Choose the correct statement about two circles whose equations are
given below: x2 + y2 - 10x - 10y + 41 = 0, x2 + y2 - 22x - 10y + 137 = 0
A Circles have same centre
B Circles have no meeting point
C Circles have only one meeting point
D Circles have two meeting points

JEE Main 18th March, 2021 Shift-1
Choose the correct statement about two circles whose equations are
given below: x2 + y2 - 10x - 10y + 41 = 0, x2 + y2 - 22x - 10y + 137 = 0
A Circles have same centre
B Circles have no meeting point
C Circles have only one meeting point
D Circles have two meeting points

Solution:
Lengths of Common Tangents
(1) Direct Common Tangent
T1
T2
C1 C2
(2) Transverse Common Tangent

T1
C2
C1
l
T2
Lengths of Common Tangents
(1) Direct Common Tangent
T1
T2
r1 − r2 l
C1 C2
(2) Transverse Common Tangent

T1
C2
C1
l
T2
r1 + r2
Remark
r2
r1
(external)
C1 P
C2
r1 C2
C1 (internal)
P r2

HW JEE Adv 2019
Let the point B be the reflection of the point A(2, 3) with respect to the line 8x
- 6y - 23 = 0. Let ΓA and ΓB be circles of radii 2 and 1 with centres A and B
respectively. Let T be a common tangent to the circles ΓA and ΓB such that
both the circles are on the same side of T. If C is the point of intersection of
T and the line passing through A and B, then the length of the line segment
AC is____.
JEE Adv 2019
Let the point B be the reflection of the point A(2, 3) with respect to the line 8x
- 6y - 23 = 0. Let ΓA and ΓB be circles of radii 2 and 1 with centres A and B
respectively. Let T be a common tangent to the circles ΓA and ΓB such that
both the circles are on the same side of T. If C is the point of intersection of
T and the line passing through A and B, then the length of the line segment
AC is____.
Ans: 10.00
Solution:
Family of Circles
Just like family of lines, we have family of circles too, such as circles
passing through intersection of two circles, a circle and a line etc.
(1) S + 𝜆L = 0
S=0 L=0
Eg. Any circle passing through x2 + y2 − 2x −3 = 0 and x − 2y + 1 = 0 is

of the form
Find equation of circle passing through points of intersection of the line
x + y − 1 = 0 and the circle x2 + y2 = 9 and which also passes through the
point (3, 4).
Solution:
(2) S + λS’ = 0, λ ≠ -1
S=0
S’ = 0
NOTE
S - S’ = 0 gives the equation of the common chord of S = 0
and S’ = 0.
(3) Family of circles passing through two given points
A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2)
A (x1, y1) B (x2, y2)
Eg. Any circle through (1, 1) and (2, 2) is of the form

(3) Family of circles passing through two given points
A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2)
Consider
Then, S + 𝜆L = 0 gives family of

L=0
circles passing through A (x1, y1) B (x2, y2)
A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) S=0
Eg. Any circle through (1, 1) and (2, 2) is of the form

(x − 1) (x − 2) + (y − 1) (y − 2) + 𝜆(y − x) = 0.
(4) Family of circles tangent to a given line at a given point
L=0
A (x1, y1)
Eg. Any circle touching x + y + 1 = 0 at (1, − 2) is of the form

(4) Family of circles tangent to a given line at a given point
L=0
A (x1, y1)
Say that the given line and the point are respectively L = 0 and A (x1, y1).
Consider, a circle through A (x1, y1), S : (x − x1)2 + (y − y1)2
Then S + 𝜆L = 0 gives a family of circles touching the line L = 0 at point A (x1, y1).
Eg. Any circle touching x + y + 1 = 0 at (1, − 2) is of the form

(x − 1)2 + (y + 2)2 + 𝜆(x + y + 1) = 0.
JEE Main 2019
If a circle C passing through the point (4, 0) touches the circle
x2 + y2 + 4x - 6y = 12 externally at the point (1, -1), then the radius of C is
A 5
D 4

JEE Main 2019
If a circle C passing through the point (4, 0) touches the circle
x2 + y2 + 4x - 6y = 12 externally at the point (1, -1), then the radius of C is
A 5
D 4
Solution:
JEE Main 26th Aug, 2021 Shift-2
A circle C touches the line x = 2y at the point (2, 1) and intersects the
circle C1 : x2 + y2 + 2y - 5 = 0 at two points P and Q such that PQ is a
diameter of C1. Then the diameter of C is:
B 15
D
JEE Main 26th Aug, 2021 Shift-2
A circle C touches the line x = 2y at the point (2, 1) and intersects the
circle C1 : x2 + y2 + 2y - 5 = 0 at two points P and Q such that PQ is a
diameter of C1. Then the diameter of C is:
B 15
D
Solution:
Chords of a Circle
Here, we will be studying
(1) Chord of contact
(2) Chord with given midpoint
(1) Equation of CoC (chord of contact) with respect to P(x1, y1)
Its equation is given by T = 0

P (x1, y1)
S=0
(2) Equation of chord with given midpoint P(x1, y1)
Its equation given by T = S1

P (x1, y1)
S=0
If the straight line x - 2y + 1 = 0 intersects the circle x2 + y2 = 25 in points
P and Q, then find the coordinates of the point of intersection of
tangents drawn at P and Q to the circle x2 + y2 = 25.
Solution:
Tangents are drawn to a unit circle with centre at origin from every point
on the line 2x + y = 4.Find equation of locus of midpoint of CoCs.

Solution:
Orthogonality of Two Circles
Two circles are said to be orthogonal if the tangents of the two circles
at their point of intersection are perpendicular to each other.
Condition for orthogonality
r1 r2
C1
d C2
Two circles intersect each other orthogonally if

r12 + r22 = d2 or 2g1g2 + 2f1f2 = c1 + c2
The locus of centres of family of circle passing through the origin and
cutting the circle x2 + y2 + 4x - 6y - 13 = 0 orthogonally, is
A 4x + 6y + 13 = 0
B 4x - 6y + 13 = 0
C 4x + 6y - 13 = 0
D 4x - 6y - 13 = 0
The locus of centres of family of circle passing through the origin and
cutting the circle x2 + y2 + 4x - 6y - 13 = 0 orthogonally, is
A 4x + 6y + 13 = 0
B 4x - 6y + 13 = 0
C 4x + 6y - 13 = 0
D 4x - 6y - 13 = 0
Solution:
Let the family of circles passing through origin be
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy = 0
They intersect circle x2 + y2 + 4x - 6y - 13 = 0 orthogonally.
So, 2g(2) - 2f(3) = -13
Hence, locus of (-g, -f) is
-4x + 6y + 13 = 0
⇒ 4x - 6y - 13 = 0
A circle S passes through the point (0, 1) and is orthogonal to the circles
(x - 1)2 + y2 = 16 and x2 + y2 = 1. Then
A Radius of S is 8
B Radius of S is 7
C Centre of S is (-7, 1)
D Centre of S is (-8, 1)
A circle S passes through the point (0, 1) and is orthogonal to the circles
(x - 1)2 + y2 = 16 and x2 + y2 = 1. Then
A Radius of S is 8
B Radius of S is 7
C Centre of S is (-7, 1)
D Centre of S is (-8, 1)
Solution:
Radical Axis and Radical Centre

Radical axis
Radical axis of two circles S = 0 and S’ = 0 is the locus of point whose
powers with respect to the two given circles are equal.
Its equation is given by S - S’ = 0 .
S=0
S’ = 0
S - S’ = 0
Observation
(1) When two circles are intersecting, then the radical axis
is nothing but the common chord.
(2) When two circles are touching each other, the radical
axis is the common tangent at their point of contact.
(3) Radical axis is always perpendicular to the line joining

the two centres.
(It also bisects the line segment joining the two centres
if the circles are of equal radii)
NOTE
(1) Concentric circles do not have a radical axis.
(2) Radical axes of 3 circles taken in pairs are concurrent.
S=0
S − S’ = 0 S”− S = 0 Clearly, the lengths of the
tangents from O to all the
circles are equal.
O
S’ = 0 S” = 0
S’ - S” = 0
Radical centre
Point of intersection of radical axes of 3 circles taken in pairs is called
the radical centre of the circles.
Find the radical centre of the circles x2 + y2 + 3x + 2y + 1 = 0 ,
x2 + y2 − x + 6y + 5 = 0 and x2 + y2 + 5x − 8y + 15 = 0.
Solution:
Result
(1) A circle with centre at the radical centre of three circles

and radius equal to length of tangent (from radical
centre) is orthogonal to all three circles.
(2) The radical centre of three circles described on the side

of a triangle as diameters is the orthocentre of the
triangle.
The centre of the circle, which cuts orthogonally each of the three
circles x2 + y2 + 2x + 17y + 4 = 0 and x2 + y2 + 7x + 6y + 11 = 0,
x2 + y2 - x + 22y + 3 = 0, is
A (3, 2)
B (1, 2)
C (2, 3)
D (0, 2)

The centre of the circle, which cuts orthogonally each of the three
circles x2 + y2 + 2x + 17y + 4 = 0 and x2 + y2 + 7x + 6y + 11 = 0,
x2 + y2 - x + 22y + 3 = 0, is
A (3, 2)
B (1, 2)
C (2, 3)
D (0, 2)
Solution: Let general equation of a circle is
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 …(i)
If the circle (i) cuts orthogonally each of the given three circles.
Then, condition is
2g1g2 + 2f1f2 = c1 + c2
Applying the condition one by one, we get
2g + 17f = c + 4 …(ii)
7g + 6f = c + 11 …(iii) and
-g + 22f = c + 3 …(iv)
On solving Eqs. (ii), (iii) and (iv), we get
g = -3, f = -2
Therefore, the centre of the circle is (3, 2).
Alternate Solution
Solution:
S1 : x2 + y2 + 2x + 17y + 4 = 0
S2 : x2 + y2 + 7x + 6y + 11 = 0
S3 : x2 + y2 - x + 22y + 3 = 0
Radical axis for S1 and S2
S2 - S1 = 0 ⇒ 5x - 11y + 7 = 0 …(1)
Radical axis for S2 and S3
S3 - S2 = 0 ⇒ x - 2y + 1 = 0 …(2)
From (1) and (2) radical centre of the given circle will be (3, 2)
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● Standard Equations of a Circle

where Centre is (-g, -f) and

If a = b ≠ 1, then we divide the equation by a constant to make

The diameter or the normal of a circle passes through its centre.

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5. Circle touching both axes

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(x − x1) (x − x2) + (y − y1) (y − y2) = 0

The radius will be minimum, if the given

Equation of the circle with PQ as diameter is

(a) x2 + y2 = r2 ⇒ x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ Y

In particular, a general point on x2 + y2 = 1 is of the form (cosθ, sinθ)

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1. Intercept made by x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 on the X - axis

1. Intercept made by x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 on the X - axis

(a) g2 − c > 0 ⇒ Circle cuts the X - axis at two distinct points

2. Intercept made by x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 on the Y - axis

2. Intercept made by x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 on the Y - axis

(a) f 2 − c > 0 ⇒ Circle cuts the Y - axis at two distinct points

These notations will be very helpful in upcoming formulae.

Primarily there are are three notations S, S1 and T.

Let’s see what do they denote.

3. Consider a point (x1, y1).

in S, then we get T, that is

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A P lies inside the circle

B P lies on the circle

C P lies outside the circle

A P lies inside the circle

B P lies on the circle

C P lies outside the circle

Greatest and least distance of a point from a circle.

|OP - r| = least distance of point P from the circle

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In the section we will be studying their conditions.

d < r ⇒ line cuts the circle

d = r ⇒ line is tangent to circle

d > r ⇒ line does not meet circle

Solve line with circle to get a quadratic equation.

D > 0 ⇒ line cuts the circle

D = 0 ⇒ line is tangent to circle

D < 0 ⇒ line does not meet circle

1. Equations of tangents to x2 + y2 = r2, having slope m are

Eg. Tangents to x2 + y2 = 4, having slope 3 are

2. Equations of tangents to (x − x1)2 + (y − y1)2 = r2, whose slope

Eg. Tangents to the circle (x − 1)2 + (y − 5)2 = 4, having slope 3 are

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Eg. Director circle of (x − 1)2 + (y − 2)2 = 3 is (x − 1)2 + (y − 2)2 = 6.

Equation of tangent to x2 + y2 = 5 at (1, -2) is x - 2y - 5 = 0.

For a given circle S = 0,

(1) Length of tangent from point P

(2) S1 is also called power of point P(x1, y1) with respect to S = 0.

(4) circumcircle of Δ PAB has OP as diameter.

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(2) |C1C2| = r1 + r2 ⇒ 3 common tangents

(3) |r1 - r2| < |C1C2| < r1 + r2 ⇒ 2 common tangents