CE 302

Design of Hydraulic Structures

Dr. SHIBU A.
Department of Civil Engineering
College of Engineering Trivandrum
 Module IV

Dams-Types, Gravity dam – selection of site-

forces acting - stability analysis and modes of
failure – Principal and shear stresses-
Problems - Elementary profile –limiting height
of gravity dams- high and low dams- Practical
profiles, Functions of various components
shafts, keys, water stops, and different types
of gallery, Grouting. Instrumentation in dams
(Concept only).
 Dams

Dam is a solid barrier constructed at a

suitable location across a river valley
to store flowing water
 -Classification of dams-

Based on Hydraulic design
 Overflow dams
 Non overflow dams
 -Classification of dams-

Based on Materials of construction
• Masonry dam
• Concrete dam
• Earth dam and Rockfill dam
• Timber dam
• Steel dam
• Combined concrete –cum- earth dam
• Composite dam
 -Classification of dams-

Based on Rigidity

• Rigid dams: A rigid dam is quite stiff. It is constructed of

stiff materials such as concrete, masonry, steel and
timber. These dams deflect and deform very little when
subjected to water pressure and other forces

• Non-Rigid dams: A non-rigid dam is relatively less stiff

compared to a rigid dam. The dams constructed off
earth and rockfill are non-rigid dams. There are relatively
large settlements and deformations in a non-rigid dam

• Rockfill dams are actually neither fully rigid nor fully

non-rigid. These are sometimes classified as semi-rigid
dams
 -Classification of dams-

Based on Structural action (statıcal desıgn of dam
body)
• Gravity Dams
• Embankment Dams

Earth dams

Rockfill dams
• Arch Dams
• Buttress Dams
• Others

Steel dams

Timber dams
 Classification of dams

Based on heıght of dam

• High Dam or Large Dam

• If the height of the dam is bigger than 100 m

• Medium Dam
• If the height of the dam is between 50m and 100m

• Low Dam or Small Dam

• If the height of the dam is lower than 50m
Shasts Dam, USA

Gravity Dams
Nagarjuna sagar dam
Sardar Sarovar
163 m high
Worlds largest masonry dam
Gravity Dam
150m tall
Gujarat
Andra Pradesh
Hirakud dam in Orissa
26 km long
-Arch dam-

Hoover Dam, USA

221 m high
-Arch Dams-

Hoover Dam
Idukki Dam 221 m high
Highest in Asia
169 m high
B/w Kuravan and Layout of the Almendra
Kurathi hills Arch Dam
-Arch Dams in Turkey-

Gokcekaya Dam Oymapinar Dam

Berke Dam
Karakaya Dam
 Buttress Dam:

• Buttress Dam – Is a
gravity dam reinforced
by structural supports
• Buttress - a support
that transmits a force
from a roof or wall to
another supporting
structure

This type of structure can be considered even if the

foundation rocks are little weaker
 Buttress Dams

Buttress Multiple arch

-Buttress Dams-

Mixed type (arch buttress)

Buttress Dam (d/s side)
Roseland dam

Mixed type Arch Buttress

Multiple Arch Buttress dam
Flat slab buttress dam
Bartlett Dam, USA
Lake Iahoe Dam, USA
Structure of Dam
Upstream Crest Down stream

Spillway
MWL
Max. level (inside dam)

NWL
Normal
water level

Free board
Sluice way

Gallery

Heel
Toe
Gravity Dam-Forces Acting-

1. Water Pressure
2. Uplift Pressure
3. Earthquake Forces
4. Earth and Silt Pressure
5. Wave Pressure
6. Ice Pressure

Counteracting Force: Own Weight

 Modes of Failure of Gravity dam
• Overturning
• Sliding
• Compression (Crushing)
• Tension

The design shall satisfy the following requirements of

stability:
1. The dam shall be safe against sliding on any plane or
combination of planes within the dam, at the foundation
or within the foundation
2. The dam shall be safe against overturning at any plane
within the dam, at the base, or at any plane below the
base; and
3. The safe unit stresses in the concrete or masonry of the
dam or in the foundation material shall not be exceeded
 Modes of Failure of Gravity dam
• Overturning Stabilizing moment
FS =
Overturning moment

• Sliding FS=
∑ V
∑P H

• Compression (Crushing at the base)-should be less than

SBC
Pressure at the base on soil, σ =
∑ V
1± 6
 e 
  
b   b 

• Tension-For no tension, e should be less than b/6 or

resultant should always be within the middle third of the
base
 Elementary Profile of a gravity dam
In the absence of any force
other than the forces due to
water, an elementary
profile will be triangular in
section, having zero width
at the water level, where
water pressure is zero, and
a maximum base width b,
where the maximum water
pressure acts
The section of the elementary
profile is of the same shape
as the hydrostatic
pressure distribution
diagram
Limiting height of a gravity dam
Limiting height of a gravity dam
Practical Profile of a gravity dam
Practical Profile of a gravity dam
 Inspection Gallery

Gallery through dam body serves in: (1) Drainage-Drain water seeping
from dam body ; (2)Inspection-provide windows to control dam behavior; (3)Grouting–
provide space for movement and grouting; (4)Cooling-provide enough space for carrying
pipes during artificial cooling
 Purposes of gallery in dam

1. To provide drainage of the dam section. Some amount of water

constantly seeps through the u/s face of the dam which is
drained off through galleries
2. To provide facilities for drilling and grouting operations for
foundations etc. Drillings for drain is generally resorted to clean
them if they are clogged. High pressure grouting and required
drilling for it is generally carried out after the completion of the
dam
3. To provide space for header and return pipes for post cooling of
concrete and grouting the longitudinal joints after completion of
dam
4. To provide access to observe and measure the behavior of the
structure after its completion
5. To provide access of mechanical devices needed for the
operation of outlet gates and spillway gates
Shafts

Vertical openings in the dam are called shafts

Shafts are provided to connect galleries at various

levels

Plumber shafts is provided to measure the deflections

of the dam by suspending a plumb bob in it
Joints
Construction Joints: Construction joints, usually called
horizontal joints are necessary since the entire work of
concreting the whole dam cannot be completed in one stretch.
The concreting is, therefore, done in various stages. In solid
gravity dams, the height between horizontal joints is usually
limited to about 1.5 m. This height between two successive
construction joints or horizontal joints is known as lift

Contraction Joints: Contraction joints are mainly provided to

avoid cracks caused due to shrinkage of concrete due to
temperature. A contraction joint is formed vertical or inclined
surface between masses of concrete/ masonry placed at
different times. They divide the dam into convenient sized
monoliths to permit convenient and systematic construction
and to prevent the formation, owing to volume changes that
cannot be prevented, of haphazard ragged cracks
Joints
Keys and water stops-
Keys are provided in longitudinal joints to permit the
transfer of shearing stresses from one block to the
other. However, their provision in the transverse joints
is optional.
The adjoining surfaces of each side of the joint are
given such a shape as to be interlocked together for
the transfer of stresses
Keyways give a measure of shearing strength
required at times when the dam is only partly full and
the lines of first principal stress are not parallel to the
joints
Keys and water stops

Water Stops are provided in both the types of joints,

to prevent leakage of water
Water stops are also sometimes known as water bars
Water stops may be either of metal, such as annealed
copper, steel, metal or sheet lead, or of natural or
synthetic rubbers and plastics such as polyvinyl
chloride
Metal water stops are provided only in the case of
non-yielding foundations
For other cases of yielding foundation, rubber water
bars are preferred
 Foundation Treatment
• Foundation treatment for dams is essential
• to achieve less deformation under high loads, to
decrease permeability and seepage, to increase
shearing strength, and to satisfy slope stability for
the side hills
• Highly porous foundation material causes
excessive seepage, uplift and considerable
settlement:
 Such problems can be improved by a grouting
operation
 In this operation, the grout mix is injected under
pressure to decrease the porosity, and hence to
solidify the formations underlying the dam and
reservoir
 PROBLEM
Analyze the stability of given gravity dam
(Figure) for the following conditions: Friction
coefficient between concrete-foundation is
0.70. Allowable shear stress at the
foundation level is 2200 kN/m2, allowable
compressive and shear stresses in concrete
are 2700 kN/m2, and 2400 kN/m2,
respectively. Allowable compressive stress
in foundation material is 2700 kN/m2. Take
specific weights of concrete and water as 24
kN/m3, and 10 kN/m3, respectively.
 Forces and loads acting the dam:
 Fwh: Hydrostatic force produced by water
in the reservoir and tail water in the
downstream
 Fwv: Water load produced by water weight
 Fu : Uplift force produced by groundwater
 W : The weight of the dam (W1, W2, W3)
Free body diagram
The value of the forces, total vertical and total horizontal
forces, and moments:
1. Overturning (F.S0): The dam must be
safe against overturning for all loading
conditions. F.S0 should be greater than
2.0 for usual loading, and than1.5 for
unusual or severe loading.
2. Sliding (F.SS): The dam must be safe
against sliding over any horizontal plane.
F.SS should be greater than 1.5 for usual
loading and than 1.0 for unusual or severe
loading.
 3.Stress (max/min): The contact stress between the
foundation and the dam must be greater than zero and all
points or the dam will be unsafe against overturning.
Maximum base pressure (max) should be less than the
allowable compressive stress and minimum base pressure
(min) should be greater than zero.
Pressure at the base on soil, σ =
∑ V
1± 6
 e 
  
b   b 

Tension-For no tension, e should be less than b/6

or resultant should always be within the middle third
of the base

b 55 b
= = 9.17m e = 6.78m < = 9.17m , OK
6 6 6
Thank You
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